导航考研-考研英语模卷三套题,王文轲考研英语

Section I Use of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Everyone seems to be in favor of progress. But “progress” is a funny word. It doesn’t __1__ mean that something has become stronger, wiser or better. It simply means changing it from being one thing to another and sometimes it __2__ out to be worse than before.

__3__ medicine, for instance. No one can deny that medical progress has enriched our lives tremendously. Because of medical __4__, we eat better, live easier and are able to take care of ourselves more efficiently. We can cure disease with no more than one injection __5__ a pill. If we have a serious accident, surgeons can put us __6__ together again. If we are born __7__ something defective, they can repair it. They can make us happy, restore our sanity, ease our pain, replace __8__ parts and give us children. They can even bring us back from the dead. These are wonderful achievements, but there is a __9__ we have to pay.

Because medicine has reduced infant mortality and natural death so significantly, the population has been __10__ steadily, in spite of serious __11__ to reduce the rate of population growth. Less than a century ago in the United States, infant mortality __12__ more than half of her newborn __13__the first year of life. Medical advances, __14__, have now reduced that rate to nearly zero. A child born in the United States today has __15__ than a 90 percent chance of __16__. Furthermore, medical advances have ensured that most of those infants will live to be seventy years of age__17__ more, and even that life __18__ increases every year. The result of this progress is an enormous population increase that threatens the __19__ of life, brought __20__ by progress in the medical profession.

1. [A] necessarily [B] nearly [C] basically [D] often

2. [A]comes [B] gets [C] makes [D] turns

3. [A]See [B] Take [C] Consider [D] Look

4. [A] advantages [B] advancements [C] movements [D] care

5. [A]or [B] and [C] with [D] of

6. [A]back [B] up [C] through [D] over

7. [A]of [B] from [C] out [D] with

8. [A]tired [B] weary [C] worn [D] fatigued

9. [A]cost [B] bill [C] price [D] check

10. [A]arising [B] rising [C] raising [D] going

11. [A]efforts [B] effects [C] problems [D] events

12. [A]exclaimed [B] proclaimed [C] blamed [D] claimed

13. [A]over [B] within [C] between [D] among

14. [A]however [B] though [C] moreover [D] besides

15. [A]more [B] greater [C] bigger [D] better

16. [A]life [B] survival [D] subsistence [C] existence

17. [A]and [B] but [C] or [D] much

18. [A]span [B] expectancy [D] expectation [C] expanse

19. [A]standard [B] level [C] quality [D] way

20. [A]out [B] up [C] forth [D] about

Section IT Reading Comprehension

Part A

T ext 1

Save the mighty elephant! Well, the hippopotamus might. In 1989, with the elephant facing the threat of

extinction, the nations of the world agreed to ban trade in elephant ivory. Now, ivory hunters who once shot elephants for their tusks are shooting hippos for their teeth. If nothing is done, experts say, the hippo may be wiped out in some areas of Africa. The hippo, laments Dr. Simon Lyster of the World Wide Fund for Nature, “is the forgotten beast.”

Unfortunately for hippos, they’re easy targets. They like to gather in herds at muddy pools and just sit there; virtually motionless. Hunters simply shoot the hippos in the water.

Not surprisingly, there'’s a new campaign to save the hippo. At the annual Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species in Florida this week, France, Belgium and Benin will propose strict quotas and monitoring of the hunting and trade in hippos and hippo parts. The data so far are spotty—but generally gloomy for the hippo. From 1988 to 1992, the number of hippo teeth carved in Hong Kong and re-exported rose from 224 to 3 868—with most of those shipments bound for the United States.

