口译
Translation Studies
Translation studies is the academic discipline related to the study of the theory and phenomena of translation. By its nature it is multilingual and interdisplinary 传播学的“五W 模式”：
who→says what →in what channel →to whom →with what effe cts
传者→ 信息→渠道 →受着 →效果
新闻翻译的传播模式：
原新闻作者→原新闻→媒体→原新闻读者→效果
新闻翻译者→译文新闻→媒体→译文读者→效果
We take no pride in prejudice.
对于您的偏见，我们没有傲慢。（语义双关）
Which lager can claim to be truly German? This can.
哪种大罐啤酒可称得上是地道的德国货？这罐。（语法双关）
Wikipedia?s definition
Translation studies is an interdiscipline containing elements of social science and the humanities, dealing with the systematic study of the theory, the description and the application of translation, interpreting or both these activities.
As an interdisciplinary discipline, translation studies borrows much from the different fields of study that support translation. These include comparative literature, computer science, history, linguistics, philology, philosophy, semiotics, terminology, and so forth.
● Because of this diversity, one of the biggest problems in teaching and learning about
translation studies is that much of it is dispersed across such a wide range of books and journal.
● Our goal: present a practical introduction to the a diverse field.
Main issues of translation studies
● The practice of translating is long established, but the discipline of translation studies is
new.
● In academic circles, translation was previously relegated to just a language-learning
activity.
● A split has persisted between translation practice and theory.
● The study of translation began through comparative literature, translation workshops and
contrastive analysis.
● James S. Holmes?s …The name and nature of translation studies? is considered to be the
…founding statement? of a new discipline.
● Translation studies has expanded hugely, and is now often considered and interdiscipline.
Translation history in China
1. Linguistics
2. Communication studies
3. Philosophy
4. Cultural studies
●An over three thousand-year-old history of translation
●The earliest historical documents recording sporadic translation activities in China can be
traced back to the Zhou Dynasty(1100 B.C.)
●Xiangxu(象胥) or sheren（舌人）
●Three peaks of translation before the May 4th Movement (1919)
The First Peak——The Translation of Buddist Classics
◆In the Six Dynasties (232-589) when Buddhist monks set about translating classics of
Buddhism into Chinese
◆The translation of Buddist classics began in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and lasted more
than 1000 years till the Tang (618-907) and Northern Song Dynasties (960-1127) Several important figures
（一）Zhi Qian (支谦)
1.…Preface to Fa Ju Jing? （《法句经》序）
2.…follow the original intention of the author without any embroidery? （因循本旨，不加
文饰）
（二）Dao An （道安）
1.The earliest state translation school yichang （译场）
2.…translate according to the original without any addition and deduction? （案本而传，不
令有损言游字）
（三）Kumargjiva（鸠摩罗什）
1.He applied a free translation approach to transfer the essence of the Sanskrit sutras.
2.He firstly suggested that translators should sign their names in translated works.
天见人，人见天人天交接，两得相见（依实求华）
（四）Xuan Zang（玄奘）
1.The most eminent figure of the first peak in translation history.
2.Xuan Zang developed his epoch-making criteria that translation …must be truthful and
intelligible to the populace? （既须求真，又须喻俗）
a.He summed up five cases dependant on transliteration, namely, don?t translat e what is
mysterious（秘密故），what is multi-semantic(多义故)，what is too alien to be reproduced （此无故）, what is hereditary（顺古故）.
b.Records of the Western Regions under the Reign of the Great Tang （大唐西域记）
The second Peak: the translation of Books on Science and Technology
●The late Ming and early Qing Dynasties around the 17th century
●The arrival of Jesuit missionaries from Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Switzerland,
Germany, Belgium and Poland
●More than 300 works in total, 120 concerned science and technology ranging from
astronomy, mathematics, physics and metallurgy to anatomy, biology and cartography
（一）Xu Guangqi（徐光启）
a.Xu cooperated with the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci（利玛窦）in translating the 13 volumes
of Euclid?s Elements of Geometry（《几何原本》）
b.Working with Sabbathinus de Ursis （熊三拔）, an Italian missionary, he completed a
six-volume adapted translation on hydrology and reservoirs entitled Water Conservation and Irrigation Methods in the West（《泰西水法》）
（二）Li Zhizao (李之藻)
a.In the preface to its Chinese version known as Hun Gai Tong Xian Tu Shuo （《浑盖通宪
图说》）, he stated clearly that the earth is round an in motion.
b.Epitome Arithmeticae Practicae （《同文算指》）
The Third Peak : The Translation of Western Classics
●The Opium War (1840-1842) and the signing of the first unequal Treaty of Nanjing
●From the mid 19th century to the eve of the May 4th Movement
（一）Lin Zexu （林则徐）
…the first Chinese who opened his eyes to look at the outside world?
