Body Paragraphs

Body Paragraphs

若干个论证方法（Analysis and Argument ）

◇Ther e should be str ong ar gument.

通常论证手法有：Explanation and Definition, Cause and Effect , Comparison and Contrast , Exemplication ,

Facts and Statistic s, Conc ession and Refutation, Classific ation, Analogy (Metaphor and Simile) …

△Explanation (Definition)

To clarify a key ter m or to illustr ate a key opinion includes: ◇Rendering a definition; ◇Dividing ter m into parts

Example:

Task 2: There is an increasing number of juvenile delinquents. A nalyze the possible causes that give

rise to this phenomenon, and offer some feasible recommendations. (misdemeanor=vile behavior )

Juvenile delinquency is an offenc e or a m isdemeanor c omm itted by a young per son.

Example:

Question114: A country’s first duty to its citizens is to protect them. Therefore, it is logical that defense should take up a significant proportion of the national budget.

The statement insist that it is natur al that military defense should allocate with not only a pr oportion, financially,

but a signific ant one of the nation ?s budget, in order to implement the responsibility of a gover nment to guar d its citizens.

△Cause and Effect / Deductive Reasoning (Causal Corr elation)

When we ask why something has happened, we ar e analyzing the c ause; when we ask what will happen

bec ause of something, we are analyzing the effect. The diffic ulty with this analysis is the clear explanation gone

with prim itive cause and final effect. Ultimately, disagr eement often arises on what is the original c ause of a

certain effect and what is the maj or effect of a particular c ause.

Example:

Question109: Should women give up their jobs so as to reduce world unemployment?

Besides, the soaring unemployment r ates in many developed c ountries and most developing ones should be

regarded as chr onic and c omplex social problem of which female participation in paid employment is anything

but the r oot c ause. Accor ding to the theories of most sociologists, the lingering unemployment in r ec ent decades

has been, to a large extent, a c ombined pr oduct of increasing automation in factories and manual and

non-manual labor that has deter mined the r edundancies of manual skilled wor kers and the tightened job

mar kets. Ther efor e, it is absolutely ridiculous to think that putting women bac k into the position of homemaker s

may serve as a solution to unemployment bec ause mor e women bac k into the position of homewor k ma y serve

as a solution to unemployment because mor e women staying at home might increase, r ather than decr ease, the

unemployment r ates.

▲Linking Wor ds

☉For CAUSE:

bec ause / as / sinc e / for + clause r ather than nouns

bec ause of / due to / owing to / r esult from + nouns rather than clause

Stages for each Body Paragraph: ①Analysis of the Question → ②Topic of the Par agr aph → ③Topic Sentenc e → ④Supporting Evidenc es

lead up to / r esult in / give rise to + nouns rather than clause

consequently, / ther efor e, / henc e, / thus, / so + clause r ather than nouns

as a consequenc e, as a r esult, 等做插入语

Example:

青少年犯罪问题/媒体不良影响问题/环境恶化问题/现代科技问题…

△Comparison and Contrast

Comparison and c ontr ast is such a familiar everyday activity that it may be diffic ult for you to think of it as an important mental pr oc ess. Comparison is the pr oc ess of examining two or mor e things in order to establi sh their differ enc e. Yet, without the ability to perc eive sim ilarities, you c ould not c lassify, define, or generalize. And without the ability to perceive differ ences, you c ould not analyze, define, or describe.

Example:

A happy m ind often makes a strong body. A good doctor who knows it notic es whether his patient is happy or not. If his patient is not happy he tries to make the patient in good mood. In this way he c an c ure the disease sooner. On the other hand, unhappiness itself is a kind of disease, which hurts health and shortens life. It is well known that anxiety makes young people tur n gr ay-hair ed and disappointment deprives the ambition as the victim.

▲Linking Wor ds

sentence A, while / whilst / wher eas + sentence B

by c ontr ast / in c ontr ast / on the c ontr ary, + sentence

比较时常用：compar ative, superlative, same situation, sim ilarity, …

Example:

贫富国家差距问题/文化学习问题/幸福归属问题…

△Conditional Reasoning

▲Linking Wor ds

☉For CONCESSION:

although / even though / even if + clause

nonetheless / nevertheless + sentence

despite of / in spite of / notwithstanding + nouns rather than clause

☉For CONTRAST:

but / yet / still / however, / unfortunately, + sentence

☉For SUPPOSITION:

if / when / provided that / supposed that + clause r ather than nouns

Example:

政府/个人问题…

△Exemplification

Examples ar e a c ommon support in the pr oc ess of pr esenting or explaining a point of view. They often follow gener al statements to r ender the latter mor e explicit, per suasive, and c onvincing. Without adequate examples, a statement may sound ho llow, even gr oundless. A narration of an inc ident, a description of an event, or a listing of r elevant instanc es may all act as examples. The examples supplied to support a general statement should be relevant, specific, and sufficient.

