汉英翻译作业
homework
1．馆：
博物馆、图书馆、旅馆、宾馆、大使馆、领事馆、茶馆、饭馆、理发馆、体育馆、展览馆、文化馆、美术馆、科技馆、天文馆、照相馆……
2．酒：
葡萄酒、白酒、烈酒、啤酒、香槟酒、鸡尾酒、白兰地酒、威士忌酒、杜松子酒……
3．笔：
钢笔、铅笔、圆珠笔、蜡笔、粉笔、毛笔、画笔、电笔……
4．好：
a．他是祖国的好儿子。
b．庄稼长得真好。
c．他们对我真好。
d．楼的质量不好。
e．这个问题很好回答。
f．啊，好票
5．学习：
a．学习知识
b．学习技术
C．学习外语
d．学习成绩
e．学习别人的长处
f．互相学习
g．以雷锋为学习的榜样
III. Homework
1．中国人民不用多久就会变得富裕起来。
2．一般人要到失去他们所拥有的一切时，才会珍惜他们所拥有的一切。
3．我们只消研究一下爱迪生所做出的杰出发现就可以看到其重大意义。
4．即使商品质量好，也不能漫天讨价。
5．我们把狄更斯的成功归功于他高尚的感情。
6．在晚会上，邀请一位外国老师为我们唱几首民歌。
[初译]At the party a foreign teacher was required to sing some folk songs for us．
[分析]“require”是“要求”、“命令”，指提出要求的人有权要对方做某事。如：The students are required to write a composition twice a week．(要求学生每星期写两篇作文。)
“request”是“请求”的意思，比ask稍正式一些。如：Professor Zhang was requested to
give a lecture on English language．(张教授被请求做一次关于英语惯用法的讲演。)所以
上句应译为：At the party a foreign teacher was requested to sing some folk songs for us．
7．最近人口统计显示中国人口已超过十亿。
[初译]The latest census shows that China's population has surpassed one billion．
[分析]“surpass”一般用于超过别人的成绩，速度等。“exceed”则单纯指在数字、程度等方面超过。如：The number of students in this school exceeds 5000．上句应改译为：The latest census shows that China’s population exceeds one billion．
8．多年的教学经验，帮助我改变了主意。
[初译]Years of teaching experiences has helped me to change my mind．
[分析]“experience”作单数是“经验”的意思，用作复数就是“经历”、“阅历”的意思。不少译者容易混淆。
IV. Homework
1．你们不能草率行事，应先找李先生给你们点拨点拨。
[译文]You should not take any hasty action．You should first ask Mr．Li to prime you．[赏析]“请人点拨”的实际含意是“请人给予指点”。译成ask sb．to prime you”是贴切的。也可考虑译为：“ask Mr．Li’s advice”。
2．该市警方对旅馆和公共娱乐场所定期展开“扫黑”行动。
[译文]The city police conduct periodic vice sweeps of hotels and public entertainment places．
[赏析]“扫黑”、“扫黄”、“打假”这些词都是浓缩词语。这里的“扫黑”，意思是打击犯罪或不法行为。
3．这个贫困县年年从省里得到救济粮。
[译文]Every year this poor county gets grain handouts from the provincial authorities．[赏析]“从省里”是意合词，其中的意义空缺是“有关部门”，译时必须译出，如译成“from the province”则是错译。“救济粮”一般译为“relief grain”，是政府向灾民发放的救急粮食。而这个贫困县不是临时受什么灾害，而是年年都领救济粮，所以不能译成
“relief grain”，而译成了“grain handouts”，意即“下拨的粮食”或“发放粮食”。
4．他们想问题做事情的方法，他们的历史习惯跟我们不同。
[初译]The way they think，the way they do things and their historical habits are different from ours．
[分析]英语中无“historical habits”这种说法，所以应把“历史习惯”译为“traditional habits”。
5．今年春天由党中央召开的全国科学大会，动员全国人民为祖国的科学、技术现代化而努力。
[初译]The National Science Conference convened this spring by the Party Central Committee sparked off the entire naition to dig in towards the modenization of science and technology．
[分析]译文用词不仅要准确、生动，而且还要注意语境，比如文体的风格、人物的语言风格等。这一句汉语，明显是比较正式的政论文体或新闻文体，而“spark off”和“dig in”两个短语是口语体表达，用在这里显然不合适。应分别改为书面体表达：“mobilized”和“work for”。
6．该公司把三个部门合成了一个部门。
[初译]The company has combined the three departments into one department．
[分析]“combine”的意思是把两个以上的东西合成一个，所以在这里“into one department”就成了画蛇添足。
7.这家工厂是纺纱、织布、印染一条龙生产的大型联合企业。
[译文]This factory is a big united enterprise on the production lines of spinning，weaving，printing and dyeing。
[分析]“一条龙”是一种比喻，看似具体，但译起来颇不容易。一是英美国家没有此种比喻；二是“龙”在西方人的心目中不是图腾式的崇拜对象，往往还有不悦的成分。所以译时应按实际意思。再如：
①该厂形成了产供销一条龙
This factory has formed an integrated system for the procurement of supplies，production and marketing．
②配套服务贯穿“一条龙”。
The necessary service shall take “one continuous line” with one person in charge from beginning to the end．
③这是一家以外贸为龙头、以实业为基础的企业集团。
This is a group enterprise with foreign trade as the key line and industry as the basic root．
VI. Homework
1.他这是吃不了兜着走。
[译文]He landed himself in serious trouble．
[分析]“吃不了兜着走”只能译其内在的含义。
2.千万别走漏半点风声。
[译文]Do remember never to let any single soul know about it．
[分析]这里的“别走漏半点风声”喻指“别让任何人知道”，所以只能译义。
3.他们成不了什么气候。
[分析]如译为“They cannot become weather．”英、美读者肯定会丈二和尚摸不着头脑。
按照汉语的真实含意，宜变通译为：
They cannot prevail．
They cannot hold sway．
They cannot have their way．
4.我们无法向人民交待。
[分析]汉语中的“向……交待”可能含有三种意思：一是“布置任务”或“嘱托事情”，二是“坦白错误或罪行”，三是“解释说明”。这句汉语肯定是第三种意思。因此译为：It would be difficult for us to account for it to the people．
We will not be able to justify ourselves to the people．
We can’t present the case to the people．
We can’t face our own people．
5.夜已很深了。
[分析]初学翻译的人一看到这个汉语句子，可能马上会想到
“deep”这个对应词。把原文译为：The night is very deep．(注：可以译成：It is already deep night.)而正确的译文应是：The night is well advanced／is growing late／has grown old．
6.不过更重要的是法国人没能在诸如机床、照相机和计算机等需求量最大的、他们称之
为拳头产品的市场上占据重要的一席之地。
[译文]More to the point，however，is France’s failure to establish a major presence in the market for what the French call point forte products，those in greatest demand，such as machine
tools，cameras and computers．
[赏析]何谓“拳头产品”?概念比较笼统。“point forte”是法文词，意思是“长处”、“优点”、“强点”等。我们不妨借他山之石，用“point forte product”表示“拳头产品”。如果“拳头产品”出自厂家之口(如“我们要打出拳头产品”)，也可考虑译为“hit／knock-out ／favorably competitive product”(具有竞争力的产品)。但是无论是哪一种情况，都不宜译为“fist product”。
7.读书成了我惟一的精神寄托。
[译文]Reading has become my only meat and drink．
[赏析]“精神寄托”是一个意义较为含糊的词，这里译为meat and drink",意思是“最大的乐趣”，“食粮”。也可译为“spiritual sustenance”(精神食粮；精神支柱)。
8．我只是普通教员，只得朋友托朋友向出版商推荐这本书。
[译文]Being a mere school teacher I had to ask my friends who had to ask their friends who had any pull with the publishers to peddle this book．
[赏析]①汉语中的“普通老百姓”、“普通一兵”、“普通干部”、“普通工人”、“一个小秘
书”、“一个小工人”等等，一般都不按其字面意义译。这里译为“a mere school teacher”是妥当的。②“朋友托朋友”中的“托”字相当笼统，这里译为“had to ask my friends who had to ask their friends who had any pull with the publishers to peddle…”。
9．他女儿是个品学兼优的好学生。
[译文]His daughter is a student with a fine record of behavior and achievement．
[赏析]“品学兼优”是浓缩的意合词，这里译出了它的确切含义。“好学生”中的“好”字不能再译出，因为已包含于“品学兼优”之中。汉语为了音韵效果可以说“品学兼优的好学生”，但要按字面意思译成英语就会违反逻辑。
B. Translate the passage
经济发展涉及到范围广泛的技术、经济、社会和文化等各方面的进展。在经济高度发展的社会，仅小部分人从事农业，农业生产率较高，而大部分劳动力则从事于其他商品的生产及服务性行业。（p26 时文翻译）
useful words and expressions:
涉及to relate to
方面dimensions; aspects
经济高度发展的社会 a society with highly developed economy
从事to be engaged in
生产率productivity
服务性行业service industry
Reference version:
Economic development relates to progress along a wide spectrum of technological, economic, social and cultural dimensions. In a society with highly developed economy, only a small proportion of the population is engaged in agriculture. Its agricultural productivity is relatively high, and most of the working population is engaged in the production of other goods and services.