…must learn from the fortes of its foreign enemies in order to eventually conquer them?Gazetteer of the Four Continents (《四洲志》)
（二）Lin Shu （林纾）
The pioneer of literary translation in China
Ivanhoe（《撒克切后英雄略》）, La Dame aux Camelias（《巴黎茶花女遗事》）, Uncle Tom?s Cabin（《黑奴吁天录》）, Old Curiosity Shop（《孝女耐儿传》）, David Cooperfield（《块肉余生述》）and Oliver Twist（《贼史》）
（三）YanFu（严复）
a.Profoundly shocked by the humiliating Treaty of Shimonoseki（《马关条约》）
b.The 1898 translation of Thomas Henry Huxley?s Evolution and Ethics（《天演论》）
established his reputation throughout the country.
c.natural selection and survival of the fittest? （物竞天择，适者生存）
d.His list of translations includes: On Liberty（《群己权界说》）and Study of Sociology
（《群学肆言》）by Herbert Spenser, Inquiry into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations（《原富》）by Adam Smith, History of Politics (《社会通诠》) by E. Jenks
In the preface to the translated Evolution and Ethics Yan Fu set down the triple translation criteria, namely, …faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance?
原文：
It may be safely assumed that, two thousands years ago, before Caesar set foot in Southern Britain, the whole countryside visible from the windows of the room in which I write, was in what is called “the stateof nature”. Except , it may be, by raising a few sepulchral mounds, suc
h as those
which still, here and there,break the flowing contours of the downs, man?s hands had made no mark upon it; and the thin veil of vegetation which ov erspread the broad-backed heights and the shelving sides of the coombs was unaffected by hi s industry.
译文：
赫胥黎独处一室之中，在英伦之南，背山而面野。槛外诸境，历历如在几下。乃悬想二千年前，当罗马大将恺彻未到此时，此间有何景物。计惟有天造草昧，人工未施，其借征人境者，不过几处荒坟，散见坡陀起伏间。而灌木丛林，蒙茸山麓，未经删治如今日者，则无疑也。
●Translation in China between 1919-1949
●The first Chinese translation of the full text of the Communist Manifesto (Marx and
Engels, 1848) by Chen Wangdao（陈望道，1890-1977）
●The domain of translation witnessed a focus on the introduction of Karl Marx?s
(1818-1883) and Lenin?s (1870-1924) classical works on socialist and communist theories.
●Lenin?s Nations and Revolutions; Marx?s monumental work Capital.
●Classical Chinese in translation was gradually replaced by a more simplified and
easily-understood vernacular Chinese baihua（白话）
●Lu Xun （鲁迅，1881-1936）, Qu Qiubai （瞿秋白，1899-1935），Mao Dun（茅盾，
1896-1981）and Lin Yutang（林语堂，1895-1976）
ranslation in Present-day China
●Translation in China has stepped into a new era since the founding of the PRC in 1949.
●National and regional organizations for translators
●Scientific and technical works
●Quality and quantity of translations
China?s adoption of the policy of reform and opening-up
● A number of scholars in China introduced various translation principles in view of new
discoveries in such branches as semiotics, social-linguistics, intercultural communication, etc.
●Translation theories have witnessed dramatic changes in many areas like notions of
equivalence, faithfulness, contexts, cultural interaction and conflicts
●The problem of effective communication across cultures has become a focus of
discussion
●Fu Lei （傅雷）
●Qian Zhongshu（钱钟书）
●Ye Junjian（叶君健）
●Wang Zuoliang（王佐良）
●Xu Yuanchong（许渊冲）
It is hard to find a systematic translation theory to guide translation practice although there do exist some prescriptive explanations on how to translate.
By comparing the situation with Western studies in this field, we have to admit that China still has a long way to go in its development of translation theory and practice.