The trade in hippo ivory follows much the same route as the old trade in elephant tusks—from hunters in Africa through middlemen in Europe to carvers in Hong Kong and Japan. Hippo ivory is a bit more brittle and less desirable than elephant ivory, so it sells for a good deal less—about $ 50 to $ 70 per kilo wholesale, compared with $ 400 to $ 500 for elephant ivory. Once it is fashioned into trinkets and jewelry, however, few consumers can tell the difference. The trade is booming. In a rare census of African hippos last year, conservationists were alarmed to find a population of only 160 000, or about a quarter the estimated number of elephants. Even in national parks where hippos live, protections are failing, in part because many nations had used proceeds from the sale of elephant tusks to pay park police. Now that income is gone, and some parks have become hunting grounds.

Malawi is among many African nations that support new hippo protections; some are even moving unilaterally to save the herds. Zambia restricts hippo hunting to tourist expeditions in national parks and gives local people 35 percent of the tourist revenues. That should encourage locals to help fend off poachers and to quit hunting hippos themselves. And if ivory hunters do leave the hippo alone? They'll probably move on to other animals with carvable teeth, like walruses or whales.

21. We may infer from the text that the hippo is

[A] an endangered animal species. [B] a kind of tourist games.

[C] a special fish in rivers. [D] an African elephant.

22. When Dr. Lyster said sadly that the hippo “is the forgotten beast” (Line 4-5, Paragraph 1), he meant that

[A] people had forgotten to make use of its teeth.

[B] the hippo was threatening the existence of elephants.

[C] there was an excessive number of hippos in Africa.

[D] the world only remembered to save elephants.

23. We may infer that the hippo hunting and trading are thriving because

[A] there has been no strict rules to control these activities before this week.

[B] consumers like hippo teeth products better than those made of ivory.

[C] there are fewer elephants left in Africa than hippos.

[D] hunters find that hippos are easier to kill than elephants.

24. Some African countries tried to protect animals in national parks by

[A] getting the locals involved in the trade of hippos.

[B] reinforcing park police force.

[C] sharing benefits from parks with the locals.

[D] turning hunting grounds into national parks.

25. The last sentence implies that walruses or whales may

[A] move to other places where foods are available.

[B] become the next victim of hunters' targets .

[C] outnumber elephants and hippos in the future.

[D] become tourist attractions in African national parks.

Text 2

Eating right to prevent heart disease may seem complicated and confusing, but it’s a breeze compared with trying to design an anticancer diet. Cardiovascular disease is relatively simple; it's the result of normal bodily processes taken to the extreme. Cancer, by contrast, involves changes in the programming of DNA within the nuclei of individual cells. Beyond that, heart disease is an illness that affects a single organ system, while cancer is dozens of different diseases that target body parts as radically different as the brain, breast and bone.

That being the case, it’s no surprise that the relationship between diet and cancer is still largely a matter of educated guesswork—and in many cases, the guesses have turned out to be wrong. Take the much publicized link between high-fat diets and breast cancer, for example. Women who live in Western countries, where high-fat diets are the norm, tend to have high breast-cancer rates. Even more telling, women of Japanese ancestry who live in the U. S. get the disease six times more often than their grandmothers and great-grandmothers in Japan. Y et a huge recent study of 90,000 women has refuted the breast cancer-fat link.

A similar process of educated-guess-and-error led people to load up on the nutritional supplement beta carotene (a natural red substance found in carrots and other vegetables) in the early 1990s. Scientists noted that those who eat lots of fruits and vegetables tend to get less cancer and speculated that carotenoids—the same antioxidant substances that seem to protect against heart disease—were responsible. In particular, they focused on beta carotene, the most abundant and common carotenoid, as the most likely to prevent cancer.

Y et a series of targeted studies in Finland and the U.S. showed that beta carotene s upplements don’t ward off cancer at all. “It looks like taking this substance in high doses is not the right thing to do,” says a Harvard’s researcher.