C. Homework
1．要奋发图强，把我军的军政素质提高到了一个新的水平。
We must work hard to raise to a new height the military and political quality of our army. 2．各级干部要认真学习，刻苦钻研业务，提高领导水平。
Cadres at all levels should apply themselves to the study, gain the professional proficiency required by their jobs, and improve their art of leadership.
3．全民族抗战展开了。
The Anti-Japanese War was unfolded on a national scale.
4．第二次世界大战还未全面展开。
The Second World War had not yet reached its full scope.
5．他们讲唯心论，我们讲唯物论。
They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism.
6．没有群众条件，就不要进行任何群众性的改革工作。
Without popular support, no reform of mass characteristics should be attempted.
7．此区地势险要，群众条件好，回旋地区大，安全方面完全有保障。
It is an area where we have a favorable mountainous terrain, a good mass base, plenty of room for manoeuvre, and full guarantee for security.
8．但是单有这个条件还不够，还要求别的条件和他配合。首先是人民的条件。But this condition alone is not enough and must be accompanied by others. The first of these is popular support.
9. 卫生局public health bureau 卫生设备: sanitary equipment
卫生队: medical team 卫生衣: sweat shirt
个人卫生: personal hygiene 工业卫生: industrial hygiene
环境卫生: environmental sanitation 卫生纸：toilet paper
卫生球: camphor ball 卫生标准: hygiene standard
卫生统计：health statistics 公共卫生: public health
VI. VII. Homework
1.你要母鸡多生蛋，又不给它米吃，又要马儿跑得快，又要马儿不吃草。世界上哪有这样
的道理!
[译文]You want the hen to lay more eggs and yet you don’t feed it；you want the horse to run fast and yet you don’t let it graze．What kind of logic is that?
[分析]“世界上”没译出，反而比译出更为有力。
2.我们目前的主要任务就是很好地推广和应用科研成
[初译]Our principal task at present is to do a good job in disseminating and applying the results of scientific and technological research．
[分析]这又是一句“中国式英语”。“to do a good job”是多余。既然是“推广和应用”，就自然包含要把这件事做好的意思。
3.我们应该记住老一辈科学家们为成功研制“两弹”而努力奋斗的那些日日夜夜。
[初译]We should keep in mind the days when scientist of the older generation successfully developed the atomic and hydrogen bombs．
[分析]“successfully”在这里是赘词。因为既然已经研制出来，当然是成功的了。汉语中不少这样的表达译成英语时都可省掉“successfully”，如“成功召开了……”、“成功举办了……”、“成功建造了……”等等。
4.他儿子当时还是一个小不点儿。
[译文]His son was only knee-high to a grasshopper．
5.公共汽车为人们去长城参观提供了方便。
[译文]Buses provide easy access to the Great Wall．
[分析]“提供方便”也可译为“provide convenience for…”，不及“easy access to”生动。
6.闻一多拍案而起，横眉冷对国民党的手枪。
[译文]Defying the pistols pointed at him by some plain-clothes men of the KMT，Wen Yiduo rose to his full height and smote the table．
[分析]“拍案而起”如译为“stood up and clapped the table”，：不能表达出闻一多的大义凛然的气概。
7．我们就把这个方法建立在更加自觉的基础之上了。
[初译]We established this method on the basis of more consciousness．
[分析]这种译文是典型的“中国式英语”，字对字地死译，实际是破坏了原文意思的表达。
改译为：We thus employed this method much more consciously．(“基础”不再译出) 又如：“在他们自愿基础上，好心地帮他们学习。”译为：
Given their willingness，it is our duty sincerely to help them study．(此句中，“基础”也不必译出)
8．中国人民一定能胜利。
[初译]The Chinese people will surely win．
[分析]“will win”的份量已够，再加上surely反而削弱了力量，使人觉得说话人自己就有点吃不准。
9．他告诉他父亲，他第二天该起得早。
[初译]He told his father that he should get up earlier the next morning．
[分析]读者弄不清谁该起得早，因为第二个he指谓不清。
改译为：
He told his father：“I shall get up earlier tomorrow．”
He said to his father：“You’11 have to get up earlier tomorrow．’，
10．李先生就要和他的同事们告别了。他与他们一道工作很长时间，因此大家不愿让他离
开这里。
[初译]Mr．Li was about to say good-bye to his colleagues. He had worked with them for a long time．So，all of them were not willing that he would leave here．
[分析]这又是一句典型的中国式英语。由于机械地按顺序翻译，不但句子零乱，而且没能把原文的精髓表达出来。改译为：Mr．Li had worked so long with his colleagues here．To their regret，he was about to say good-bye to them．
Homework:
质地优良to be excellent in quality(或with superior quality)
品种齐全in complete range of articles
款式繁多with various patterns
选料考究choicematerial
做工精细fineworkmanship
色泽鲜明bright-coloured
零售价格retail price
批发价格wholesale price
货到付款payment against arrival
名牌产品Ilanle brand product
出类拔萃above average
驰名中外to be papular both at home and abroad
久负盛名with a long standing reputation
万古流芳will be remembered throughout the age
名垂青史to go down in history
家喻户晓to be widely known
假冒产品fake goods
伪劣产品low-quality goods
欢迎订购order welcome
欢迎光临welcome
敬请光临You're invited to come
投资热点investment hot soot
工业园区Industrial Park
经济特区special economic zone
土地租赁land lease
产权转让property-rights transfer
资产评估to make all appraisal one’s assets
国有资产state assets
无形资产intangible assets
物价指数price-rise index
购销政策the ptuehase-market policy
优化结构to optimize the slmcture of production
扭亏为盈to reduce losses and increase profits
增进效益to increase economic returrls
合资经营joint venture
思想深沉to be deep in thought(或with deep thoughts)
性格坚强to be strong in character(或with strong characters) 开拓进取to work hard with a pioneering spirit
德才兼备with both professional ability and political integrity 公平竞争fair competition
天长地久——as old as the hills
胆小如鼠——as timid as a hare
泰然自若——as cool as a cucumber
水中捞月——to fish in the air
苦如黄连——as hitter as wormwood
鸡皮疙瘩——goose-flesh
轻如鸿毛——as hght as a feather
旁观者清——The onlooker sees mostest of the game．
艳如桃李——as red as rose
狐假虎威——ass in the hun，s skin
物以类聚——Birds of a feather flock together．
非驴非马——Neitherfish，norflesh，norfowl．
如释重负——to take a load off 0ne，s mind
挥金如土——to spend money like water
弱不禁风——as weak as water
瞬息之间——in the twinlde of an eve
泪如泉涌——as steam of tears
瓮中之鳖——a rat in a hole
扬眉吐气——to hold one’s head high
一针见血——to touch one on the raw
不翼而飞——to take wings to itself
小题大做——to make mountains out of molehills
格格不入——a square peg in a round hole
山穷水尽——at the end of one’s rope
冷若冰霜——as cold as a marble
半斤八两——six of one and half a dozen of the other
胸有成竹——to have a card up one’s sleeve
孤注一掷——to put all one’s eggs in one basket
纸上谈兵——armchair strategy
白费唇舌——to speak to the wind
同行相嫉——Two of a trade can never agree．
一文不名——without a penny to one’s name
X. Homework
1.他要讲经济问题和国际形势问题。
[译文]He is going to speak on the economy and the international situation．
[分析]“问题”不必要译出，类似的情况还有“宣传教育工作”、“工业发展状况”、“出口计划的执行情况”、“浪费现象”，其中“工作”、“状况”、“情况”、“现象”都不必译出。汉语的某些抽象词喜用范围词或定性词，译成英语时多数要省略或作变通处理。
2.现在有许多人在提倡民族化，科学化，大众化。
[译文]Many people nowadays are calling for a transformation to a national，scientific and mass style．
[分析]现代汉语使用“化”的例子很多，但不都意味着要译成后缀“一ization”的对应词，许多情况下需要变通处理。如“科学化”，就不能译为“scientification”。此外，像“国产化”，“良种化”，“老龄化”，“年轻化”，“知识化”，“沙漠化”，“汉化”，“淡化”等等都没有英语对同，加后缀“一ization”自造也行不通。译时只能根据上下文灵活臭，即利用其他词、词组或句子译出这些词的内涵意义。“实现政府各级班子领导的年轻化、知识化、专业化”，可译为to ensure that younger，more educated and professionally more competent cadres are brought to the leadership of governments at levels。又如“科研成果产业化”，可译为to apply scientific research results to industrial production。
3.应大力发展“外向型经济”
[译文]Great efforts should be made to develop “external-oriented economy”.
