SAT OG Test 1 Answer
SECTION 1
Sample Essay - Score of 6 What motivates people to change is a relentless and innate desire for self-improvement. Rarely ever has history seen a man or society kick back, relax, and say “Well that about does it. Not much else to do here!” Within every person is the potential to achieve greatness in some form; be it athletically, mentally, spiritually. This inherent potential demands that people continue to explore and change both their environments and themselves throughout their life’s course. Never should a man be idle for too long. After acknowledging the changes a man has already made to his environment, the pursuit of self-improvement will once again stir within his soul and call him to action. This internal desire, this pursuit of challenge and perfection, does not prohibit man from being happy with his status and achievements. On the contrary, the device serves more to allow the man to constantly strive for greater change, newer innovation. What motivates people to change is the ongoing need to redefine people’s lives and identities –to elevate them to higher levels of eminence and sucess.
A good example of this can be seen in clinical psychology. When patients seek therapy for difficulties that have encumbered their daily functioning, they most often arrive for treatment voluntarily and willingly- they consciously accept the necessity of therapy and so participate without any duress. During the course of clinical therapy, the patient’s concerns, anxieties, ideas, emotions, and fears are brought to light. However, the clinician does not try to alter the beliefs, feeling, and sentiments of his client; rather, he simply illuminates them in order to provide the patient with an accurate view of himself. The process, of raising concerns and ideas to the surface of conscious awareness, is known as clarification. Modern psychology is a far throw from the psychoanalysis of Freud’s time, in which psychologists attempted to “interpret” pre-and unconscious feelings that had been repressed by the patient. Because clinicians only clarify, and not dissect, alter, or interpret a client’s inner desires and emotions, the client himself is responsible for instituting change. If he is to change, he must dictate the course of therapy, and make the conscious choice to improve himself. This widely used approach is called “client centered therapy.” If the client’s ennui or ill feelings are due to situational factors or internal designs (as oppose to biological changes that would qualify for a diagnosis of psychopathology (mental disorder)), he must change them on his own accord to precipitate change within himself. The therapist will not “cure” him in any way. He alone must answer the call within himself to refine and redefine his identity and place in society. This need, of self-improvement, also initially brought him to the therapist. He was able to recognize the disorder of his environment and acknowledge his own negative feelings. This in turn brought him to therapy, where he was guided through a process of introspection that ultimately enabled him to improve himself, assuage his anxieties, and rightfully continue on his lifelong pursuit of even greater achievements.
SECTION 2
1.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. “Setting” means the place in which a drama occurs. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read, “The setting of Maria Irene Fornes’ play Mud —a realistic room perched on a dirt pile—challenges conventional interpretations of stage scenery.” Stage scenery is the key component of a play’s “setting,” and this scenery or “setting” is clearly unconventional.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. “Appeal” means attraction or interest. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read, “The appeal of Maria Irene Fornes’ play Mud —a realistic room perched on a dirt U n R e g i s t e r e d
pile—challenges conventional interpretations of stage scenery.” It is not the attraction of the play that challenges conventional interpretations; it is the “setting” of the play that does so.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The “plot” is the plan of action of a play. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read, “The plot of Maria Irene Fornes’ play Mud —a realistic room perched on a dirt pile—challenges conventional interpretations of stage scenery.” The phrase “a realistic room perched on a dirt pile” describes a “setting,” not a “plot.”
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. “Mood” means a state of mind or feeling. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read, “The mood of Maria Irene Fornes’ play Mud —a realistic room perched on a dirt pile—challenges conventional interpretations of stage scenery.” Nothing in the sentence indicates the play’s “mood.”
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. A “rehearsal” is a practice run of a show in preparation for a public performance. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read, “The rehearsal of Maria Irene Fornes’ play Mud —a realistic room perched on a dirt pile—challenges conventional interpretations of stage scenery.” It is the “setting” of the play, not a practice run-through of the play, that challenges conventional interpretations of stage scenery.