Health experts are not ready to list the foods that will keep cancer at bay, but some broad outlines of an anti-cancer diet are taking shape. Beta carotene might not be the key. But fruits and vegetables seem to help. So along with giving up tobacco and limiting alcohol consumption, the best way to prevent a broad range of cancers, given the current state of medical knowledge, is to eat more fruits and vegetables. That sort of diet will help you stay trim and prevent heart disease anyway—so if, against all odds, it turns out to have no effect on cancer, it certainly can’t hurt.

26. We may conclude from the first paragraph that

[A] heart disease is mainly caused by abnormal eating habits.

[B] cancer is far more difficult to prevent than heart disease.

[C] changing the programming of DNA may help treat cancer.

[D] designing an anticancer diet is as easy as a breeze.

27. Observations and studies of women living in the U.S. prove that

[A] American women are in better health than women of Japanese ancestry.

[B] there is a clear relationship between high-fat diets and breast cancer.

[C] Japanese women have not yet fully adapted to Western eating norm.

[D] there is nothing conclusive in terms of the breast cancer-fat link.

28. We can learn from the selection that beta carotene supplements

[A] are ineffective in preventing heart disease.

[B] may not be effective in preventing cancer.

[C] are the most important nutrients we need.

[D] should normally be taken in low doses.

29. According to health experts, eating more vegetables and fruits

[A] will definitely do us no harm whatsoever.

[B] is the most effective anti-cancer diet.

[C] provides us with enough beta carotene.

[D] can protect us against the harms caused by drinking.

30. Which of the following questions does the selection best answer?

[A] Can food protect us against cancer?

[B] Should we believe in educated guesswork?

[C] Is beta carotene good for our health?

[D] Are Japanese women more likely to get breast cancer?

Text 3

Despite the modern desire to be easy and casual, Americans from time to time give thought to the language they use—to grammar, vocabulary, and gobbledygook. And as on other issues they divide into two parties. The larger, which includes everybody from the so-called plain man to the professional writer, takes it for granted that there is a right way to use words and construct sentences, and there are many wrong ways. The right way is believed to be clearer, simpler, more logical, and hence more likely to prevent error and confusion. Good writing is easier to read; it offers a pleasant combination of sound and sense.

Against this majority view is the doctrine of an aggressive minority, who make up for their small number by their great learning and their place of authority in the world of scholarship. They are the professional linguists who deny that there is such a thing as correctness. The language, they say, is what anybody and everybody speaks. Hence there must be no interference with what they regard as a product of nature—they denounce all attempts at guiding choice; their governing principle is epitomized in the title of a speech by a distinguished member of the profession.. “Can Native Speakers of a Language Make Mistakes?”

Within the profession of linguist there are of course warring factions, but on this conception of language as a natural growth with which it is wrong to tamper they are at one. In their arguments one finds appeals to democratic feelings of social equality (all words and forms are equally good) and individual freedom (anyone may do what he likes with his own speech). These assumptions further suggest that the desire for rightness, the very idea of better or worse in speech, is a hangover from aristocratic and oppressive times. To the linguists, change is the only ruler to be obeyed. They equate it with life and accuse their critics of being clock reversers, enemies of freedom, menaces to “life”.

Somewhat inconsistently, the linguists produce dictionaries in which they tell us that a word or an expression is standard, substandard, colloquial, archaic, slang, or vulgar. How do they know? They know by listening to the words people use and by noticing—in conversations, newspapers, and books--how and by whom these words are used. Usage, then, is still real and various, even though the authorities refuse to point openly to a set of words and forms as being preferable to others. “Standard” gets around the difficulty of saying “best” or “right”.

31. Most Americans believe that

[A] the language they use should be constantly improved.

[B] language rules do exist and hence should be obeyed.

[C] everyone has the right to use the language as he likes.

[D] grammar, vocabulary and old phrases must be made easier.

32. Which of the following is most likely the idea contained in the linguist’s speech “Can Native Speakers of a Language Make Mistakes?”

[A] Native speakers think their mother tongue a natural product.

[B] Native speakers are the best observers of language rules.