[分析]汉语中的“型”近年来也是颇时髦的语言。一般以oriented组成词组，如：export-oriented enterprise(产品出口型产业)但也有其他翻译方法：“技术密集、知识密集型项目”译为
“technology-and-knowledge intensive project”；“劳动密集型产业”译为“labor-intensive enterprise”；“粗放型产业”译为“extensive enterprise”等等。
4.中国是个文明古国，幅员辽阔，面积达960万多平方千米。
[初译]China is a country with an ancient civilization．She has a vast territory and covers an area of 9．6 million square kilometers．
[分析]此译文是比较典型的“中国式”英语。问题主要是：①没有突出信息重心，不符合英语的表达习惯；②语言累赘，例如第二句既然说了面积960万多平方千米，那么就自然表达了“幅员辽阔”这一概念，不需要再译出。这句汉语可以考虑译为：Covering all area of 9．6 million square kilometers and more，China is a country with ancient civilization．
5．上头说把沟堵死。好嘛，沟一堵死，下点雨，咱们这儿还不成了海?(提示：①要把意合的词和逻辑关系译出来；②“成了海”是个比喻说法，不宜直译。)
6．她已经洗完了衣服，坐在小溪边的石头上撩起布衫揩脸上的汗水。(提示：此句是连动式，动作密集，应译出主干结构，把次要动词译为非谓语动词形式。)
7.突然钻出一只狗，追着她咬，几乎把她吓糊涂了。(这是无主句。宜把“狗”确定为译文的主语。)
8.．“持续性”的概念不仅以环境保护为优先，而且在最广义上涵盖对于人类福利的关心。(提示：“不仅……而且……”不一定非要译为“not only…but also…”。即便使用这一短语，也不宜重复使用，比如可以用它引起倒装句，以示用词和句型的多样化。)
9.发展中的世界正在经历一场经济管理的革命。从中国到墨西哥，从加纳到俄罗斯，各国一致认为：必须培育开放和稳定的经济环境，提倡创业精神，鼓励竞争性的私营部门活动。人们普遍认为，实行与市场“亲友”的发展方针，是经济增长、技术进步和创造就业机会的基础。(提示：①“各国一致认为……”和“人们普遍认为”应该译为不同的结构，以求多样化；
②“提倡创业精神，鼓励……”可译为定语从句修饰“经济环境”。)
VII. Homework
1. 星期天早晨他的身体状况仍未好转。Sunday morning found him still unwell.
2.我们期望在不久的将来中国任能受到更好的教育。
It is our anticipation that the Chinese people will get a better education in the near future.
3.他对这件事漠不关心。
His attitude towards the matter is one of indifference.
4.不同国家的社会习俗往往大相径庭。
Social customs are usually different from country to country.
5.第二次世界大战是1945年8曰15日结束的。
The Second World War ended on august 15th, 1945.
World War II came to an end on August 15th, 1945.
6.我禁不住流下了热泪。幸亏月光下的夜色，没让人看到我的脆弱。
I felt tears streaming from my eyes. Thanks to the dimness of the evening under moonlight, I had been able to conceal my frailty.
7.赶超世界先进水平，关键是时间。时间就是生命，时间就是速度，时间就是力量。趁你们年富力强的时候，为人民做出更多的贡献吧。
In catching up with and surpassing the world advanced levels, time is the key factor. Time means life, time means speed, time means strength. You are now in the prime of life, and you should come forth with greater contributions for the benefit of the people.
8.她一手提着竹篮，内有一个破碗，空的。
In one hand she carried a bamboo basket, in which there was a broken bowl, empty.
9.你可能知道中国一项坚持开放政策并对引进投资采取积极立场，以在平等互利的基础上与其他的国家扩大经济合作和技术交流。
You are probably aware that China has always persisted in an open policy and take a positive stand with regard to introducing foreign investment, with a view to expanding economic cooperation and technical exchange with other countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.
10.这种经营方式的特点是共同投资，共同管理，共付盈亏，可使双方的关系更加密切，协作更为加强，对双方都是有利的。
The main features for this form of business are joint investment, joint management and joint share in profits and losses. These are beneficial to both parties in that they will enhance business relation and cooperation.
I.
VII. Homework
1. 农民的生活水平不断提高，大部分农民已解决了温饱问题，不少农民已过上小康生活。
The living standard of farmers has been raised continuously. The majority of farmers have enough food and clothing and quite a few are leading a quite comfortable life.
2.最近几年，学校对教学制度进行了改革，最明显的一点是学分制，也就是学生若提前修
满预定的学分，就可以提前毕业。
We have been undergoing some educational reforms in recent years. An obvious method is to adopt credit system which means students can graduate ahead of schedule when they complete the regular credits.
3. 我们工厂引进了最先进的工艺和设备来提高印花行业的技术。我们倡导高科技和高生
产力，产品质量稳定，花样美观。
Our factory has updated the printing technology by bringing in the most advanced workmanship and equipment. We advocate sophisticated technology and high productivity. Our products enjoy stable quality and beautiful patterns.
4. 上海大众汽车公司是一家中德合资企业，去年汽车产量为十万辆，预计今年产量可再
增加五万辆。
Shanghai V olkswagen, a Sino-German joint venture which turned out 100,000 cars last year, is expected to in crease production by 50,000 this year.
5. 你们人参酒的质量很好，但包装较差，瓶子易碎，纸盒太薄。
The quality of your Ginseng Wine is fine, but its packing is rather poor. Bottles are subjected to breakage and paper boxes are very thin.
6．巴金的夫人肖珊是我大学时的朋友，1973年由于多年劳改身患肝癌而死于上海。当时她的丈夫巴老——中国文坛的老前辈被关押在“牛棚”里。(提示：①努力把这两个整句译成一个英语句子。“巴金的夫人”应译作主语，后一句话译为“when．．．”从句。②“老前辈”译为"doyen"。)
7．把这样一位博学的人放在目前极不重要的位置上，真是埋没人才。(提示：这是无主句，可考虑用动词不定式作主语。这里，“埋没人才”可以译为“to hide one’s light under a bushel"。)
8．但是就是这种清贫苦难的生活，才使她在“文革”中免受许多折磨。(提示：①把“生活”译为主语统领全句；②尽量加词把“文革”的一些主要情况介绍给国外读者。) 9．他们说，造就一支优秀教师骨干队伍会损坏他们的职业关系，也会使教师们忙于竞争而忽视合作。(提示：把“造就”译为“creation"作主语。“骨干队伍”译为“a cadre of…”。) 10．任何人只要触犯刑法，都要根据情节的轻重追究其刑事责任。(提示：①主句宜译为被动式。②“追究责任”可译为“to hold sb．accountable"。③此句很像法律条文，译词应注意严谨。)
6.In 1973 Ba Jin’s wife，Xiao Shan，my college friend．had died of liver cancer after years of
forced physical labor in Shanghai when her husband，the doyen of Chinese letters，was locked up in a“cow shed”．
7．To keep such a learned man in his present obscure position，is really to hide his light under bushel．
8．But it was this same poverty-stricken and miserable life that had saved her from the physical and mental sufferings and unimaginable humiliations that would otherwise have been her lot during the days of the so-called great cultural revolution.