口译教程2
Module 2 Logical analysis I Theory and skills 口译中的逻辑分析指的是对讲话进行纵向和横向的分析，纵向分析是指分清关键信息和辅助信息，即找出逻辑的层次；横向分析则是明确各信息点之间的逻辑关系，如因果关系、对比对照、举例说明等。逻辑分析的目的是为了透彻地理解原语讲话的内容，对信息的点（具体的信息内容）、线（各点之间的联系）和面（即整体概念）进行全面的把握，以便于记忆和表达。信息经过分析加工，便能在记忆中留下更深的印象。 逻辑分析练习可分为纵向分析和横向分析练习。纵向分析的训练方法和第一课介绍的概述练习有些类似，但侧重点不一样。纵向分析要求进行逻辑分层训练，即在听完一篇讲话后首先用一句话概括出讲话的中心内容，这是逻辑的最上层；围绕这一中心问题讲话人谈了哪几个方面的内容，这是第二层关系；而每个方面又具体谈了些什么，这是逻辑的下一个层次。例如第一课的练习1.1介绍了三种错误的饭后习惯，这三种习惯分别是：饭后立即吃水果、喝茶和散步；针对每一种错误习惯，分析了其原因，提出了正确的做法；在原因里又提到几种原因，分别是……。就这样将信息一层一层地剖析下去，形成一个清晰的逻辑线路图，然后按照逻辑线路对原语讲话进行复述，复述时不必拘泥于原语的顺序和结构。 横向分析的练习则要求我们找出信息之间的逻辑关系。一般的信息结构都遵从一定的逻辑关系模式，如：概括（generalization）、分类（classification）、因果（cause-effect）、对比对照（compare & contrast）、按照时间、空间、步骤、重要性的顺序排列（sequencing）、列举（simple listing）、提出问题-解决问题（problem-solution）等。找逻辑关系可以根据线索词汇，如英文里表示概括关系的线索词汇有：to sum up, in summary, in conclusion, in brief, in short, on the whole等；表示顺序的词汇有：first, second, furthermore, before, preceding, during, when, finally, meanwhile等；表示对比的词汇有：likewise, as well as, in common with, both, similarly，compared to等；表示对照的有：on the other hand, on the contrary, otherwise, instead, still, yet, whereas, differently等；表示因果的则有：so, since, because, as a result, consequently, lead to等等。 逻辑分析要求在听取信息时不是被动地接收，而是在全神贯注地收听的同时，结合自己对口译情境和讲话人背景的了解，进行合理的分析和预测，这样才能更好地跟上讲话人的思路，缓解“听”的压力，使口译理解更轻松更准确。 II Skills practice Teaching suggestions: Tell the students to form a mind picture or logic tree while listening, trying to associate main points with the corresponding sub-points, and then do the retelling to check the effectiveness of their logic analysis. Instruction: retell the passage, paying attention to the logic 2.1有偿搭车 “上班族”借助网络发帖联络搭乘“顺风车”，这种出行方式最近在北京、上海、深圳等一些大中型城市开始流行起来。一些网站还专门设立了相关的栏目，北京出现了全国第一家
口译常用名词
一．商务职衔 1.总裁/会长/理事长President 2.董事会主席/董事长Chairman (board of directors) 3.董事Director 4.执行董事Executive Director 5.总干事Director-General 6.理事Trustee/Council Member 7.总监/主任Director 8.经理Manager 9.总经理General Manager 99（GM） 10.副总经理Assistant General Manager 11.总经理助理General Manager Assistant 12.公关部经理PR （Public Relations）Manager 13.销售部经理Sales Manager 14.营业经理Business Manager 15.市场部经理Marketing Manager 16.生产部经理Production Manager 17.研发部经理R&D (Research and Development) Manager 18.厂长Factory Managing Director 19.车间主任Workshop Manager 20.高级工程师Senior Engineer 21.工程师Engineer
22.助理工程师Assistant Engineer 23.首席执行官/总裁C.E.O (Chief Executive Officer) 24.首席财务官/财务总监C.F.O (Chief Financial Officer) 25.财务主管Financial Controller 26.高级会计师Senior Accountant 27.会计师Accountant 28.助理会计师Assistant Accountant 29.注册会计师CPA (Certified Public Accountant) 30.会计员Treasurer 31.出纳员Teller 32.首席信息官/咨讯总监C.I.O (Chief Information Officer) 33.首席营运官/运营总监C.O.O （Chief Operation Officer） 34.技术员Technician 35.程序员Programmer 36.设计师Designer 37.机械师Mechanic 38.化验员Chemical Analyst 39.质检员Quality Inspector 40.推销员Salesman/Salesperson 41.采购员Purchaser 42.部长Minister 43.副部长Vice-Minister
口译研究
从二十世纪五十年代开始，国际会议口译迅速增加，越来越多的场合采用了同声传译。口译职业化逐渐成形：既有大学专业教育，又有专门的行业组织和执业规范，围绕口译的研究也随之而生。六十年代中期开始，心理学方面的研究人员开始关注同声传译的心理过程，进行了一系列的实证性研究，包括对译员短期记忆、长期记忆的研究，语言间词汇联想能力等方面。研究的核心问题是处理语言过程中的时间因素，即源语和目标语的时间差。随着口译研究的不断发展，研究逐渐扩展到译员认知，意义单位，质量控制和译者角色等方面。 重要参考文献 Allioni, S. (1989).Towards a grammar of consecutive interpretation. The theoretical and practical aspects of teaching conference interpretation . Udine: Campanotto, 191–197. Anderson, R. B. (2002).Perspectives on the role of the interpreter. The Interpreting Studies Reader . London and New York: Routledge, 209-217. Barik, H. C. (1973).Simultaneous interpretation: temporal and quantitative data. Language and Speech , 16(3), 237-270. Cronin, M. (1996).Translating Ireland: translation, languages, culture . Cork University Press. Cronin, M. (2002).The empire talks back: orality, heteronomy and the cultural turn in interpreting studies. The Interpreting Studies Reader , 393–397. Gile, D. (1991).The processing capacity issue in conference interpretation . Babel (Bonn), 37(1), 15-27. Gile, D. (1997).Conference interpreting as a cognitive management problem. In Cognitive processes in translation and interpreting , 196-214. Kohn, K.& Kalina, S. (1996).The strategic dimension of interpreting. Meta , 41(1), 118-138. Kurz, I. (1993).Conference interpretation: expectations of different user groups. The Interpreters Newsletter , 5, 13–21. Lonsdale, D. (1997).Modeling cognition in SI: methodological issues.