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2.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. "Overabundance" means an amount that is more than what is needed, and "thrive" means to grow or prosper. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Ironically, an affluent society that purchases much more food than it actually needs suffers because of that overabundance, since in conditions of affluence diseases related to overeating and poor nutrition seem to thrive." In this sentence "that overabundance" refers back to the phrase "more food than it actually needs." It makes sense that diseases related to overeating would "thrive," or prosper, in these conditions. The relationship between the two clauses is further signaled by the word "ironically," which means the opposite of what would be expected. It is ironic that an overabundance of food, a condition that would appear to result in good nutrition, actually leads to an increase in diseases related to poor nutrition.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. "Lavishness" means excessive spending, and "adapt" means to change to fit new circumstances. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Ironically, an affluent society that purchases much more food than it actually needs suffers because of that lavishness, since in conditions of affluence diseases related to overeating and poor nutrition seem to adapt." Although the first term fits in well with the overall sense of the sentence, the second term does not. Diseases are known to "adapt" or change to fit many different circumstances; it would not be ironic or unexpected for a change to occur in this situation.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Corpulence" means obesity or excessive weight, and "vex" means to annoy. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Ironically, an affluent society that U n R e g i s t e r e d
purchases much more food than it actually needs suffers because of that corpulence, since in conditions of affluence diseases related to overeating and poor nutrition seem to vex." "Corpulence" is a term that refers more properly to people than to social conditions, and diseases are generally more likely to cause major discomfort than minor annoyance.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Practicality" means usefulness or efficiency, and "awaken" means to wake up or become active. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Ironically, an affluent society that purchases much more food than it actually needs suffers because of that
practicality, since in conditions of affluence diseases related to overeating and poor nutrition seem to awaken." Although the second term could fit in well with the overall meaning of the sentence, the first term is inappropriate. Buying more food than is necessary is not "practical" at all; it is wasteful. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Commonness" means typical behavior, and "abound" means to be present in large numbers. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Ironically, an affluent society that purchases much more food than it actually needs suffers because of that
commonness, since in conditions of affluence diseases related to overeating and poor nutrition seem to abound." Although the second term could fit in well with the overall meaning of the sentence, the first term does not. A society that buys more than is necessary is not a typical society; relatively few societies suffer from "overabundance."
3 3.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct. "Therapeutic" means having healing or curing powers. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Because of the therapeutic effects of the hot springs, tourists suffering from various ailments flocked to the village’s thermal pools." People suffering from an illness naturally try to find ways to get better, so hot springs that are known to cure diseases or ease pain would surely attract people with various ailments. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. "Succulent" means juicy. If one were to insert this term into the text, the
sentence would read "Because of the succulent effects of the hot springs, tourists suffering from various ailments flocked to the village’s thermal pools." Springs or pools of water cannot be properly referred to as succulent. The term "succulent" usually refers to plants or foods that are juicy, not to pools, puddles, springs, or other bodies of water.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. "Redolent" means sweet smelling. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Because of the redolent effects of the hot springs, tourists suffering from various ailments flocked to the village’s thermal pools." Hot springs are rarely described as sweet
smelling. However, if such springs existed, they would not just attract tourists suffering from diseases. Healthy tourists would also be drawn to the hot springs because of their sweet smell.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Cerebral" means brainy or intellectual. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Because of the cerebral effects of the hot springs, tourists suffering from U n R e g i s t e r e d
various ailments flocked to the village’s thermal pools." Bodies of water cannot be properly referred to as cerebral. "Cerebral" is a term used to describe people or activities.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Mandatory" means required. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Because of the mandatory effects of the hot springs, tourists suffering from various ailments flocked to the village’s thermal pools." A doctor might tell a patient that bathing in certain hot springs is mandatory. However, the effects of the hot springs could not be properly referred to as mandatory.
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4.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct. "Provide" means to supply or make available, and an "investigation" is careful research or an inquiry. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "More valuable and comprehensive than any previously proposed theory of the phenomenon, Salazar’s
research has provided the basis for all subsequent investigations in her field." This sentence makes the reasonable claim that Salazar's important research has "provided the basis for," or supplied the foundation for, additional research in the same field.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. "Undermine" means to weaken, and an "advancement" is an improvement. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "More valuable and comprehensive than any previously proposed theory of the phenomenon, Salazar’s research has undermined the basis for all subsequent advancements in her field." Although the second term could fit well into the sentence, the first term cannot. If Salazar's research was truly valuable and comprehensive, it should have helped to advance, not weaken, future work in the field. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Prepare" means to make ready, and a "debacle" is a sudden disaster. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "More valuable and comprehensive than any previously proposed theory of the phenomenon, Salazar’s research has prepared the basis for all subsequent debacles in her field." Although the first term fits in well with the overall meaning of the sentence, the second term does not. Salazar's research is said to be valuable and comprehensive. Thus it will not logically lead to disasters in her field.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Dissolve" in this context means to break apart, and an "experiment" is a test or trial done to discover something. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "More valuable and comprehensive than any previously proposed theory of the phenomenon, Salazar’s research has dissolved the basis for all subsequent experiments in her field." Although the second term might fit in well with the overall meaning of the sentence, the first term does not. Salazar's research might challenge previous work, but it cannot logically break apart the basis for future work in the field.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Reinforce" means to strengthen, and a "misconception" is a misunderstanding. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "More valuable and U n R e g i s t e r e d
comprehensive than any previously proposed theory of the phenomenon, Salazar’s research has
reinforced the basis for all subsequent misconceptions in her field." The first term could well fit with the overall meaning of the sentence, but the second term cannot. Salazar's research would not be considered valuable if it strengthened misunderstandings in her field.