9．They say the creation of a cadre of elite teachers will sour professional relationships and
encourage teachers to compete instead of cooperate．
10．Whoever violates the Criminal Law shall be held criminally accountable in the light of the gravity of the offence committed．
Homework:
女人发号施令的手段很高明，用的都是口气柔和的祈使句。但不管怎样，事无巨细都要男人效劳总是很不应该的。她对妻子总是百依百顺，我从未听到他有过什么不耐烦的表示，而且，我听得出来，他极其恭顺而温存，仿佛这么奴仆般地被老婆支使得团团转是一种享受似的。
The woman was very good at commanding: her orders were all couched in soft-toned imperative sentences. However, it simply wasn’t r ight, I thought, for her to ask her husband to do everything. But to these orders of hers, he never said a word of “no”, nor did he reveal any sigh of impatience. On the contrary, his response showed that he was as meek as a lamb, seeming to regard it as a great pleasure to busy his head off for his slave master.
况且，一想到昨天遇见祥林嫂的事，也就使我不能安住。那是下午，我到镇的东头访过一个朋友，走出来，就在河边遇见她；而且见她瞪着的眼睛的视线，就知道明明是向我走来的。我这回在鲁镇所见的人们中，改变之大，可以说无过于她的了：五年前的花白的头发，即今已经全白，全不像四十上下的人；脸上瘦削不堪，黄中带黑，而且消尽了先前悲哀的神色，仿佛是木刻似的；只有那眼珠间或一轮，还可以表示她是一个活物。她一手提着竹篮，内中一个破碗，空的；一手柱着一支比她更长的竹竿，下端开了裂：她分明已经纯乎是一个乞丐了。
Besides, the thought of my meeting with Xianglin’s Wife the previous day was preying on my mind. It had happened in the afternoon. On my way back from calling on a friend in the eastern part of the town, I had met her by the river and knew from the fixed look in her eyes that she was going to accost me.
Of all the people I had seen during this visit to Luzhen, none had changed so much as she had. Her hair, streaked with grey five years before, was now completely white, making her appear much older than one around forty. Her sallow, dark-tinged face that looked as if it had been carved out of wood was fearfully wasted and had lost the grief-stricken expression it had borne before.
The only sign of life about her was the occasional flicker of her eyes. In one hand she had a bamboo basket containing a chipped, empty bowl; in the other, a bamboo pole, taller than herself, that was split at the bottom. She had clearly become a beggar pure and simple.
接着他便说到壮年之日，在南方那些山中冬夜走路的事情。一个人的漂泊生活，我是喜欢打听的，同时车又没有驰来，便怂恿他说了下去。他说晚上在那些山里，只要你是一个正派的人，就可以朝灯火人家一直走去，迎着犬声，敲开树阴下的柴门，大胆地闯进。
Then he began to relate to me the adventures of his younger days -travelling alone in winter nights through the mountains in the south. As I was interested in stories about wanderers and since the bus had not arrived yet, I encouraged him to go on. “When you end up in the mountains at night,” he said, “and if you are a decent person, you can always turns to the place where there is a light flickering and a dog barking. You push open the bramble gate under the shade and walk in without hesitation.
接着他便说到壮年之日，在南方那些山中冬夜走路的事情。一个人的漂泊生活，我是喜欢打听的，同时车又没有驰来，便怂恿他说了下去。他说晚上在那些山里，只要你是一个正派的人，就可以朝灯火人家一直走去，迎着犬声，敲开树阴下的柴门，大胆地闯进。对着火堆周围的人们，不管他男的女的，用两手向他们两肩头一分，就把你带着风寒露湿的身子，轻轻地放了过去。烧山芋和热茶的香味，便一下子扑入你的鼻子。抬头看，四周闪着微笑的眼睛，欢迎着，毫没有怪你唐突的神情。你刚开口说由哪儿来的时候，一杯很热的浓茶，就递在你的下巴边上。老太婆吩咐她的孙女，快把火拨大些，多添点子柴，说是客人要烘暖他的身子；你暖和了，还不觉得疲倦的话，你可以摸摸小孩子的下巴，行拧他们的脸蛋，做一点奇怪的样子，给他们嘻笑。年轻的妈妈，一高兴了，便会怂恿他的孩子把拿着要吃的烧山芋，分开一半，放在你这位客人的手上。如果你要在他们家过夜，他们的招待，就更来得殷勤些。
Besides, the thought of my meeting with Xianglin’s Wife the previous day was preying on my mind. It had happened in the afternoon. On my way back from calling on a friend in the eastern part of the town, I had met her by the river and knew from the fixed look in her eyes that she was going to accost me. Of all the people I had seen during this visit to Luzhen, none had changed so much as she had. Her hair, streaked with grey five years before, was now completely white, making her appear much older than one around forty. Her sallow, dark-tinged face that looked as if it had been carved out of wood was fearfully wasted and had lost the grief-stricken expression it had borne before. The only sign of life about her was the occasional flicker of her eyes. In one hand she had a bamboo basket containing a chipped, empty bowl; in the other, a bamboo pole, taller than herself that was split at the bottom. She had clearly become a beggar pure and simple.
原“西来顺”饭庄创建于1931年，由著名清真烹饪大师褚连洋创立。现“老西来顺”饭庄由原“西来顺”饭庄的几位老师傅组成技术班底，楮连祥惟一健在的第一代传人宋恩志老师傅任首席掌灶。
清真西派菜系是中华民族古老文化的组成部分。为弘扬民族丈化遗产，挖掘清真菜珍品，挽救濒于失传的北京西派菜系；“老西来顺”饭庄在保持原有风味的基础上，发扬清真菜肴选料广泛，制作精良的特点，为宾客提供四季菜肴、精制烤涮、甜食面点。大宴小酌，任君随意。竭诚欢迎各界朋友光临品鉴。
[初译] The previous Xilaishun Restaurant was founded by Mr．Chu Lianxiang a famous chef of Islamic food in 1931．His unique successor who is still living and in good health，Mr．Song Enzhi is specially invited as the first chef of current Old Xilaishun Restaurant，supported by a group of aged masters．The western food of Islam is part of the ancient culture of China．For enlarging China’s cultural heritage，tapping the Islamic food treasure，saving the Beijing western food of Islam on the verge of being lost，the old Xilaishun Restaurant while keeping its traditional style and features，has developed its good reputation of extensive selection of raw materials and excellent food production by offering you banquet dinner with all season dishes，well produced roast and hot-pot meals，etc．
It will be very appreciated if you could come and enjoy your food here．
[分析]按照英语的习惯用法，人名与职务连用(作同位修饰语)时，一般人名在前，如“Jiang Zemin，President of the People’S Republic of China”。
第二句中的“unique successor”的说法有点牵强，“unique”虽有“惟一的”意思，但主要强调“与众不同，独特”，这里应用“the only successor"。这一句用了限制性定语从句的结构，也是不对的，回译过来变成“那个活着而且健康的接班人”了，至少要在who前面加上—个逗号，而且没有必要同时用“still living’和“in good health",因为后者包含了前者的意思。“Specially invited”中的“specially”一词也有点多余，因为宋并不是临时邀来的，而是作为首席厨师上班的。“Supported(by)”也不妥,"aged'指“年迈的”，这里的“老师傅”显然不是说他们年纪大，应改作“veteran"。
译文第四句问题较多。首先，作为目的状语的“for enlarging…”的结构不如改用动词不定式；“enlarge…heritage”搭配也有问题，动词应改用“develop”；“tap food treasure”的说法也别扭。严格讲，菜肴不能归为“cultural heritage”；“saving…on the verge of being lost’’不如改成“to prevent…from getting lost”。从行文简洁考虑，可把“弘扬……挖掘……挽救……”简化合并。“While keeping…”这一分词短语插在主语和谓语动词之间非常不顺，修饰全句的分词短语一般应放在句首或句尾。“Reputation”一般不说“develop”(可说“grow”)。“Extensive selection of raw materials”和"excellent food production”恐怕都不属于“reputation"，而烹饪用的材料也不能称之为“raw materials”；“food production”给人以“食品制造”或“粮食生产”的感觉；"offer"可能会被误认为“免费供应”，这些都要改译。
最后的“It will be very much appreciated…”的被动语态用得不好，而且后面接虚拟语气“if you could tome’，更令人费解；"enjoy your food here”回译成汉语是“在这儿吃你自己(带来)的食物”，显然不是原意。
[改译]
Laoxilaishun Restaurant was originally named Xilaishun Restaurant，which was founded in 1931 by Chu Lianxiang，a well-known chef of Muslim food．Now Song Enzhi，Chu Lianxiang’s only successor，serves as the chef at Laoxilaishun Restaurant，under whom are a team of veteran chefs．
Laoxilaishun Restaurant has maintained and developed Muslim food of western style，which is part of traditional Chinese culture，by keeping original cuisine techniques and using choicest flesh food and ingredients．Laoxilaishun Restaurant is an ideal p1ace to hold banquets，entertain friends，or have informal dinners. It enjoys great reputation for its good service and well prepared dishes for all seasons，including roast food，hot-pot as well traditional light refreshments．Customers old and new are sincerely welcome to Laoxilaishun Restaurant and we are sure you can enjoy yourselves!