口译专业术语翻译
1.科学发展观the Outlook of Scientific Development（也有一说outlook 应为conception，有兴趣自己 去查字典了解了解两词的区别【谢谢方雪梅同学的讨论】） 2.倡导公正、合理的新秩序观call for the establishment of a new just and equitable order 3.以平等互利为核心的新发展观new thinking on development based on equality and mutual benefit 4.推动树立以互信、互利、平等和协作为主要内容的新安全观foster a new thinking on security featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination 5.主张形成以尊重多样性为特点的新文明观foster a new thinking on civilization that respects diversity 6.新能源观new thinking on energy development 有关先进文化的词汇 1.古为今用、洋为中用 旧译let the ancient serve the present, let the foreign serve the national 现译draw from past and foreign achievements 2.文艺工作cultural and art work; work in the cultural field 3.牢牢把握先进文化的前进方向firmly keep to the direction of an advanced culture/cultural advancement 4.文化与经济和政治互相交融interaction between cultural work, and economic and political activities cultural elements/factors intermingle with economic and political factors 5.民族的科学的大众的社会主义文化 a socialist culture that is distinctly Chinese, pro-science and people-oriented 6.弘扬主旋律，提倡多样化promote mainstream values and uphold cultural diversity 7.以科学的理论武装人，以正确的舆论引导人，以崇高的精神塑造人，以优秀的作品鼓舞人Equip/empower people with scientific theories, guide them with correct opinions/ convey to them right messages/provide them with correct media guidance, imbue them with a noble spirit and inspire them with excellent/fine works 8.具有中国气派的社会主义文化Chinese-style socialist culture; socialist culture with Chinese appeal 9.越是民族的，越是世界的The pride of a nation is also the pride of the world. What's unique for a nation is also precious for the world. When you are unique, the world comes to you.
口译常用词汇及表达(迎来送往)
口译常用词汇及表达 一、欢迎光临 （一）商务职衔 1.总裁/会长/理事长President 2.董事会主席/董事长 Chairman (board of directors) 3.董事Director 4.执行董事Executive Director 5.总干事Director-General 6.理事Trustee/Council Member 7.总监/主任Director 8.经理Manager 9.总经理General Manager（GM） 10.副总经理Assistant General Manager 11.总经理助理General Manager Assistant 12.公关部经理PR (Public Relations) Manager 13.销售部经理Sales Manager 14.市场部经理Marketing Manager 15.生产部经理Production Manager 16.研发部经理 R & D (Research and Development) Manager 17.厂长Factory Managing Director 18.车间主任Workshop Manager 19.高级工程师Senior Engineer 20.助理工程师Assistant Engineer 21.首席执行官/总裁 C.E.O (Chief Executive Officer) 22.首席财务官/财务总监 C.F.O (Chief Financial Officer) 23.财务主管Financial Controller 24.高级会计师Senior Accountant 25.会计师Accountant 26.助理会计师Assistant Accountant 27.注册会计师Certified Public Accountant (CPA) 28.会计员Treasurer 29.出纳员Teller 30.首席信息官/ 咨讯总监 C.I.O (Chief Information Officer) 31.首席营运官/ 运营总监 C.O.O (Chief Operation Officer) 32.技术员Technician 33.程序员Programmer 34.设计师Designer 35.机械师Mechanic 36.推销员Salesman / Salesperson 37.采购员Purchaser 38.部长Minister 39.副部长Vice-Minister 40.部长助理Assistant Manager 41.省长Governor 42.市长Mayor 43.副（省长/市长）Vice- / Deputy 44.常务副（省长/市长） Senior (Vice-Governor / Vice-Mayor) 45.厅长/司长Director-General, … Department 46.