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5.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct. "Thwart" means to prevent or defeat. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Dangerously high winds thwarted attempts to begin the space shuttle mission on schedule, delaying the launch by nearly a week." The scheduled launch of the space shuttle was delayed because high winds prevented a safe lift-off.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. "Forfeit" means to give up or surrender something. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Dangerously high winds forfeited attempts to begin the space shuttle mission on schedule, delaying the launch by nearly a week." The astronauts launching the space shuttle might "forfeit" their attempts because of high winds, but the winds cannot be said to have "forfeited," or given up, the attempts to launch the shuttle.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Implement" means to accomplish or carry out. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Dangerously high winds implemented attempts to begin the space shuttle mission on schedule, delaying the launch by nearly a week." The high winds did nothing to help accomplish an on-time launch of the space shuttle. In fact, they prevented the launch from occurring on schedule. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Discharge" means to release. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Dangerously high winds discharged attempts to begin the space shuttle mission on schedule, delaying the launch by nearly a week." The attempts to launch the space shuttle on schedule were in no way released by the high winds; in fact, the winds prevented these attempts. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Redouble" means to strengthen. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Dangerously high winds redoubled attempts to begin the space shuttle mission on schedule, delaying the launch by nearly a week." The high winds clearly did not strengthen the attempts to launch the space shuttle on schedule, as the launch was actually delayed.
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6.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. "Haranguing" means giving a long, critical speech, and "intemperate" means excessive. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The guest speaker on Oprah Winfrey’s talk show offended the audience by first haranguing them and then refusing to moderate these intemperate remarks." A speech criticizing an audience would surely be offensive, and remarks of this type would be properly described as "intemperate" or excessive. U n R e g i s t e r e d
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. "Flattering" means praising excessively, and "commendable" means worthy of praise. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The guest speaker on Oprah Winfrey’s talk show offended the audience by first flattering them and then refusing to moderate these commendable remarks." The first term might fit into the sentence because flattery may offend people by its insincerity. The second term does not make sense when inserted into the sentence, however. No audience member would be offended by a person's refusal to moderate "commendable" remarks, especially those directed at the audience.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Praising" means pointing out the good features of someone, and "radical" means extreme. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The guest speaker on Oprah Winfrey’s talk show offended the audience by first praising them and then refusing to moderate these radical remarks." An audience that receives "praise" is unlikely to take offense, and such comments in any case cannot be viewed as extreme.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Enraging" means causing intense anger, and "conciliatory" means peacemaking. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The guest speaker on Oprah Winfrey’s talk show offended the audience by first enraging them and then refusing to moderate these conciliatory remarks." Remarks that cause intense anger cannot be properly referred to as
"conciliatory," or peacemaking.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Accommodating" means doing a favor for, and "indulgent" means excessively generous. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The guest speaker on Oprah Winfrey’s talk show offended the audience by first accommodating them and then refusing to moderate these indulgent remarks." "Accommodating" speech is unlikely to offend an audience, and such remarks cannot be properly referred to as "indulgent." 7
7.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct. "Halting" means hobbling or walking with difficulty. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "By the end of the long, arduous hike, Chris was walking with a halting gait, limping slowly back to the campsite." A person who is limping or struggling to walk after a tiring hike would be properly described as walking with a "halting gait."
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. "Robust" means healthy or energetic. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "By the end of the long, arduous hike, Chris was walking with a robust gait, limping slowly back to the campsite." A person who is limping after a difficult hike could not be said to be walking energetically.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Constant" means continuous or without changes in speed. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "By the end of the long, arduous hike, Chris was walking U n R e g i s t e r e d
with a constant gait, limping slowly back to the campsite." A "limp" is a type of walk that is irregular or unsteady. Thus a person who is limping cannot be properly described as walking with a "constant gait." Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Prompt" means without delay. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "By the end of the long, arduous hike, Chris was walking with a prompt gait, limping slowly back to the campsite." A limp is a type of walk that involves considerable delay. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Facile" means easy or effortless. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "By the end of the long, arduous hike, Chris was walking with a facile gait, limping slowly back to the campsite." Because limping involves pain or difficulty, a person who is limping cannot be properly described as walking effortlessly.