IV. Homework
1.《红楼梦》简介
18世纪中叶，曹雪芹的长篇小说《红楼梦》问世，在中国文学发展史上，树立了一座辉煌灿烂的艺术丰碑。
小说以贵族青年贾宝玉、林黛玉的恋爱婚姻悲剧为主要线索，描写贾家荣、宁两府这个封建贵族大家庭的衰亡败落。作者还通过这个家族的社会联系的描写，笔触深入到封建社会的各个方面，生动地展开了封建社会走向腐朽没落这个特定历史时期现实生活的广阔画面。从而，揭示了封建社会必然没落的历史发展规律。
小说的艺术表现，可以说是达到了出神入化的境界。严谨、缜密的结构、生动准确的个性化的语言，特别是鲜明的人物形象，都是非常杰出的。书中出现的人物，粗计多达四百余人。不仅主角贾宝玉、林黛玉和其他十多名主要人物成为人们熟知的艺术典型，而且许许多多次要人物，有的甚至是一笔带过的，也都形象鲜明，栩栩如生。小说的艺术表现，达到如此高的水准，在世界文学名著中，也是极为罕见的。
On A Dream of Red Mansions
The mid-eighteenth century novel A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin(approx．1715—1763)is a monumental work in the history of Chinese literature.
Taking as its main theme the tragic love between a young aristocrat，Jia Baoyu，
and his cousin，Lin Daiyu，the novel depicts the decline of a once-great-Manchu family Jia, which included Mansion Rong and Mansion Ning．In describing in detail the social milieu of this aristocratic household the author presents a vivid panorama of everyday life and mirrors the progressive enfeeblement of feudal society m a given historical period，thus revealing the developing pattern of feudal society which 1s doomed to decline．
The artistic achievement of the novel，so to speak，has attained an unimaginable sublimity．It is outstanding for its rigorous and balanced structure，vivid and precise dedication of the language of each individual，and above all，the striking images of the characters that number over 400．Not only well-known heroes and heroines such as Jia Baoyu, Lin Daiyu and a dozen other major figures are lifelike，the arrays of secondary，characters，even those appearing only briefly，are clearly drawn in realistic touch. The artistic achievement of the novel is so extraordinary that even in famous world literature works it is rare to find its counterpart．
北语网院20春《英汉／汉英翻译》作业_1答案
(单选)1：She does not photograph well. A：她不上镜。 B：他不爱照相。 正确答案：A (单选)2：随着人数的增加，他们力量也增加了。 A：As the increse of the number, their power is increased B： Their power increased with their number. 正确答案：B (单选)3：We stand now where two roads diverge. But unlike the roads in Robert Frost＇s familiar poem, they are not equally fair. A：我们站在两条路的岔路口，但是不像罗伯特熟悉的诗里那样，并不是同样的公平 B：我们正处在两条路的分岔口。但是并不像我们所熟悉的罗伯特的诗中所说的，这两条路是同样的好 正确答案：B (单选)4：I don＇t know how far I didn＇t run. A：我不知道跑了多远 B：我不知道还有多远我没有跑。 正确答案：A (单选)5：质量服务月 A：Quality Service Month B：Quantity Service Month 正确答案：A (单选)6：无事不登三宝殿。 A：I wouldn’t come to you if I hadn’t something to ask of you. B：I wouldn’t come to you if I hadn’t something for you. 正确答案：A (单选)7：Little remains to be said. A：简直没有什么可说的了 B：还能说一点。 正确答案：A (单选)8：ginger beer A：姜汁啤酒 B：姜汁汽水 正确答案：A (单选)9：走马观花 A：to appreciate flowers on a running horse
英文翻译练习作业
英文翻译练习（一） The status of Philosophy in Chinese culture has always been regarded as a comparison with that of religion in other cultures. In China, Philosophy is the concerned field by each educated one. Long time ago in China, a person would firstly accept enlightened education in Philosophy if he could be given education. Children should read the Analects, Mencius, The great Learning, The Doctrine of mean once they entered school. The Four Books were regarded as the most important documents after Song(regarded as “new Confucianism”in west).When children began to learn words, the commonly used textbook is Three Words, in which every three words a group, every six words one sentence, and the even sentence rhyme has rhyme, easy to read aloud and easy to remember. In fact, this book is used to learn words for Chinese children. The first sentence of Three Words “Man’s nature is good at birth.” Is the basic idea of philosophy of Mencius.