局长Director-General, … Bureau 47.处长Director, ... Division 48.科长Section Chief 49.副（厅长/司长/局长/处长）deputy （二）机场词汇 1.国际航班International Flight 2.国内航班Domestic Flight 3.航班号码Flight Number 4.起飞/抵达时间Departure/arrival time 5.机场大楼Terminal Building 6.航班/飞机资料显示牌Flight Information Board 7.候机室Departure Lounge 8.贵宾室VIP Room 9.登记柜台Check-in Counter 10.问讯处Information Desk 11.办理出境/入境/海关手续 to go through / complete the (exit/ entry/ customs) formalities 12.出境登记卡Departure Card 13.入境登记卡Landing Card 14.安全检查Security Check 15.护照检查处Passport Control 16.签证种类Type of visa 17.一次性/多次性入境签 Single-entry/Multiple entry visa 18.再入境签证Re-entry visa 19.旅行/居留签证Travel/Residence visa 20.出境/入境/过境/访问签证 Exit/Entry/Transit/V isitor’s visa 21.签证有效期validity of visa 22.入境日期及口岸date and port of entry
口译介绍
口译（又称传译）是一种翻译活动，顾名思义，是指译员以口语的方式，将译入语转换为译出语的方式，做口语翻译，也就是在讲者仍在说话时，同声传译员便“同时”进行翻译。 目录 编辑本
语种、考试科目、考试大纲和考试命题,研究建立考试题库等有关工作。中国外文局翻译专业资格考评中心负责该考试的具体实施工作。 北京新东方英语学校口译辅导，针对考试内容课堂模拟，授课教师将着重答题技巧的传授；模拟考试常见题材，讲解口译难点，补充常见专业词汇。口译实务技巧，传授实务考试技巧，专业口译笔记训练，大段考证模拟练习。 考试地点 2003年人事部制定下发了《翻译专业资格（水平）考试暂行规定》和《二级、三级翻译专业资格（水平）考试实施办法》，2003年7月成立了翻译专业资格（水平）考试英语专家委员会，并于2003年12月6日至7日，全国首次二级、三级英语口译、笔译试点考试在北京、上海、广州三个城市举行。经过多方协商、共同协作和精心组织，圆满完成了本次试点考试任务。考试结束后，人事部专技司、外文局、外专局培训中心和人事部人事考试中心还专门召开了座谈会，认真听取考生对试点考试的意见和建议。据统计，本次试点考试共有1682人报名，1629人参加考试，492人经考试合格取得翻译资格证书。试点考试的参考率高、考生范围广，从各方面反映看，试点工作得到了人事部、外文局领导、各位专家及社会各界的充分肯定。外文局常务副局长、翻译专业资格（水平）考试筹备工作领导小组组长郭晓勇称“考试社会反响良好”。根据考试中出现的问题和考生反映的情况，外文局请英语专家委员会调整了英语考试大纲的部分内容。翻译资格（水平）考试报名条件放开，面向社会，得到广大考生的欢迎和社会的认可，符合人才评价的发展方向。由高等院校和翻译一线的专家承担的命题工作是成功的，起到了通过试点检验命题标准、命题方式和试卷结构的作用，这为在全国继续扩大试点提供了宝贵的经验，得到了广大考生的认可。 2004年5月下旬，英语二、三级翻译资格试点考试继续扩大。二、三级口译考试扩大到北京、上海、广州、天津、重庆、武汉等六城市，笔译考试除以上六市外还扩大到西安、南京、郑州、成都、长春、福州等共12个城市。2004年11月13日、14日，英语二、三级翻译资格试点考试笔译考试在全国25个城市、口译考试在全国15个城市进行；法语二、三级考试在北京、上海试点考试；日语二、三级考试在北京、上海、大连试点考试。考试大纲的编写、国家翻译资格考试标准的确定、考试试题的命制等都是由翻译资格考试最高层次的专家组织——日、法语专家委员会的专家们参与完成的。这些专家都是翻译界的资深教授和学者，代表着法语、日语翻译界的最高水平。同时专家委员会对考试制度的建立和完善，对更好地形成一套科学化、社会化、规范化的翻译人才评价制度都发挥了重要作用。人事部专业技术人员管理司司长刘宝英在日法语考试试点成立大会上
口译词汇及所涉及专业知识汇总
口译词汇及所涉及专业知识汇总Floating Dock (a metal Floating Dock ) 浮动港口Maritime Training Academy 海军训练基地 Air Force Training Academy 空军训练基地 Ocean Patrol Vessels( OPV) 海洋巡逻舰 Sea Patrol Vessels 近海巡逻船 Air Craft Carrier 航空母舰 发标to issue bidding documents 采购计划purchasing planning 渔政船fishery administration vessel 军舰Naval vessels 德班Durban 开普敦Cape Town 理查湾港Richard Bay 股权equity/share
煤矿集散地Coal distribution center 军港military harbor 商业港commercial port 武官defense attaché 商务参赞commercial counsellor 大使馆embassy 领事馆consulate 军火arms and ammunition 防务defense 中国人民解放军总装备部Chinese PLA General Armament Department 国际海军防务展IMDEX (International Maritime Defence Exhibition & Conference) 导弹护卫舰missile frigate 海军总司令commander-in-chief of the navy 总统专机president jet
口译常用词汇