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8.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. "Histrionic" means excessively dramatic or emotional. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Actors in melodramas often emphasized tense moments by being histrionic, for example, raising their voices and pretending to swoon." Raising one's voice or pretending to faint are examples of the exaggerated actions known as "histrionics." Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. "Imperious" means domineering or bossy. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Actors in melodramas often emphasized tense moments by being imperious, for example, raising their voices and pretending to swoon." Although imperious people might raise their voices when giving orders, they would be unlikely to pretend "to swoon," or faint. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. "Inscrutable" means difficult to understand. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Actors in melodramas often emphasized tense moments by being inscrutable, for example, raising their voices and pretending to swoon." The exaggerated movements described in this sentence would make a character's emotions easier to understand, not more difficult. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Convivial" means festive or fun-loving. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Actors in melodramas often emphasized tense moments by being
convivial, for example, raising their voices and pretending to swoon." Although people in festive moods might raise their voices in joy or laughter, they do not have a tendency to pretend to swoon.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Solicitous" means caring about other people's needs. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Actors in melodramas often emphasized tense moments by being solicitous, for example, raising their voices and pretending to swoon." Solicitous people do not typically raise their voices or pretend to swoon; they are much more likely simply to ask people what they would like or need. U n R e g i s t e r e d
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9.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct. Being able to understand sign language, to solve puzzles, to use objects as tools, to use language, and to recognize oneself in a mirror are all things commonly associated with humans and, in fact, things that have sometimes been thought to be uniquely human. The author of Passage 1 strongly suggests that dolphins have those abilities, too.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The point that the author of Passage 1 is trying to make by mentioning various activities is that these activities show a high level of intelligence. But, in and of themselves, these activities are not strongly associated with unusual sensitivity to the environment.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The nature of the studies reported in lines 2-8 of Passage 1 makes it likely that the studies were performed on dolphins that were in captivity. But there is no indication that the animals involved in those studies failed to thrive.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. Passage 1 focuses on activities that are thought to indicate the level—not the type—of intelligence that dolphins might have. Unlike the author of Passage 2, the author of Passage 1 does not seem to think that dolphins have a unique type of intelligence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. The kinds of activities that are mentioned in lines 2-8 of Passage 1 could all be done quite seriously. They could also be done playfully or done in a mixture of these two modes. These activities, therefore, do not specifically suggest that an animal carrying them out would be uncommonly playful. 10 10.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. The last sentence of Passage 1 makes a comparison of levels of intelligence, but according to the author of Passage 2, such comparisons "may not be especially helpful" (lines 21-22). The author of Passage 2 does not think that intelligence is a single uniform ability that different species happen to have in different amounts. Passage 2 suggests that there are different kinds of intelligence, and that the kind of intelligence a creature has is appropriate to that creature's way of life.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. Although the author of Passage 2 might agree that intelligence is difficult to measure, such a measurement is really beside the point. The author of Passage 2 does not think that intelligence is a single uniform ability that different species happen to have in different amounts. Passage 2 suggests that there are different kinds of intelligence, and that the kind of intelligence a creature has is appropriate to that creature's way of life.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : U n R e g i s t e r e d
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author of Passage 2 may think that some of the studies already conducted were wrongheaded and conceptually flawed, but there is no indication of any doubt about the objectivity of those studies.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. As far as dolphin intelligence in relation to dolphin activities is concerned, the author of Passage 2 is only prepared to say that dolphin intelligence is appropriate "for the dolphin's way of life." The author does not speculate about the level of intelligence required for that way of life. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The last sentence of Passage 1 talks about dolphins' awareness of their own individuality. So it would not be sensible for the author of Passage 2 to respond to this sentence by arguing that little is known about dophins' social behavior.
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11.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. Passage 1 suggests the dolphins have "a level of intelligence that may be very near our own" (lines 11-12). Passage 2 says that, when it comes to dolphin intelligence, "we don't know, and comparisons may not be especially helpful" (lines 21-22). All that the author of Passage 2 is really prepared to say is that dolphin intelligence is different. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. Passage 1 does not talk about dolphin culture, and Passage 2 implies that there is no point in comparing levels of intelligence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. Passage 1 does not say that dolphins are as intelligent as humans, but only that there are indications of "a level of intelligence that may be very near our own." Passage 2 does not say that dolphins outperform other animals.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. While it is true that Passage 1 ranks the dolphin's intelligence above that of most other animals, Passage 2 is not concerned with ranking dolphin intelligence. It points out what "others have argued" (line 18) about dolphin intelligence and implies that no conclusions can be drawn: "The fact is, we don't know, and comparisons may not be especially helpful" (lines 21-22).
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The claim that dolphins have large brains is in Passage 2, not in Passage 1. Passage 2 does argue that brain size alone is not a factor in determining either the nature or extent of intelligence.