英汉互译实践与技巧作业
英汉互译实践与技巧 学 院：水利与建筑工程学院 专业班级：电气 xxx 班 姓 名： xxx 学 号： 201xxxxxxx
Reasons for the Excellence of US Higher Education By Chuck M.Ves Excellence extends beyond individual scholars and in stitutions it extends to systems. A basic question I have been asked innumerable times, especially when traveling abroad, is, Why is Americas system of higher education so good? It is, as has been said all too often, the envy of the world. I think there are seven primary reasons for the excellence of US higher education relative to that in other countries: We have a broad diversity of institutions ranging from small liberal arts colleges to Ivy League schools, to the great land grant universities, and to somewhat more focused institutions like MIT or Caltech. This diversity provides a wealth of environments and opportunities, from which individual students can select a school that best matches their needs and capabilities. We offer new assistant professors a wide open field of freedom to choose what they teach and the topics of research and scholarship they engage. We reject the hierarchical systems of many other nations in which junior faculty are subservient to, and indeed apprenticed to, senior professors. We therefore enjoy a constant flow of new ideas, passions, and approaches that keep us fresh and robust. In our research universities we meaningfully weave together
英语翻译作业
Americans are much more likely than citizens of other nations to believe that they live in a meritocracy, i.e. Government by people selected according to merit. But this self-image is a fantasy: America actually stands out as an advanced country in which it matters most who your parents were, the country in which those born on one of society’s lower rungs have the least chance of climbing to the top or even to the middle. And if you ask why America is more class-bound in practice than the rest of the Western world, a large part of the reason is that our government falls down on the job of creating equal opportunity. The failure starts early: in America, the holes in the social safety net mean that both low-income mothers and their children are all too likely to suffer from poor nutrition and receive inadequate health care. It continues once children reach school age, where they encounter a system in which the affluent send their kids to good, well-financed public schools or, if they choose, to private schools, while less-advantaged children get a far worse education. 美国人可能比任何其他国家的人都更相信他们生活在一个精英制度之下，人们推选的政府也是据其优势。然而，这个自我形象是一种幻想：作为先进国家，实际上美国的突出特点是出身至关重要，在这个国度里，来自社会底层的人几乎没有机会爬到社会中层，更不用说社会顶层。 如果你要问为什么实际上美国比其他西方国家都要阶级分明，主要原因就是我们的政府在创造公平机会方面的失败。 这种不公平很早以前就开始了：在美国，由于社会安全网存在漏洞，这就意味着低收入的母亲和他们的孩子完全有可能存在营养不良，得不到足够的医疗服务。孩子到了上学年龄这种情况也不会得到改观，他们所遇到的体制是富人可以送自己的孩子到资金充足的好的公立学校上学，如果愿意，还可以从送到私立学校上学，而穷人孩子接受的教育却非常差。
汉英跨文化交际翻译中的CHINAENGLISH
广东职业技术师范学院学报 2002年第2期 Journal of Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University No 2,2002 汉英跨文化交际翻译中的C HINA ENGLISH 金惠康 (广东职业技术师范学院外语系,广东广州 510665) 摘 要:本文讨论什么是中国英语及其在汉英跨文化交际翻译中的功能。关键词:跨文化交际;汉英翻译;中国英语 中图分类号:H 315 9 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-2803(2002)02-0072-07 一、什么是中国英语 中国英语(China English)不同于中式英语(Chinglish),它既不是中国学生学习英语过程中所产生的 过渡语 ,也不是因英语不够表达而胡编乱造的英语。本文倡导的宗旨就是要使用规范英语来描述中华文化和社会,尽量避免中式英语。目前行之有效的手段之一就是使用和拓展中国英语。 1 从广义上来说,中国英语产生于国际英语对中华文明和华夏社会的描述,也源于中国人长期用英语对自己与世界描述,它是国际英语的拓展与延伸。中国英语以国际规范英语为共核,把中国独有的文化、语言、事物、意念和传统等通过音译、译借及语义再生等手段传入国际(英语)社会,同时也融入许多具有中国文化内涵和汉语言特色的表达方式。如别有风味的词汇、短语、句式、认知方式、修辞手段、行文风格和章法结构。因而,中国英语具有国际规范英语的共性,又具有汉文化的内涵和汉语言的一些个性特色。毫无疑问,中国英语是长期东西方跨文化交流的产物。从狭义的角度来说,中国英语指的就是:在描述(翻译)华夏文明、中国社会及汉语言中所拓展了的那部分英语。 有人说在汉译英中使用中国英语是不得已而为之,其实这句话也要从另一面理解为 非得如此不可 。社会发展与变革必然引起语言的变化发展并给语言注入新的文化内涵和新的表达方式,这是很值得深入研究和总结的。 中国英语的规范主要是来自现代中国官方媒体的英语文本典范和国际现代英文媒体的主流内涵;也来自汉英双语娴熟者描写华夏文明和中国社会的英文文本和由中国人用英语创作的文学作品等。这里使用 中国英语 这个词语(概念)来描述和记录国际英语在描述中华文明和社会、中国人民和政府用英语表达自己对世界事务的理解、看法和立场时,英语所发生的变化与发展。从这个意义上讲,凡是有中国文化内涵和汉语表达特色的、并能为国际英语读者所普遍理解和接受的英文(文本)都可称之为中国英语。 2 从社会语言学的角度来看,中国本土的社会文化环境造成了中国英语的中国特色,即本土化(nativization 或是indigenization)。社会语言学中的本土概念的实质是主张文化和语言的相对价值、尊重个性,并以此来促进不同文化和语言之间的彼此的适应与沟通。 72 收稿日期:2001-11-05 作者简介:金惠康(1950~),男,湖南邵东人,广东职业技术师范学院教授,研究方向为跨文化交际研究与应用语言学。
2014福师《英汉互译》在线作业一答案
单选题 一、单选题（共 V 1. Language consists ________words which we put together into sentences. A. in B. for C. of D. on 满分： 2. The reason for the traffic accident was________one of the drivers lost control of his car. A. why B. when C. that D. because 满分： 3. I have no doubt ________he will overcome all his difficulties. A. if B. that C. as to D. whether 满分： 4. The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly_________. A. B. C.
D. phenomenon 满分：2 分A 5. He went to the dance last night but couldn’t find a____because of his strange clothes. A. pond B. saddle C. partner D. salad 满分：2 分C 6. Historically, scientists and inventors are one group that seem to take full________of relaxed moments. A. use B. chance C. advantage D. attention 满分：2 分C 7. In fact, Mary would rather have left for San Francisco _________in Los Angeles. A. by staying B. than stay C. than have stayed D. to stay 满分：2 分C 8. Smoking hurts not only the smokers, but also the people around them____second-hand smoke. A. because B. because of C. as
北语20春《英汉／汉英翻译》作业1答案
20春《英汉／汉英翻译》作业1 试卷总分:100 得分:100 一、单选题(共15 道试题,共75 分) 1.It is a wise man that never makes mistakes. A.只有聪明的人才不会范错误 B.再聪明的人也会范错误。 答案:B 2.I＇m not a little afraid of snakes. A.我一点也不怕蛇 B.我非常怕蛇。 答案:B 3.He is a Napoleon of finance. A.他是金融界的拿破仑 B.他是金融界的巨头。 答案:B 4.I don＇t know how far I didn＇t run. A.我不知道跑了多远 B.我不知道还有多远我没有跑。 答案:A 5.中国政府决定，要用3年左右时间使大多数国有企业走出困境。 A.The Chinese government has decided to take about three years to extricate most state-owned enterprises from their difficulties B.Chinese government decides to help most national enterprises going out obstacle with about 3 years. 答案:A 6.You can never be too careful about English-Chinese translation A.作英译汉时，不能太仔细 B.作英译汉时，越仔细越好。 答案:B 7.在这个紧要关头，我们尤其不该为了已经无法挽回的事情相互埋怨。 A.At a critical time we especially should not blame one for what has already happened B.The last thing we should do at this crucial moment is blaming one another for what can not be undone. 答案:B 8.The burning question of my childhood had been richly answered. A.我小时候梦寐以求想得到答案的问题，终于得到了圆满的回答 B.我儿童时代在心中燃烧的问题，终于得到了充分的回答。