[C] Mistakes in usage made by native speakers are often misleading.

[D] Whatever a native speaker says is correct usage of the language.

33. We can infer from the text that linguists hold that

[A] language knows no class distinction among different users.

[B] it is wrong to accuse each other over the use of a language.

[C] language is under the political influence of a society.

[D] it is natural for people to want to use correct language.

34. In the last sentence of paragraph 3, “clock reversers” refer to

[A] linguistic authorities.

[B] advocates of aristocratic system and oppression.

[C] those with desire for rightness of the language.

[D] warring factions in the field of linguistics.

35. The author points out that linguists produce dictionaries which

[A] prove that there are no rules guiding the use of a language.

[B] contradict their argument that languages are equally good.

[C] show that authorities do not pay enough attention to usage.

[D] convince the reader that the author is right.

Text 4

A university professor has built a “virtual laboratory” on the World Wide Web to give engineering students a taste of the challenge they may someday face on the job. With a few clicks of a mouse, students drill for a hidden supply of oil, program a robotic arm and design digital logic circuits.

Putting such experiments on the Internet introduces students to engineering without the high costs, time constraints and space limitations imposed by a real-world laboratory, says the inventor of the on-line lab who is a research professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering.

“Y ou might argue that students are not going to get the full experience when they use virtual equipment. But suppose you get 80% of the effect, yet the cost is only 10%, compared to a real laboratory. It might be worth it. And any student with a computer and access to the Web would be able to use the virtual equipment,”said the inventor.

The professor also sees the on-line lab experiments as a way to let freshmen sample the type of real-life puzzle that working engineers confront. This early exposure is important, he says, because most engineering students spend their first two years at colleges mastering chemistry, physics and mathematics. By the time they take their first engineering courses, they are often in their junior year, or third year—a rather late date to find out whether they indeed possess the interest and aptitude for this field.

To give freshmen a clearer idea of what the profession involves, the professor used the Java programming language to create interactive lab problems on a given web site. “I wanted these experiments to concentrate on real life problems, as opposed to textbook problems where you can thumb through the chapter and find a formula to solve them,”he explains, I wanted to present problems that did not necessarily have a single solution. In some cases, you are forced to approximate a solution. That’s what engineering is about: finding a way to solve problems while working under many types of restrictions—political, financial and environmental ones, for instance.

Although on line experiments can enhance an engineer’s education, the professor cautions do not eliminate the need for lab time in the real world. “In spite of the fact that they highly interactive experiments, virtual laboratories cannot duplicate the experiences in handling real apparatus,”he says. “But when laboratories focus on design or problem solving, and when lessons are not dependent on physical equipment, the educational differences between real and simulated world narrow to the point where virtual experiments becomes very viable options.”

36. Which of the following advantages is true about the virtual lab?

[A] It can free the students from textbooks.

[B] It is cost efficient.

[C] It is better than the real ones.

[D] It can reduce the students’ stress in learning.

37. It can be inferred that engineering student incompetence may be caused by the fact that they

[A] do not see the complexity of their jobs until it is too late.

[B] have been concentrated on some other subjects.

[C] do not have the advantage of regular lab training.

[D] have not learned enough about engineering in the first two years.

38. The professor claims that the virtual lab can enhance students’ ability to

[A] find a single solution from textbooks to problems he confronts.

[B] finish a regular engineer’s training earlier than normally.

[C] deal with problems they may encounter in practical work.

[D] use the computer programming language in designing.

39. Despite the merits of the on-line lab experiments, it

[A] still needs a mouse to work with.

[B] cannot replace lab experiments in the real world.

[C] must work under many types of restriction.

[D] accommodates the need of junior students only.

40. We may conclude that this lab on the Internet is most likely to

[A] eliminate the use of physical equipment in engineering training.

[B] increase the learners’ experience in handling real apparatus.

[C] confuse the difference between the real and simulated world.