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12.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D : U n R e g i s t e r e d
Choice (D) is correct. Passage 1 claims that dolphins have a high degree of intelligence, and Passage 2 says that dolphins clearly have some measure of intelligence.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. Passage 1 does attribute self-awareness to dolphins. It says "that dolphins are aware of their own individuality." However, Passage 2 says nothing that would support this position. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. Neither passage says anything about dolphins being emotional, let alone being more emotional than other animals.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. Neither passage specifically addresses dolphins' learning rate. Passage 1 rates dolphin intelligence near that of humans, and thus implies that dolphins learn fast. Passage 2 insists that not much is really known about dolphin intelligence, including how fast they learn.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. Although Passage 1 indicates that dolphins use objects in their environment as tools, Passage 2 neither makes nor supports such a claim. 13 13.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct. "To draw a parallel" between two things means to show the similarities between the two. The author shows the similarity between the way Native Americans were viewed by the Pilgrim settlers 350 years ago and the way they are viewed by many people today.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. According to the passage, the general attitude toward Native American history and culture has not become much more sophisticated (or complicated) than it was at the time of the Pilgrim settlers. The point of referring to the Pilgrim settlers is simply to emphasize how little things have changed in this respect. Any further reflection on how the era of the Pilgrims was different from today would be likely to distract the reader from the main concern of the passage.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author does suggest that Judeo-Christian beliefs may have had some role in making it difficult for Europeans to see Native American culture in its own right. But this suggestion is not introduced until the paragraph beginning with line 40, and even there those beliefs are presented as part of a general "Eurocentric" standpoint that is cultural rather than specifically religious. The reference to the Pilgrim settlers in lines 3-4 is not used to suggest anything about religion.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author's point is that as far as understanding Native American culture and history is concerned, very little has changed since the time of the Pilgrim settlers. There is no mention of reformers anywhere in the passage. U n R e g i s t e r e d
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. No myth about early colonial life is mentioned or referred to in the passage. The "popular myth and stereotype" (lines 79-80) that the author wants to debunk, or show to be flawed, has to do with Native American culture and history rather than with early colonial life.
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14.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. Native Americans are being regarded as "fundamentally . . . different, motivated more often by mysticism than by ambition, charged more by unfathomable visions than by intelligence or introspection" (lines 11-13). Here, "charged" is used in much the same way that "motivated" is used; just as ambition motivates, visions and intelligence "charge," or inspire.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. What is being contrasted in this sentence is different internal influences on behavior: what motivates people, what "charges" them. Is it mysticism or ambition? Visions or
intelligence? Being commanded to do something is not being internally influenced to do something. So in this context, "charged" cannot mean "commanded."
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. Like "motivated," "charged" is used in this context to talk about how people are influenced or moved; they are motivated by ambition and charged by visions. "Indicated by visions" means signaled or pointed to by visions. It does not mean influenced by visions. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The word "charged" can be used in the sense of "replenished," in the case of batteries, for instance. But in this context, "charged," like "motivated," is being used to discuss how people are influenced or inspired to behave as they do. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Charged" can be used in other contexts to mean attacked. But in line 12, "charged" means inspired. The phrase beginning with "motivated" and the phrase beginning with "charged" focus on influences that come from inside a person. "Attacked" has to do with influences coming from outside the person.
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15.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. In the first paragraph, the author discusses certain widespread misconceptions about differences between Native Americans and Europeans or Euro-Americans. The second paragraph begins with the sentence, "This idea is certainly not new" (line 14). The next sentence introduces Rousseau and the "noble savages," who Rousseau imagines as being fundamentally different from Europeans. We know from the footnote that Rousseau was an eighteenth-century philosopher. So mentioning Rousseau shows how long these kinds of misconceptions have been around.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : U n R e g i s t e r e d
Choice (A) is incorrect. Rousseau is introduced to show that cultural bias about native people is not new. But the passage makes it clear that misconceptions about Native Americans did not originate with Rousseau. As the first paragraph shows, the Pilgrim settlers had such misconceptions years before Rousseau.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author discusses various widespread misconceptions about Native
Americans, including the idea that Native Americans are incomprehensible or unknowable. But none of those misconceptions represent Native Americans as something to fear. Rousseau is presented instead as having highly romantic ideas about "pure of heart" native people.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The main thrust of the passage is that there is very little diversity among European intellectual traditions when it comes to Native Americans. Rousseau is presented as an example of the centuries-old habit of seeing Native Americans as fundamentally different from Europeans or Euro-Americans.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. Rousseau is considered by many to be a great thinker, but he is mentioned here merely to show that misconceptions about native people have been around for a long time. 16 16.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct. The author describes a European theory of Native Americans "as examples of what Stone Age Europeans must have been like" (lines 26-27). This is the theory that the author says is "a great story, an international crowd pleaser" (line 28). But it is also a theory that the author regards as obviously false, an "anthropological fallacy." Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The passage characterizes the theory that regards Native Americans as
examples of Stone Age Europeans as "an international crowd pleaser." The author, however, does not see it as an amusing theory. Rather, it is presented as na?ve, culture-bound, and intellectually
embarrassing. Nor does the author regard it as a novelty; one of the main points of the passage is how old and widespread such theories are.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author describes the theory that regards Native Americans as examples of Stone Age Europeans as "an international crowd pleaser." That theory could only count as a "deception" if those who broadcast it actually knew that it was false. But those theorists believe it to be true, so they are not practicing a deception. Moreover, since the theory gets in the way of a genuine understanding of Native American culture and history, it is actually harmful.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author does regard the theory that regards Native Americans as examples of Stone Age Europeans as an error. But the author thinks that this error gets in the way of a genuine understanding of Native Americans, so it is not beneficial. U n R e g i s t e r e d
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The story that the author describes as "an international crowd pleaser" is that Native Americans are regarded as examples of Stone Age Europeans. But the main point of the passage is that this misconception about Native Americans is widespread and longstanding. It does not represent a "cultural revolution."