英汉汉英翻译学习 译后感
至今为止，已经学了一个学期的翻译基础。虽说未涉及汉译英的学习，但从过去这一学期对英译汉理论与实践的学习，我深知翻译并非一件容易的事。对我来说，学好翻译这门课程并将其运用到实践中去，任重而道远。 在未上翻译课之前，每每听人提及翻译，以为就只是单纯的两种语言的转换；谁知经过一个学期的翻译课学习，才知道自己竟是大错特错了。当代英国翻译理论家纽马克的翻译理论及其语言六大功能（表达功能、信息功能、祈使功能、人际功能、审美功能、元语言功能），我国翻译家严复的“信、达、雅”三大翻译标准等，让我更进一步了解什么是翻译。 对于我们初学者来说，在进行翻译活动时，除了要遵循翻译的两大原则（忠实、通顺）外，还要注意直译与意译、异化与归化等翻译技巧的运用。否则，翻译时，容易出现“翻译腔”。如;And so you shall be my darling----when l tell you! 译文一：当我告诉你的时候——我的宝贝，你会知道的。译文二：那你等着吧——等到我告诉了你，你就懂得了！这两种翻译中，第一种机械地模仿原文，不知变通，是典型的“翻译腔”。而第二种摆脱了原文的结构束缚，用符合目的语的语言表达形式再现了原文的意义和精神。 此外，对一些翻译技巧（如：词类转换法、重复法、正反反正翻译法、抽象与具体转换法、抽词拆译法、增词语省略法、物称人称转化法、形合意合转换法、视点转换法等）的学习及反复练习，也让我在学习的同时发现并总结出一些翻译时常出现的问题。如:的、地、得的正确使用(美丽的太阳花、吃力地行走、高兴得手舞足蹈)；量词的正确使用(一只小熊、一头大熊、一个熊妈妈)；标点符号的正确使用（注意句子的停顿）；“so·····that”不能译成“如此·····以至于”可译成“那样·····因此or所以”；“when·····”不能译成“当······时”；人的mate译成“伙伴”，动物的mate译成“配偶”，而人的“配偶”是spouse；“go down the wind”译成顺着风走，“go up the wind”译成逆着风走；定语从句的译法：分片——逐个译出——理解大意——调整语序。 另外，长句的翻译也是一大难点。像顺序法、分译法、逆序法、综合法等长句翻译方法都可用于翻译中，才能译出更好的译文。 与汉语习惯不同，在英语中，为了避免重复，通常用同义词、近义词代替前文出现过的词。同时，英语中通常用大量的连词，是句子更紧凑，而汉语恰恰相反。因此，在英译汉时，要尽量避免将关联词“和、所以、因此、而且····”翻译出来。 我深知自己基础比较薄弱，因而在学习时也比较吃力，但我不会因此而自暴自弃，相反，我会加倍努力，尽自己最大的努力学好翻译这门课程。
关于英汉文化的翻译
一、从理论上叙述文化差异 翻译是英语专业学生的一项必要的技能，翻译练习可以帮助我们更好地认识两种语言的特点以及它们之间的文化差异。因此，我们会加强一门外语和母语之间的理解，能够轻易地接受国际化的非文化因素。例如，提到佛教，我们也许很容易就把它和古印度联系起来；提起基督教，会首先想到巴勒斯坦，罗马帝国和西方国家。著名人类学家爱德华·泰勒在《原始文明》中说：“一个复杂的统一体，包括知识、信念、艺术、法律、道德思想、习俗以及由社会成员所得到的任何其它的能力，习惯等就是文化。”简言之，文化恰好是一个特定社会群体的总的生活方式。在翻译中遇到的困难大部分来自于以下四个部分。 1.技术经济系统 技术经济系统包括生态环境、生产、交换、分配方式、科学技术、人工产品等。它们是导致文化异的主要物质因素。物质财富为社会发展和文化繁荣奠定了坚实的基础，因此在不同文化背景下的人们在日常事物的表达上有不同的方法。当把一个词或短语从一种语言翻译成另一种语言的时候，应了解它的文化。例如，在我国新疆地区的哈萨克族以畜牧业为生，所以马和羊在他们的生活中起着重要的作用，那里所有的男孩必须要牧羊，所以“boy”在哈萨克语中的意思是“shepherd”。当女孩结婚的时候，新郎的家庭应当要送马给女方作为订婚礼物，因此“girl”在哈萨克语中的意思是“horse-owner”。如果对它们不了解，我们就无法理解原作品中的句子，更别提把它们用另一种语言翻译出来了。 2.社会系统 社会系统一般表示社会阶层、群体、相关结构、政治、法律、教育、习俗、历史等。例如，火鸡是圣诞节的一道主菜，但是一个记者在翻译一则关于美国前总统约翰逊和尼克松一起吃晚餐的新闻时把“Turkey Dinner”翻译成“土耳其午餐”，这确实是因为对习俗不熟悉。 3.抽象系统 抽象系统包括世界观、宗教、邪教、民间信念、艺术创造、价值观、思维方式等，其中，认知和思维方式对语际交流中的相互理解有最大的影响。例如，gild the Lily(画蛇添足，多此一举)和lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen (贼走关门)很可能被中国学生误解为“锦上添花”和“亡羊补牢”。因为能够引起英语和汉语相反的联系的这两个习语在形式上是相当相似的。 “Bright red costumes, with hats, shoes and stockings to match are to be all the craze in spring. Smart women will have to be careful not to yawn in the streets in case some short-sighted person is on his way to post a letter.”如果不知道在英国邮箱是红色的，与其他国家不一样，就不会抓住这一段的真实涵义。事实上，作者在这里想要借助邮箱的颜色来讽刺那些穿红色裙子的胖拙的妇女，因为她们会被那些近视的人当成是邮筒来使用。 4.语言系统 语言系统主要包括组成主要语言资源的语音结构、语法结构和语义结构。因为写作资源是不同的，在英语中所谓的“I-steel”和“T-square”在汉语中被认为是“I 字钢”和“T 字尺”。有时在一种文化中被注意的一种现象将会在另一种语言中被忽视。例如，在英语国家，人们会很自然地把“a clear-shapedankle”和“a slim girl with beautiful lines of legs”联系起来，但是这两方面之间的关系似乎没有被给予全方位的注意。在下面的两个例子中，“ankle”这个单词被不同地使用，以不同的方式被翻译。句子如下：Long-stemmed models ankled through the hobby.(身材修长的模特儿袅袅婷婷地走过大厅。) He was slightly disturbed by the cashier, a young and giggling Wisconsin school-teacher with ankles...（那个年轻的出纳员，威斯康星州的女教师的咯咯笑声和一双漂亮的脚弄得他有些心慌意乱。 期刊文章分类查询,尽在期刊图书馆
英汉翻译作业(5) 参考译文
邀请名人做广告，只要商品确实是货真价实，名人又愿意，这应该是广告技巧的上策，会产生很强的名人效应。但是商品质量差，广告又言过其实，又请名人做广告，这种广告一时也会产生一些好的影响，但最终是砸了自己的牌子，也塌了名人台，影响名人的信誉，因此名人在接受时要慎之又慎。请名人做广告，付给的报酬高得惊人，而一些名人尤其是政界和科学界的名流往往不肯抛头露面。这样西方国家的一些广告商便在平民中千方百计物色酷似名流的人来做广告，甚至被弄去参加开业典礼或者开张剪裁以招徕生意。局外人往往不明真相而受蒙骗。正因为真假难分，名人替身常遭不测。 To invite those eminent persons to help make advertisements should be regarded as one of the best ad strategies and could of course, produce a spectacular VIP effect, provided that those eminent persons are perfectly willing to accept the invitation and, more importantly, the commodities to be advertised are genuine and their prices fair. Sometimes, while a commodity is of inferior quality, the ad is full of words lavishing praise on it. If, under such a circumstance, an eminent person comes to help make the ad, the ad could, if anything, be temporarily successful before it turns the brand of the commodity in question notorious and more disastrously, ruins the reputation of the eminent person thereafter. It is precisely for this reason that the eminent persons are well advised to think more than twice before agreeing to appear on a commercial. Despite the fact that an eminent person could be paid a staggering sum of money after he or she helps make a commercial ad, some eminent persons, those in political and scientific circles in particular, are averse to public exposures. As a result, some advertisers in Western countries have had to try every means possible to scout among the populace at large men or women that are very copies of the eminent persons they are after. Once recruited, an eminent person’s substitute, apart from appearing on an ad, is often made to show up on certain high profile occasions, such as opening ceremonies or ribbon cutting ceremonies, with a view to soliciting customers. Outsiders, unable to distinguish a real eminent person from his substitute, are usually taken in. However, not every hired substitute is lucky. Some of them may become victims of unexpected attacks aimed at the real eminent persons and suffer unfortunately, for them. Work Produced against the grain and in marginality by George Steiner in After Babel: This book was written under somewhat difficult circumstances .I was at the time increasingly marginalized and indeed isolated within the academic community. This is not ,necessarily, a handicap. Tenure in the academy today ,the approval of one’s professional peers, the assistance and laurels in their giving, are not infrequently symptoms of opportunism and mediocre conventionality. A degree of exclusion, of compelled apartness, may be one of the conditions of valid work. In the humanities,in the disciplines of intuitive discourse, committees, colloquia, the conference circuit are the bane. Nothing is more ludicrous than the roll-call of academic colleagues and sponsors set out in grateful footnotes at the bottom of trivia. In poetics ,in philosophy, in hermeneutics, work worth doing will more often than not be produced against the grain and in marginality.