[D] be used as a supplementary means in engineering training.

Part B

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. (10 points)

“Every three months from the beginning of 2008,” says Cliff Richard, who was once Britain’s answer to Elvis Presley, “I will lose a song.”The reason is that in most European countries copyright protection on sound recordings lasts for 50 years, and (now) Sir Cliff recorded his first hit single, “Move It”, in 1958. (41) ________________.

One of the big four music firms estimates that about 100m “deep catalogue” (i.e., old) albums now sold in Europe each year will have entered the public domain by the end of 2010. Assuming a current wholesale price of $10, that could jeopardise $1 billion of revenues, or about 3% of annual recorded music sales. (42) ________________.

Even once much of the back catalogue has entered the public domain, the big music firms can carry on selling it on CD. They will even benefit from not having to pay anything to the artist or to his estate. They will in many cases still own copyright on the original cover art. But they will face new competition from a host of providers of CDs who may undercut them. And on the internet, public domain music is likely to be free, as much of the copy-righted stuff already is on peer-to-peer networks.

(43) ________________. Artists have rallied to the cause: U2, Status Quo and Charles Aznavour all want the 50-year limit increased. Many more acts will sign a petition this spring. Sir Cliff has spent hours complaining to the commission that composers of songs get copyright for 70 years after their death: more than performers.

(44) ________________.

Many people believe that America has gone too far in protecting copyright at the expense of the public good, including, it seems, the commission, which said last year that it saw no need to lift its own 50-year limit. Its deadline for proposals on copyright law has slipped from this year to 2006. But governments are likely to weigh in on the issue. France, Italy and Portugal have indicated that they support an extension of the term, and Britain is likely to stick up for its own music major, EMI.

Although artists and their estates want longer copyright, the big music firms would benefit from it the most, especially in the next couple of decades, says Stephen King, chairman of the Association of United Recording

Artists and manager of the Libertines. (45) ________________

Now they have wised up about making deals. The best guarantee of financial security—safer than clinging on to copyright—is hiring a good lawyer early on.

[A] He is unlikely to produce such a big hit in the near future, so more of his attention is directed to revising the old song and selling it to more people.

[B] Back in the 1950s, he says, performers got only one-tenth of the share of royalties that they do now. For years, artists have, with good reason, accused big record labels of ripping them off.

[C] This month, early recordings by Elvis himself started to enter Europe’s public domain. Over the ne xt few decades a torrent of the most popular tracks from the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and many other artists will become public property in Europe—to the pleasure of fans and the consternation of the music industry.

[D] The music industry also points out that America gives artists almost twice as much copyright protection as Europe. America has repeatedly lengthened copyright terms, with the latest reprieve, the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, giving performers protection for 95 years after publication.

[E] But when the attention is shifted from Europe to America, artists should feel much better because the length of copyright protection there is even shorter. It seems that the American government is more interested in serving the public than the already very rich artists.

[F] Music executives want the European Commission to protect them from such unwelcome competition by extending the copyright term.

[G] And that estimate accounts only for songs up to the end of the 1950s. Far more will be at risk as music from the 1960s and 1970s moves out of copyright.

Part C

What graduate business program may better fit the bill of your further education? (46) When you consider going back to school to better your business skills, chances are you’re thinking about getting an MBA. But an MBA isn’t the only game in graduate business education. With a bit of research, you may find that what you really want may be a specialized master’s degree in business.

Specialized master’s business programs have been around for decades. (47) But they began to spread in the 1990s, as business schools discovered that a curriculum displaying their academic specialty allows them to better compete for students. The mainstays of the alternative business programs used to focus on accounting and finance, but now you can pursue a master’s degree in international business, health-care administration, marketing, nonprofit management, or human resources. In the late 1990s, the hot new programs were in information technology and e-commerce. At least 60 of 403 B-schools surveyed by Business Week in 2001 offered master’s degrees in these new specialties. Even now. schools say, interest in the programs has remained steady.