v1.0 可编辑可修改 &Punshiment 罪与罚 盗窃类 Stealing/theftCar theft (偷车), ID Card theft(intelligent crime智能犯罪)Pickpocket 扒手Shoplifter 顺手牵羊者Burglar 入室盗窃，窃贼—burglary Break-in 入室盗窃 攻击类 Attack 攻击Assault 袭击Mugging 背后袭击 Rape 强奸 抢劫类 Robbery 抢劫Hijack 劫持Hostage 人质Kidnapping/Abduction 绑架 Juvenile青少年类 School/Campus violence 校园暴力Bully 欺负Juvenile Delinquency 青少年犯罪Drug addiction/abuse 吸毒Drug trafficking 贩毒Cheating 作弊Academic Plagiarism 学术剽窃Copy 抄袭Corporal Punishment 体罚Spank 打屁股 Slap 抽耳光 经济类 Corruption 腐败Bribery 贿赂 Fraud, Scam 诈骗 公路交通类 Speeding 超速驾驶Drunken driving 醉酒驾车Reckless driving 鲁莽驾车Fine, Ticket 罚款 Parking 停车 罪犯 Delinquent Offender Criminal 商业 Smuggling 走私Smuggled goods 水货Cheap copy/copycat 山寨Piracy 盗版
v1.0 可编辑可修改 Swindle 骗财 Law & Order 法制类 Law Enforcement 执法 Law-abiding citizen 守法公民 Punishment惩罚类 Capital punishment 死刑Life imprisonment 终生监禁Jailed / Behind bars 入狱，铁窗生涯Prison/Jail break 越狱Penalty 惩罚Execution 处死Community Service 社区服务Deportation 驱逐出境 Extradition 引渡 Court法庭类 Judge 法官Supreme Court 最高法院Attorney 辩护律师Lawyer 律师Barrister （英）高级律师Defendant 被告Prosecutor 检察官Sue 起诉Lawsuit 诉讼Jury 陪审团Innocent 无罪Guilty 有罪Be sentenced to…被判…Trail 审判，试验Evidence 证据Forensic medicine 法医Investigation 调查Interrogation 审问Police Department 警察局Witness 目击证人Jurisdiction 裁判权，审判权Criminal Justice System 犯罪司法系统 健康类词汇合集 WHO-World Health Organization 世界卫生组织 Epidemic; Pandemic; Endemic 流行病 Plague 瘟疫 Disease; illness 疾病 Ailment 小病Bird flu; Avian flu 禽流感 Influenza (flu) 流感 Foot & Mouth Disease 口蹄疫 Mad Cow Disease 疯牛病SARS 非典Swine flu 猪流感 AIDS 艾滋病 Virus 病毒 Bacteria; Fungus 细菌 饮食健康 Calorie 卡路里，食物热量 Diet 节食Blood sugar 血糖 blood pressure 血压Cholesterol 胆固醇 Fiber 纤维 Calcium 钙 Vitamin 维生素 Fruit sugar; fructose 果糖 Glucose 麦芽糖Nutrition 营养
口译常用句
一. 称呼 女士们，先生们Ladies and Gentlemen 朋友们/各位朋友Dear friends 各位嘉宾Distinguished guests 尊敬的来宾Honored Guests 各位同事Dear colleagues 同志们Comrades 青年朋友们Young friends （中国）同胞们Fellow countrymen （美国）同胞们My fellow citizens （港澳台和海外华人）同胞们Dear Compatriots 老师们、同学们、朋友们Dear faculty and staff members, students and friends 同学们，老师们Dear Students and Faculty Members 各位老师，家长，毕业生们Members of the faculty, parents, and especially, the graduates Members of the faculty, proud parents, and, above all, graduates 各位企业家朋友Members of the business community 亲爱的运动员们Dear athletes 尊敬的各位国家元首、政府首脑和王室代表 Distinguished Heads of State and Government and Representatives of Royal Families 尊敬的各位使节、代表和夫人 Your Excellencies Diplomatic Envoys, Representatives of International Organizations and Your Spouses 各位使节及使团同事Excellencies and Colleagues of the Diplomatic Corps 各位团长Heads of Delegations 各位议员朋友My Lords and MPs 中央政府驻港机构各位领导Heads of local offices of the Central Government 尊敬的胡锦涛主席和夫人Your Excellency President Hu Jintao and Madame Liu Yongqing 主席先生/总统先生Mr. President 总理先生Mr. Premier / Prime Minister 总统女士Madame President 尊敬的阿罗约总统阁下Your Excellency President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 国王和王后陛下Your Majesties 各位殿下Your Royal Highnesses 尊敬的桑德罗·邦迪部长Respected Minister Sen. Sandro Bondi 尊敬的戴秉国国务委员Your Excellency State Councilor Dai Bingguo 尊敬的李省长Honorable Governor Li 尊敬的杨市长Honorable Mayor Yang 团中央第一书记陆昊先生First Secretary Mr. Lu Hao 高教授及夫人Professor and Mrs Kao 尊敬的内格罗蓬特常务副国务卿Honorable Deputy Secretary of State John Negroponte 尊敬的阿姆鲁·穆萨秘书长Your Excellency Secretary General Amr Moussa 尊敬的刘立军处长Division Director Liu Lijun 尊敬的耶鲁大学校长理查德·莱文先生Dear Mr. Richard Levin, President of Yale University, 尊敬的（剑桥大学）理查德校长Vice Chancellor Alison Richard