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17.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct. The author describes the theory that regards Native Americans as "examples of what Stone Age Europeans must have been like" (lines 26-27) as a theory based on "an
ancestor-descendant model" (line 24). Although this might have been a "great story" (line 28), the author mentions a "difficulty." That difficulty is that Native Americans had to cope and change over "the last forty thousand years or so, just like everyone else" (lines 33-34). They could not have survived if they had remained like Stone Age peoples. So this "difficulty" undermines the view that Native Americans are like the Stone Age ancestors of modern-day Europeans.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. According to the passage, there has been widespread general consensus about acceptable methods of anthropological inquiry. The consensus is that only written records and archeological evidence are legitimate. The author thinks that this consensus view is misguided. But the "difficulty" refers to something else entirely—the fact that Native Americans have changed since the Stone Age "just like everyone else." Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The passage shows the view that Native Americans are much like Stone Age Europeans to be a false stereotype. The "difficulty" referred to in line 29 is that Native Americans have coped and changed since the Stone Age, just like Europeans have. The author presents this point as part of an effort to undermine a false stereotype. Undermining the effort to get rid of the stereotype means the exact opposite. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. The "difficulty" referred to in line 29 undermines the theory that Native
Americans are typical of the Stone Age ancestors of modern-day Europeans. According to the author, this theory is the result of cultural bias. It is not based on logic and deductive reasoning.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The "difficulty" referred to in line 29 directly challenges the view that Native Americans are "primitive" peoples stuck in the Stone Age. The author suggests that this view has largely prevented Europeans and Euro-Americans from arriving at an objective historical account of native peoples. The author does not discuss beliefs about early European communities.
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18.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C : U n R e g i s t e r e d
Choice (C) is correct. The author explains that Native American "cultures have had to make internal sense, their medicines have had to work consistently and practically, their philosophical explanations have had to be reasonably satisfying and dependable, or else the ancestors of those now called Native Americans would have truly vanished long ago." The last clause makes it clear that the lines describe characteristics "essential to the survival of any people."
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author regards satisfying explanations, internally consistent cultures, and effective medicines as crucial for a people's long-term survival. But there is no indication that these things are "customs that fuel myths about a society."
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. Cultures that make internal sense, medicines that work, and explanations that are satisfying are not contradictions.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. According to the passage, satisfying explanations, internally consistent cultures, and effective medicines are features of Native American societies that Western historians have ignored. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. According to the passage, cultures that make internal sense, medicines that work, and explanations that are satisfying are preconditions for long-term survival. But there is no indication in the passage that a culture has to survive for thousands of years in order to influence other cultures. 19 19.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. The sentence immediately before the two sentences that begin with "They" (lines 52-53) says that "Native Americans were perceived not so much as they were but as they had to be, from a European viewpoint" (lines 50-52). What follows tells how Native Americans had to be perceived from that European viewpoint: "They dealt in magic, not method. They were stuck in their past, not guided by its precedents." Thus, these two sentences serve to express the way Europeans perceived Native Americans.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The two sentences are used by the author to express the cultural bias of the European viewpoint, not the results of objective research of any kind.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The two sentences, "They dealt in magic, not method. They were stuck in their past, not guided by its precedents" (lines 52-53), express Europeans' theories about Native Americans. In the passage, there is no indication of how Native Americans viewed Europeans.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : U n R e g i s t e r e d
Choice (D) is incorrect. The passage says nothing about how Native Americans regarded the judgments made about them by Europeans. Moreover, these two sentences were not intended as examples of European criticism of Native Americans; they merely describe how Europeans thought Native Americans "had to be" (line 51).
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The two sentences, "They dealt in magic, not method" and "They were stuck in their past, not guided by its precedents" (lines 52-53), express Europeans' theories about native
peoples. Since Europeans are presented as thinking that Native Americans are like early humans, the sentences can be seen as also expressing European theories about early humans. The author's purpose in writing those sentences, however, is not to express any views about early humans, but to exhibit Europeans' misconceptions about Native Americans.
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20.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. In lines 66-70 the author describes Western historians as "culture-bound by their own approach to knowledge." The problem is that the "forms of tribal record preservation available" (line 63) are seen by Western researchers as "inexact, unreliable, and suspect" (lines 65-66). The result of this methodological bias, according to the author, is that Western historians do not take advantage of the evidence that is available. Thus, the author presents Western historians as disadvantaged by their overly narrow methodology.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. According to the author, archaeological evidence is one of the few sources of information about Native American history that Western historians do value. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author says nothing about Western historians' attitude toward prestigious credentials. There is a suggestion that historians value the credentials that come with university training. But for the historians described in the passage, being university-trained is basic, not prestigious. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author does not seem to regard Western historians as especially "well
meaning." They are presented as culture-bound and suspicious of any kind of record keeping that is not "the familiar and reassuring kinds of written documentation found in European societies" (lines 60-62). Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. Western historians are presented as largely continuing in the same
culture-bound paths as the historians that came before them.
