胡壮麟语言学教程笔记、重点

胡壮麟语言学教程笔记、重点

音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。第五章词法学

词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。

第六章词汇学

词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。

第七章句法

句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。

第八章语义学

语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。

第九章语言变化

语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）；

第十章语言、思维与文化

语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。

第十一章语用学

语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原则。

1. 语言的普遍特征：

任意性arbitrariness

双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构

多产性productivity

移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西

文化传播性cultural transmission

2。语言的功能：

传达信息功能informative

人济功能：interpersonal

行事功能：Performative

表情功能：Emotive

寒暄功能：Phatic

娱乐功能recreatinal

元语言功能metalingual

3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支

语音学Phonetics

音位学phonology

形态学Morphology

句法学syntax

语义学semantics

语用学pragmatics

4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure

提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语

5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky

提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance

1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:

a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain language

b. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.

c. we can u se language to refer to something not present

d. we can produce sentences that have never been heard befor

e.

2.What is the most important function of language?

a. interpersonal

b. phatic

c. informative

d.metallingual

3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __

a informative

b. phatic

c. directive

d. performative

4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __

a saussure

b. halliday

c. chomsky

d. the prague school

5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?

a. saussure

b. chomsky

c. halliday

d anomymous

第二节语音学

1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成

2.辅音consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.

3.辅音的发音方式

爆破音complete obstruction

鼻音nasals

破裂音plosives

部分阻塞辅音partial obstruction

擦音fricatives

破擦音affricates等

4.辅音清浊特征voicing

辅音的送气特征aspiration

5.元音vowel

分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状

6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowel glides

1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.

a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech

b. the perception of sounds

c. the combination of sounds

d. the production of sounds

2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __

a. the place of articulation

b.the obstruction f airstream

c. the position of the tongue

d. the shape of the lips

3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k t

a. voiceless

b. spread

c.voiced

d.nasal

4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?

a. voicing

b. aspiration

c.roundness

d. nasality

5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?

a. voicing

b.nasal

c. approximation

d. aspiration

6.The phonological features of the consonant k are __

a. voiced stop

b. voiceless stop

c. voiced fricative

d. voiceless fricative

7.p is divverent from k in __

a. the manner of articulation

b. the shape of the lips

c. the vibration of the vocal cords

d.the palce of articualtion

8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __

a. aspiration

b.nasality

c. obstruction

d. voicing

第三节音位学phonology

1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。

2.音位phoneme：最小语音单位

3.音位变体allophones:读音差别

4.对比性分布：如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中，而且产生了两个不同的单词，

5.互补性分布；如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中，那么它们之间就是互补性分布的关系，如送气p绝不会出现在s之后，不送气的p绝不会出现在词首

6.音节syllable，分为节首onset，节峰peak，节尾coda

7.辅音群:一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音，节尾不能超过4个

8.最小语音对minimal pairs

I. Introduction

1. What is Language

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

2. What is Linguistics(语言学)

Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics 3.1 Speech and Writing

One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have.

3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性)

A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.

3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies

The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.

3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语)

This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue.

3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为) Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声).

4. The Scope of Linguistics

General linguistics is the study of language as a whole. Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages. Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.

Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.

Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.

Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind.

Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study

of language changes.

Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man. Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.

Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics. Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts are applied, often with the aid of a computer.

II. Phonetics(语音学）

1. scope of phonetics

Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:

Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is

produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(协调）in the process.

Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(调节）by the ear, the auditory nerve(神经）and the brain.

Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学）we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted（传送）between mouth and ear. 2. The vocal organs

The vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,(气流发生器官）the producer of voice（声音发生器官）and the resonating cavities.（声音共振器官）3. Consonants(辅音）

Places of articulation(发音部位）: bilabial,(双唇）Labiodentals,（唇齿）dental,（齿）alveolar,（齿龈）retroflex,（卷舌）palate-alveolar,（上齿龈）palatal,（上颚）velar,（软腭）uvular,（小舌）glottal(声门）

Manners of articulation: plosive,（暴破）nasal,

（鼻音）trill,（颤音）lateral,（边音）fricative,（摩擦）approximant,（近似音）affricate（破擦）

4. Vowels (元音）

The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)

III. Phonology（音韵学）

1. phonemes(音素）：a distinctive(有区别的）sound in a language.