口译初学者—如何进入口译行业
口译初学者—如何进入口译行业口译，是一个圈子很小的行业。通过老译员介绍，进入圈子，是有效的方式之一。或许许多新人都听到过“老译员不愿意带新手、不愿意和新手合作”的言论。其实不然，任何资深译员都是从新手走来，都是在和其他译员的合作下，不断成长起来的。其实，老译员不是不愿意和新手合作，而是不愿意和不熟悉的新手合作，尤其是同传。如果和一个不熟悉的新人合作，译员不清楚你的能力，译员会感觉到不踏实，会影响他本人的发挥。如果是老译员熟悉的新人，对你知根知底，如果你足够强，有合适的机会，老手自然会推荐你，与你合作。其实，做口译，是一个很讲究partner的工作，一个优秀的口译员都会有一颗助人为乐的包容之心，会去nice的对待那些后起之秀。优秀的译员，不怕带新手，怕的是不按照规则出牌的新人，是素质差、能力不够的新人。将优秀的新人带入行，淘汰掉滥竽充数的人，对口译行业本身是促进，自己也会受益。 对于新人，别人给你推荐的会议，一定要认真准备，全力发挥，确保“首站必胜”。口译，是很残酷的工作，对新人尤其如此。如果首秀演砸了，翻译公司也好，客户也好，可能直接将你拉入黑名单，未来不再考虑和你合作。此外，也会影响到推荐人，他或许会考虑下次是不是要在推荐你去其他的客户。一次做砸，经验不足，可以理解。两次做砸，就是问题。口译，尤其是自由口译的同传市场是残酷的。 除了资深译员介绍，可以先从给翻译公司海投简历开始，翻译公 北鼎教育
司看到你的简历后，会给你备案，有合适的项目会找你合作。简历，是最基本的敲门砖，要会写简历，要在有限的篇幅中，写出最精彩的内容，这才是最好的简历。简历如何写，推荐一篇博文《如何书写翻译类求职简历》。但是，投简历也需要耐心，你发出了简历，不会马上有人找你做口译，需要耐心的等待。翻译公司及其他潜在客户，一般都有自己固定的合作口译，不可能马上上来就用新人。机会合适，难度适当时候，会和新人联系的。 关于翻译公司，或许大家听到过种种关于翻译公司的负面评价。但是，不可否认，翻译公司在口译市场上扮演着重要角色。即便是成熟译员的单子，也有不少会议来自翻译公司。对于渠道相对较少的新人，不必要排斥翻译公司，要学会合理的翻译公司的中介作用，实现双赢。 酒香也怕巷子深。你有能力，需要让其他人知道你可以做口译，让你的亲朋好友知道你在做口译、可以做口译。学会主动出击，不断的积累人脉，做到高筑墙、广积粮、缓称王。 会议没有高低贵贱之分，只有规模大小、技术难度高低之分。新人接到会后，一定要认真、认真、再认真的准备，做好自己的每场会。，开始阶段，对一个新人是极其重要的，要对自己有信心，客户敢给你会，表明他初步认可了你的能力，自己更应对自己有信息。相信自己，用心做好每场会，用同样认真和投入的态度去对待每场会，一点点的积累自己的声誉。 北鼎教育
专业八级口译真题汇总
2003年12月全国英语专业八级口试参考答案 1. We’ve published some very impressive articles, each month somehow surpassing the quality and depth of the previous month’s edition. 2. Our creative and talented staff won five writing awards and seven photographic awards. This year some 119,000 people subscribed to our magazine. 3. About six years ago we had an idea for a nature-oriented magazine, but we all had doubts about the general acceptance of the idea, whether there would be enough interest from people to sustain us. 4. Today, it’s a wonderful feeling to know that we have succeeded, and everyone here shares the credit for making this magazine what it has become. 5. While it is a formidable task for us all, I’m sure that next year at this time we’ll have more awards, and more subscribers, and feel an even greater sense of accomplishment and fulfillment. 1. 会议期间，来自不同国家和地区的专家、学者畅所欲言、各抒己见，积极为搞好老城保护和更新献计献策。(10%) During the meeting, the experts and scholar from different countries and areas speak out their minds and offer suggestions to help the ancient city preserve and renew. 2. 在此，我代表市委、市政府对各位专家的辛勤劳动表示衷心的感谢。(10%) Here, on behalf of Municipal Committee and Municipal Government, I would express my sincere thanks to every hardworking expert. 3．龙城是座古老而美丽的城市，已有2500年的建城史，是国务院公布的首批历史文化名城。