(48) The master’s programs, which range from 10 months to 2 years for full-time students, are best suited to those who already have a business background but want to specialize in a particular field. For instance, students who have an undergraduate business degree may see no point in going over similar courses in an MBA program.

(49) Applications to alternative programs, as with those to MBA programs, have risen in the past 12 months as students seek refuge in academia from the disorderly job market. Often, the specialized programs are slightly less expensive than their MBA counterpart at the same business school. And most alternative programs are also

easier to get into because the applicant pool is smaller.

A downside is that many of these programs are new, so they don’t have a track record with recruiters and employers. “It takes some time for people to figure out what a new degree of this type is all about.” And the degrees don’t guarantee starting salaries on par with those of MBA grads. A lot depends on the specialty, the student’s working experience, and th e school’s reputation.

(50) Be aware, too, that selection standards vary sharply from one school to the next, particularly when it comes to students’ field experience. Enrolling a program specializing, say, in human resources doesn't ensure that your classmates will all have worked in human resources.

Section III Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

Y ou live in a room in college which you share with another student. Y ou find it very difficult to work there because you roommate always has friends visiting. He/she has parties in the room and sometimes borrows your things without asking you. Write a letter to the Accommodation Officer at the college:

1) asking for a new room next term,

2) stating that you would prefer a single room and

3) explaining your reasons.

Y ou should write with no less than 100 words on Answer Sheet 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Y ou do not need to write the address.

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.

Y ou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

Key:

Section I Use of English

ADBBA ADCCB ADBAA BCBCD

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A ADACB BDBAA BDACB BACBD

Part B CGFDB

Part C

1．当你考虑返回学校进一步学习、完善商务技能时，你想到的多半是获取工商管理硕士学位(MBA)。2．但专业硕士的商务课程于20世纪90年代开始流行，当时商学院发现能够展示其专业／特长的课程设置能使他们更好地争取生源。

3．这些硕士课程从l0个月到2年不等，面向全日制学生，最适合那些已经具有商务背景但又希望在某一特定领域进行专业深造的人。

4．由于学生为避开混乱的就业市场而转向学校寻求避风港，申请这些可供选择的专业的人数正如申请工商管理硕士课程的人数一样在过去的12个月都在增长。

5．此外，要注意的是，不同研究生院的录取标准相差很大，尤其是对学员的实际工作经验的要求。Section III Writing

Part A

January 10th, 2009 Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing to inform you that I wish to move into a new room next term. I would prefer a single room, as I find the present one is inconvenient.

The reason for my dissatisfaction is my roommate’s inconsiderate behaviors. His friends constantly visit him and he regularly holds noisy parties. In addition, he sometimes borrows my things without asking me. Under these circumstances, I find it difficult to concentrate on my studies, and I am falling behind on my assignments.

I am sure you will agree that the solution is for me to move into a room of my own, where I will be free from such distractions. I would be grateful if you could find a single room for me, preferably not in the same building but as near to the college campus as possible.

Y ours sincerely,

Li Ming Part B

As is known in the above picture, we may safely draw a conclusion that there is too much waste existing. In the picture, a man cleaned the wine glass with the expensive wine rather than water and then poured it. This indicates that waste is permeating into virtually all walks of life.

Waste is common in many aspects. At first, there are some vacant classrooms in colleges and universities with light on. Moreover, there are many customers who order more dishes than they can eat simply to show off their status or wealth. Finally, it can be seen that some taps dripping water. Therefore, waste has become a bad habit of many people.

It is necessary that something should be done to resolve this problem. On the one hand, the public should be educated to be aware that wealth will be based on thrifty. On the other hand, whoever wastes should be severely penalized. Only in this way can the man in the picture know what he should do and what he should not do; and there will be a promising and prosperous future.

考研英语二模拟试题及答案解析(7)

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[考研类试卷]英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编14.doc

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