2. Allophones(音位变体）：The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.

3. Minimal pairs(最小对立体）：word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.

4. Free variation (自由变异）：If two sounds occurring in the same environment(环境）, they does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word.

5. Complementary distribution(补充分类）：Not

all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment.

6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位）：the study of phonological properties(

性质）of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable(音节），stress,（重音）word stress, sentence stress. pitch （音调）and intonation（语调）.

IV. Morphology（词法）

1. inflection(构形法）：the grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.(屈折词缀）

2. Word-formation(构词）：the processes(过程）of word variations signaling lexical relationships.（表明词法关系）They are compound(合成）and derivation (派生）.

3. Morpheme(词素）：the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content.

4. Allomorph(同质异象变体）：some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternate shapes or phonetic forms.

5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,(词根）affix（词缀）and stem（词干）.

6. Lexicon(语言词汇）：in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary.

7. Closed-class words(封闭性）and open-class words(开放性）：the former whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership is in principle(实际上）indefinite or unlimited.

8. Word class(词性）：It displays a wider range of more precisely defined classes.

9. Lexeme(词位）：the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other smaller units.

10. Idiom(习语，成语）：Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is especially true for a sequence of words(词序）which is semantically（语义上）and often syntactically(句法上）restricted.（限制）

11. Collocation(搭配）：the habitual(习惯的）co-occurrences （同时出现）of individual lexical items.

V. Syntax (句法）

1. Positional relation or word order（词序）：the sequential(顺序）arrangement of words in a language.

2. Construction or constituent (句子结构）：the overall process of internal (内部）organization of

a grammatical unit .

3. Syntactic function(句法功能）：the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used. The names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicates, modifiers,(修饰语）complements（补语）, etc.

4. Category(范畴）：It refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g. noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. The categories of the noun include number, gender, case and countability.

5. Phrase: a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clause.

6. Clause: a group of words with its own subject

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I. Saussure and modern linguistics II. The Prague School 1. Main points and contribution 2. Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 3. Communicative Dynamism (CD) III. The London School 1. Introduction 2. Malinowski’s theories 3. Firth’s theories 4. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 5. Systemic grammar and Functional grammar (1) Systemic grammar (2) Functional grammar IV. American Structuralism 1. Introduction 2. Three stages of the development V. Transformational-Generative Grammar 1. Introduction 2. The Innateness Hypothesis 3. Generative Grammar 4. Stage of development of TG Grammar 5. Main features of TG Grammar

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【免费下载】胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结

胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结 1.design feature: are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc. 2.function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a6135669.html,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function, emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function. 3.etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper. 4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone. 5.synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind. 6.diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 7.prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a6135669.html,ying down rules for language use. 8.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described. 9.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 10.duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 11.displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication. 12.phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language. 13.metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies. 14.macrolinguistics: the interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a6135669.html,petence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules. 16.performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a6135669.html,ngue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. 18.parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances). 19.Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds. 20.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation. 21.Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords. 22.Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.

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第11章第二语言和外语教学 11.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The relation between linguistics and language teaching 语言学与语言教学之间的关系 2. Grammar, input and language learning 语法、输入与语言学习 3. Interlanguage in language teaching 语言教学中的中介语 4. Linguistics and syllabus design 语言学与教学大纲设计 5. Contrastive analysis and error analysis 对比分析与错误分析 6. Corpus linguistics and language teaching 语料库语言学与语言教学 常考考点： 语言学与语言教学的关系；语言学与语言学习；语言学与教学大纲设计；二语学习者的主要障碍；对比分析与错误分析；中介语；语料库语言学与语言教学等。

本章内容索引： I. Definition of Applied Linguistics II. The Relation between Linguistics and Language Teaching III. Linguistics and Language Learning 1. Grammar and Language Learning 2. Input and Language Learning 3. Interlanguage in Language Learning IV. Linguistics and Language T eaching 1. The discourse-based view of language teaching 2. The universal grammar (UG) and language teaching V. Syllabus Design 1. Syllabus and curriculum 2. Theoretical views behind syllabus design 3. Types of syllabus (1) The structural syllabus (2) The situational syllabus (3) The communicative syllabus (4) The task-based syllabus 4. Current trends in syllabus design (1) The co-existence of the old and the new (2) The emphasis on the learning process

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