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21.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. The author describes the following problem: "the forms of tribal record
preservation available—oral history, tales, mnemonic devices, and religious rituals—strike U n R e g i s t e r e d
university-trained academics as inexact, unreliable, and suspect" (lines 63-66). The result, according to the author, is that to Western historians "an absolute void is more acceptable and rigorous than an educated guess" (lines 69-70). The "educated guess" the author proposes would thus be based on the records available: oral histories, tales, mnemonic devices, and religious rituals.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author raises the alternative of an educated guess in the context of talking about developing objective historical accounts of Native American societies. There is no mention of government population statistics in this discussion.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author presents the "educated guess" as an alternative to relying entirely on archaeological evidence, which, as the passage shows, reveals relatively little about Native Americans. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Fossil evidence" is archaeological evidence, and the "educated guess" is presented as an alternative to relying entirely on archaeological evidence. As the passage shows, archaeological evidence reveals relatively little about Native Americans
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. Studies of artifacts fall within the range of archeological evidence. The author proposes the "educated guess" as an alternative to relying solely on archaeological evidence, which, as the passage shows, reveals relatively little about Native Americans. 22 22.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct. The geographical references—the South Pacific, Zaire, New Hampshire, Austria—are used to make the point that people all over the world learn certain myths about Native Americans. The author is concerned to show that virtually no students come to the subject of Native American history without some previously learned misconceptions. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The passage says that everyone is exposed to folklore about Native Americans. But there is nothing in the passage to indicate that Native American culture itself—as opposed to false beliefs and stereotypes about Native American culture—has had any influence on anyone outside the United States.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The passage does not argue that academic training is becoming more uniform or "homogenized." The author seems to think that academic training is rather uniform already.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author does believe that Native Americans have more in common with other peoples than is generally acknowledged. But the geographical references do not serve to emphasize this U n R e g i s t e r e d
point. They are there to stress just how widespread the myths and stereotypes about Native Americans are.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The author does not mention any differences among scholars of Native American history. Indeed, one of the main points of the passage is that most scholars have the same false or inadequate views about Native American history. So as the author presents it, there are no serious differences to be settled.
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23.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. In this section of the passage, the author discusses how people all over the world receive their first impressions of Native American culture from a widespread but seriously flawed
mythology. "Disillusionment" means disenchantment, or being deprived of a false belief. In the author's view, "most students must be "disillusioned" of their "childhood fantasies"--that is, the folklore of the American West, of "cowboy and Indian" tales--before learning the truth about Native American history and culture.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) in incorrect. While becoming educated in the truth of Native American history and culture might require a certain "rebelliousness" against, or resistance to, the myth of the American West that most people are exposed to, the author is suggesting here that the process is more one of reluctantly letting go of childhood beliefs than of reacting against them. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C ) is incorrect. While the process that the author refers to--giving up childhood beliefs--might entail a certain amount of disappointment, it is disillusionment rather than hopelessness that the author is speaking of here. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. In this context, "inertia" means resistance to change. People who were resistant to change or unable to change would never be able to exchange their "childhood fantasies" for the truth about Native American history and culture and thus would be unable to undergo the process that the author sees as necessary.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Self-denial" means a sacrifice of one's own interests. While "most students" need, according to the author, to sacrifice "cherished childhood fantasies" in order to be educated about Native American history and culture, it is not their "selfhood" or their desires that they need to deny, but, rather, only a part of the mythology they have learned in childhood.
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24.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A : U n R e g i s t e r e d
Choice (A) is correct. The passage suggests that when most students begin studying the history and culture of Native Americans, they not only have a lot to learn, they have a lot to unlearn as well. As the author states in the last sentence: "Most students do not start from point zero, but from minus zero, and in the process are often required to abandon cherished childhood fantasies . . ." (lines 82-84). It's not that beginning scholars know nothing ("point zero"); rather, they have powerful and flawed
preconceptions about Native Americans ("minus zero").