(10%) Longcheng, an ancient and beautiful city, has had 2, 500 years’ history, being one of the first batch of historical and cultural cities which the State Council announced. 4. 这座城市最大的特色在于它有丰厚的文化内涵，其中精髓在老城。(10%) The greatest characteristic of this city is its rich cultural connotations, and its essence is in the ancient city. 5、这是前人留给我们的遗产，是一笔宝贵的资源，她属于龙城、属于中国、属于世界。(10%) This is the heritage from our ancestors and precious resources. She belongs to Longcheng, to China, even to all over the world. 2006年度全国英语专业八级口试参考答案及评分标准 English-Chinese: 1. Today, in almost every industry in almost every part of the world there are many examples of enterprises applying information technology to increase their competitiveness. 如今，几乎在世界上每个地方、每个行业，都有许多将信息技术用于提高企业竞争力的例子。 2. I think we’re seeing this technology reach the point that all transformational technologies reach when they are no longer controlled by just a small group of skilled professionals. 我认为，这种技术正在到达所有转变性技术都会达到的阶段，一个不再只被一小群专业人士所控制的阶段。 3. Networking technology is still in its infancy, yet it has already reached the point where we can call it a new mass medium. 虽然网络技术还处于初级阶段，但是它已经达到了一个阶段，可以被称为新的大众媒体。 4. Less than 5 years after the birth of the Internet, some 90 million people are online around the world, and that number will soon be hundreds of millions.
英语(口笔译)专业职业生涯规划书
▁▂▃英语（口笔译）专业▃▂▁…………………………………………………………… 大学生职业生涯 规划书……………………………………………………………OCCUPATIONAL PLANNING …………………………………………………………… 学院：XXXX-XX XX XXXX-XX 姓名：XXXX-XX XX XXXX-XX 学号：XXXX-XX XX XXXX-XX 班级：XXXX-XX XX XXXX-XX 指导老师：XXXX-XX XX XXXX-XX 20XX年XX月XX日
目录 目录 (2) 前言 (3) 一、形式分析 (3) 1.1国内形势 (3) 1.2国际形势 (4) 二、职业发展与人生规划 (4) 2.1生涯与职业生涯 (4) 2.2人的生涯发展 (5) 2.3生涯规划的意义 (6) 2.4职业发展与人生成功 (7) 三、自我认识 (8) 3.1自我评估 (8) 3.2专业评估 (9) 四、职业定位 (9) 4.1环境评估 (9) 4.2职业评估 (11) 五、个人规划 (12) 5.1确定目标 (12) 5.2实施方案 (12) 六、评估反馈 (16)
前言 ××职业生涯是海，没有规划的××人生，好比在大海中航行没有指南针，××职业规划尤其对于学××的大学生，大学生××职业生涯规划很重要，是决定大学生走上工作岗位，在××职业生涯中是低头走路还是抬头走路的问题。 ××理论和××经验犹如人的两条腿，一个都不能少。当有人对你说“××经验重要”，那是对××的狭隘理解，因为中国有太多的××凭经验在做，一辈子也只是读懂了××的一部分。当有人对你说“××理论重要”,那也是对××的狭隘理解，因为中国同样存在很多××理论专家，但大多数没有转化成生产力，一辈子也只在探讨××的是是非非。 一个好××一生中必须学好××、管理、营销五方面的知识才能做好××。把这五方面的知识用于××实践才是优秀的××。 一、形式分析 1.1国内形势 在我国现阶段，全国数百所高校中几乎每个学校都设有
口译常用欢迎词
1.冷宴招待会buffet party/banquet 2.晚宴dinner party/banquet 3.座位卡name/place card 4.致祝酒词to make a toast 5.值此……之际on the occasion of… 6.款待to extend kind/cordial hospitality to…; to entertain… 7.无与伦比的热情好客the incomparable hospitality 8.代表(be) on behalf of…/represent… 9.很荣幸/高兴/愉快…… It is my great honor/pleasure/delight to…/I am honored/privileged to… 10.我代表……，并以我个人名义，向……致以亲切的问候和良好的祝愿。 I would like/wish to extend/express, on behalf of…and in my own name, our cordial greetings and best wishes to… 11.我很荣幸地代表……向……代表团表示热烈欢迎。 I have the honor to extend, on behalf of…, our warm welcome to the delegation. 12.请允许我向远道而来的贵宾们表示热烈的欢迎和亲切的问候。 Please allow me to express our warm welcome and cordial greetings to our distinguished guests coming from afar.