英语翻译作业1
一、改译 宰客slaughter customers(cheating customers) 自学self learn(study on one’s self) 彩票colorful tickets(lottery) 救火save a fire(Firefighting) (电脑)死机systerm dead(computer crash) 吃食堂eat the canteen(eat in the canteen) 风凉话cold word(sarcastic remark) 太平门safe door(emergency exit) 三角债triangle debts(chain debts) 扣帽子put a hat on(put a label on) 文化程度cultural degree(education level) 抓紧时间grasp time firmly(hurry up) 来信写道the latter writes(the letter reads) 提高英语水平raise the level of one’s English(Improve one’s English) 胸有成竹have a bamboo in one’s stomach(have a well-thought-out plan) 二、直译 大海捞针Look for a needle in the ocean 猫哭耗子假慈悲Cat cry for mouse 嫁鸡随鸡嫁狗随狗Marry a chicken with chicken married dog follows dog 挥金如土Spend money like water 易如反掌As easy as to turn one's hand 打草惊蛇To beat the grass and frighten away the snake 呆若木鸡Dumb as a wooden chicken 千里之行始于足下Every journey begins with the first step 瑞雪兆丰年A timely heavy snow promises a good harvest . 跑得了和尚跑不了庙Run a monk can not run the temple 三、重点翻译 她经常在邻里之间搬弄是非 She always makes mischief between neighbors. 她毛遂自荐来这所学校当老师 She recommending herself to be a teacher in this school. 正真的好朋友应该是雪中送炭 True friend is who provides you timely help. 我要有个三长两短，你给我娘捎个话 If something happens to me, please give my mother a massage. 留得青山在，不愁没柴烧 As long as the green mountains are there, one need not worry about firewood. 你这人真的是狗嘴里吐不出象牙 他对你的许诺不过是个空头支票而已 His promise to you just a blank check. 我喜欢那套房子，但美中不足的是离上班的地方太远 I like that house,but the fly in the ointment is too far away from the work place.
东师《英汉翻译》20春在线作业2答案14
(单选题)1: 有关英语词类的说法中，下列选项中正确的一项是。 A: 动词和名词在英语里是非常活跃的词类 B: 动词和副词在英语里是非常活跃的词类 C: 名词和形容词在英语里是非常活跃的词类 D: 形容词和副词在英语里是非常活跃的词类 正确答案: D (单选题)2: A translator has to know everything 0f something and something 0f everything． A: 一个翻译人员对一些事情要什么都懂，对什么事情又要懂一些。 B: 翻译人员对有些事情要无所不晓，对什么事情又要略知一二。 C: 翻译人员对于知识既要精深，又要渊博。 D: 译者要知之为知之，不知为不知。 正确答案: C (单选题)3: 你什么时候方便就过来玩。 A: Come and play when you are convenient． B: Come here to play if you are convenient． C: Drop in whenever it’s convenient． D: Drop in whenever you have convenience． 正确答案: C (单选题)4: I would draw a further conclusion, which I believe is central to assessing China’s future place in the world economy. A: 我将得出进一步的结论，这个结论我相信在评估中国在未来世界经济中的位置中是中心问题。 B: 我还想得出进一步的结论，我认为这对于估价中国今后在世界经济中的地位是中心问题。C: 我还有一个想法，我认为这对于估价中国今后在世界经济中的地位是至关重要的。 D: 我还有一个想法，这个结论我相信是评估中国的未来在世界经济中的位置是中心问题。正确答案: C (单选题)5: 就科技英语与汉语的表达特点而言，下列选项中不正确的一项是。 A: 汉语词汇含义相对单一并且固定，而英语的词汇含义内涵大，一词多义。 B: 汉语中用被动语态表达的句子不多，而科技英语中被动语态使用广泛。 C: 汉语趋向于用多重复合句子表达，而英语多用单句表达。 D: 科技英语中介词短词及各类非限定动词短语使用频繁。 正确答案: C (单选题)6: 第一次世界大战后，帝国主义对中国加紧侵略，北洋军阀政府对外妥协投降，对内残酷压迫人民，给中国带来了深重的民族危机。 A: After World WarⅠ, the imperialists stepped up their aggression against China while the Northern Warlord Government resorted to compromise and capitulation externally and to ruthless oppression of the people internally, thus landing China in a grave national crisis.
汉英翻译教程
汉英翻译教程
第一章 汉英语言对比 相关参考： 翻译教学和研究的经验表明：翻译理论和技巧必须建立在不同语言和文化的对比分析基础上。英汉互译的几项基本原则和技巧，如选词（Diction）、转换（Conversion）、增补（Amplification）、省略（Omission）、重复（Repetition）、替代（Substitution）、变换（Variation）、倒臵（Inversion）、拆离（Division）、缀合（Combination）、阐释（Annotation）、浓缩（Condensation）、重组（Reconstruction），以及时态、语态、语气、习语、术语等的译法，都集中地体现了英汉的不同特点。机器翻译是让计算机按照人们所制定的程序和指令进行不同语言的对比转换，也离不开对比分析。翻译之所以困难，归根结底是因为语言差异和文化差异。因此，对比、分析和归纳这些差异，便是翻译学的重要任务。 不同语言的对比分析不仅有利于教学和翻译，也有助于语言交际。通过对比分析，人们可以进一步认识外语和母语的特性，在进行交际时，能够有意识地注意不同语言各自的表现方法，以顺应这些差异，防止表达错误，避免运用失当，从而达到交际的目的。 ——连淑能，《英汉对比研究》 纪德是最理解莎士比亚的法国作家之一。在他看来，“没有任何作家比莎士比亚更值得翻译”，但同时，“也没有任何作家比他更难翻译，译文更容易走样”。纪德对莎士比亚的理解是双重的，既是精神的，也是语言的。他在与莎士比亚的相遇与相识中，经历了一系列的考验。对他在翻译中经历的这番历史奇遇，他曾在为七星文库出版的《莎士比亚戏剧集》撰写的前言中作了详尽的描述：描述了两种文化与两种语言之间的遭遇，也揭示了翻译中译者所面临的种种障碍。 纪德首先看到的，是语言与文化层面的逻辑性，这涉及到不同语言的思维方法。他说：“莎士比亚很少考虑逻辑性，而我们拉丁文化缺了逻辑性就踉踉跄跄。莎士比亚笔下的形象相互重现，相互推倒。面对如此丰富的形象，我们可怜的译者目瞪口呆。他不愿意对这种绚丽多彩有丝毫遗漏，因此不得不将英文原本中用仅仅一个词表示的暗喻译成一个句子。原来像蛇一样紧紧盘成一团的诗意，如今成了松开的弹簧。翻译成了解释。逻辑倒是很满意，但魅力不再起作用。莎士比亚的诗句飞跃而过的空间，迟缓的熊虫一瘸一拐才能走完。”在紧密的逻辑与丰富的形象之间，英语与法语的天平有所侧重，在两者的遭遇中，译者的无奈与局限源于文化与语言的巨大差异。 头脑清醒的纪德没有丝毫责备英语或莎士比亚的语言的意思，相反，在翻译莎士比亚的戏剧中，他充分意识到了母语的缺陷。他说：“只有在接触外语时，我们才意识到本国语言的缺陷，因此，只会法语的法国人是看不到缺陷的。”他的这一观点与德国作家歌德的观点几乎是一致的。异之于我，可作一明镜，从异中更清楚地照清自身。在这个意义上，与异语文化的接触，有助于认识母语与母语文化的不足。看清了自身的不足，便有可能从异语异文化中去摄取营养，弥补自身，丰富自身。 在艰难的翻译中，纪德亲历了种种障碍，他结合翻译中的具体例证，作了某
英语翻译作业
AC500kV Substation Design In China Transmission and Substation Department,CPECC Abstract:Some brief informations about AC500kV substations in China,historical data of their design and essential design principles are presented in this paper.Some technical and engineering problems of AC500kV substation design and construction are discussed.It is emphasized to introduce the500kV substation scales,main electrical connections,selection of equipment and apparatus,insulation coordination,distribution switchyard,control and protection etc.Here we also discuss the policy of project cost control at present time and a prospective view of China AC substations in future. 1.Introduction The research and design of500kV substations in China were started in1977,and the first substation was put into operation in1981.From that time,because of the rapid development of electricity demand in China,design and construction of500kV substations have a great development.Especially in recent years,due to the increase of capital investment for power system construction from the State Government,500kV power system has developed even faster.Till1998about55substations(500kV)were already put into operation,in which217transformers were installed,and the total capacity reached60410 MVA.At present,there are30substations(total capacity26500MVA)under construction.In addition,it has been planned to construction/extends30substations(33transformers,24750 MVA)in accordance with the power delivery from Three Gorges Power Plant. A complete design system of AC500kV substation in China has been gradually established based on the past design and construction experiences and the use of new technologies.This system includes design procedures,design standards,rules and regulations, design management and so on. The essential design principles are safe and reliable,technically advanced,economical and reasonable,and good quality. 2.Size of Substations China is a developing country with broad territory.The economic development is very different from one region to another.In accordance with this fact,the500kV substation size is different at different time and for different region.