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author does not seem to think very highly of the quality of most current, or past, scholarship about Native American cultures. But the expression "minus zero" in line 83 refers to the value of the beliefs held by most beginning students of Native American history. It does not refer to the quality of scholarship of trained historians.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. Although the author of the passage would likely be considered a progressive scholar of Native American history, the passage does not discuss the reception such scholars have received.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The passage does suggest that there are few or no written historical records of Native Americans from the period before and during their early contact with Europeans. But the expression "minus zero" does not occur in the context of the discussion of written records. Instead, it occurs in a discussion about the knowledge of Native American history most students have when they begin their studies. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The expression “minus zero” occurs in a discussion about the knowledge of Native American history most students have when they begin their studies. Such students are not in a position to seek grants to conduct original research about Native American history. The passage does not discuss the challenges facing those who do seek such grants. SECTION 5 1 1.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. "Threatening" means dangerous, and “fascinating” means delightfully interesting. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Soon after the first visitors arrived, increasing numbers of the residents of the remote island thought it possible that the outside world, instead of being threatening, could be fascinating and worth exploring." The words "instead of" signal that the meaning of the first term will contrast strongly with that of the second term. Not only does "fascinating" contrast with "threatening," but it also fits in well with "worth exploring"; something that is fascinating is usually considered well worth exploring.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. "Insular" means like an island or isolated, and “unlimited” means having no restrictions. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Soon after the first visitors arrived, increasing numbers of the residents of the remote island thought it possible that the outside world, instead of being insular, could be unlimited and worth exploring." It is unlikely that U n R e g i s t e r e d
residents of a remote island would consider the outside world to be like an island; they would be much more likely to imagine the world that produced the visitors as very different from their island. Moreover, given that visitors from the outside world had already arrived on the island, residents would certainly not see the outside world as isolated.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. "Friendly" means good-natured, and “wicked” means bad or evil. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Soon after the first visitors arrived, increasing numbers of the residents of the remote island thought it possible that the outside world, instead of being friendly, could be wicked and worth exploring." Things that are wicked are rarely thought of as worth exploring. If the visitors were viewed as wicked, the island residents would most likely want to have as little as possible to do with the places from which the visitors came.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Amiable" means acting in a kind way toward others, and “cooperative” means willing to work together. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Soon after the first visitors arrived, increasing numbers of the residents of the remote island thought it possible that the outside world, instead of being amiable, could be cooperative and worth exploring." The words "amiable" and "cooperative" both describe positive qualities and do not provide a contrast in the way that the words "instead of" lead the reader to expect.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Forbidding" means having a dangerous appearance, and “harmful” means likely to hurt. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Soon after the first visitors arrived, increasing numbers of the residents of the remote island thought it possible that the outside world, instead of being forbidding, could be harmful and worth exploring." People in general do not tend to consider harmful things worth exploring, and residents of remote islands in particular would have even less motivation to leave their islands to learn more about things likely to hurt them. Moreover, "forbidding" and "harmful" do not contrast as the words "instead of" lead the reader to expect. 2 2.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. "Flattery" means excessive or insincere praise, and "sycophants" means people who seek favor by flattering those in power. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Her dislike of flattery made her regard people who tried to win her approval through praise as sycophants." This sentence makes sense because "sycophants" are, by definition, people who try to win approval or other favors through "flattery," or insincere praise.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. "Autocrats" means rulers who do not need to consult with others before making decisions, and "dictators" means rulers with absolute power and authority. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Her dislike of autocrats made her regard people who tried to win her approval through praise as dictators." Neither "autocrats" nor "dictators" try to win the approval of others, so these two similar terms do not make much sense in the sentence.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : U n R e g i s t e r e d
Choice (B) is incorrect. "Defiance" means bold resistance to authority, and "toadies" means people who go out of their way to assist those in power. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Her dislike of defiance made her regard people who tried to win her approval through praise as toadies." "Toadies" is a very negative word, and a leader who disliked "defiance," or resistance, would probably not use it to describe her supporters.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Tyrants" means cruel rulers, and "connoisseurs" means experts. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Her dislike of tyrants made her regard people who tried to win her approval through praise as connoisseurs." "Coinoisseurs" are not people who try to win approval through praise, and a person's dislike for "tyrants" has no bearing on the issue of praise. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Adulation" means excessive admiration, and "superiors" means people of a higher rank. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Her dislike of adulation made her regard people who tried to win her approval through praise as superiors." It would not be logical for a person who dislikes being admired excessively to think of people who praise them as higher in rank. Moreover, a person who is trying to win the approval of another person is rarely that person's "superior."
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3.ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. “Membranous” means covered by a “membrane,” a thin layer of tissue. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read, “Some scientists speculate that a small pterosaur of the Jurassic period known as Sordes pilosus had membranous wings that were thin, pliable, and somewhat transparent.” Membranes are often so thin as to be transparent, so it makes sense to describe “membranous” wings that are thin, pliable, and somewhat transparent. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. “Callous” means hard. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read, “Some scientists speculate that a small pterosaur of the Jurassic period known as Sordes pilosus had callous wings that were thin, pliable, and somewhat transparent.” A part of an animal’s body that is “callous” would not also be thin and pliable.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. “Arable” means suitable for plowing. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read, “Some scientists speculate that a small pterosaur of the Jurassic period known as Sordes pilosus had arable wings that were thin, pliable, and somewhat transparent.” Fields or other plots of land can be called “arable” if farmers can use them to grow crops, but an animal’s wings cannot be considered “arable.”
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. “Inflexible” means unbending. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read, “Some scientists speculate that a small pterosaur of the Jurassic period known as Sordes pilosus had inflexible wings that were thin, pliable, and somewhat transparent.” Something that is “inflexible” is by definition not pliable, or easily bent. U n R e g i s t e r e d