Examples should be dir ectly or logic ally r elated to the gener al statement.

2. Specific

Examples should be c oncrete, vivid, and r eadily under standable.

3. Sufficient

A number of examples should be supplied. (A set of examples should be at least mor e than one.)

◇Brief E xample

Example:

Computer networks have enabled us to do a lot of things more easily and quic kly. For example, we c an communic ate freely by electr onic mails with people fr om all over the world. It takes only a few sec onds to get a message across with the cost substantially lower than that of r egular mail.

◇Specific E xample

Example:

Television has made it possible for people to follow what their government has pr om ised to do, how it is oper ating and whether it has fulfilled its tasks. As a r esult, Chinese people ar e now in a better position to supervise their government. A typic al example is the Focus Interview pr ogr am on CCTV, whic h foc uses on current c ontroversial social issues. For one thing, it helps the government to keep tr ac k of the social pr oblems that conc ern the people. For another, it motivates people to c onfr ont the serious pr oblems in society and henc e to act against those problem.

Example:

Some examples of altr uism ar e difficult to explain in ter ms of self-interest alone. The famous nur se Nightingale is a good example. Born in a ric h family, she c ould natur ally live a c ozy, fortunate life. But she chose to be a nur se and devoted all her life to the wounded and the poor. Nobody can say for sur e that all she did is to make profit.

◇Sufficient E xample

Example:

Some of the gr eatest scientific disc overies ar e the result of inspir ations caused by chanc e occurr enc es. Thr ee brief examples c an demonstr ate this point. First, Archimedes?s noticing the rise of water level as he submer ged himself in a tub led to the for m ulation of the laws of liquid displac ement, the foundation of man of the laws of modern physic s. Second, Sir Isaac Newton disc over ed the law of gr avity bec ause an apple fell on his head while he was sitting under a tr ee. Third, after being c aught in a strong c urrent of hot rising air while flying his gas balloon, Geor ge Alexander Whitehead thought about the occurrenc e and developed the fundamental principles of meteor ology.

Example:

What is happiness? To this question differ ent people give differ ent answer s. Children usually think it happy to eat something delicious or play with inter esting toys, while par ents c onsider it j oyful to see their sons and daughter s succ eed. For a stamp collector, a r ar e stamp brings mor e delight than anything else and gives him the gr eatest satisfaction. Although happiness varies from per son to person in meaning, it is the goal all people pur sue.

▲Linking Wor ds

take / consider / r egard + noun for example

for instanc e / for example, + sentence

suc h as / including / i.e. + nouns

one support + which c an be well illustr a ted with the example of + noun / which c an be best c onfir med by the case that + clause

However, exemplification is r ather a weaker r easoning pr oc ess than those of Causal Correlation or Compar e and Contrast in the argumentation of essay, for the r elative exclusivity for each example. So, as a

matter of fact, reasoning is mor e acceptable, suc h as cause and effect, supposition, c oncession, if instances ar e

rar ely sufficiently prepar ed.

△Common Sense / Analogy / Concession and Refutation / Classification … Example:

On the one hand, we ar e in the midst of an evolving global c ommunity wher e it is increasingly important for

people to r ec ognize our c ommon humanity. People universally pr efer health to disease, being nourished to

starving, safe communities to crime-riddled ones, and peac e to war . Foc using on our unity will help us r ealize

these hopes and goals.

Crucial Linking Words （强劲关联词）

☉语句中间可任意插入副词：obviously / apparently , substantially , technic ally , mor e precisely / mor e specific ally,

over all, as a matter of fact / in fact, …

☉尽管条件类：regar dless of , even though / even if …,

☉在某方面，另外：in ter ms of + otherwise, …

☉一方面，另一方面：on one hand + on the other hand, …

☉一些，另一些：some + the other , one + another , …

☉结果造成：ther eby / r esulting in / c ontributing to + doing

Introductory Paragraphs 开头段的作用是鲜明地亮出自己的立场或者观点。开头段没有大量的实质内容，在考试之前必定事先准备好应对模式，在

Example:

Question117: Nation should cooperate to develop regulations that limit children ’s access to adult

material on the Internet.

Attention Device (T opic paraphrased) Thesis

Statement

This issue here is whether an international effort to regulate childr en ?s acc ess to adult mater ial on the Inter net

is worthwhile. In my view , nations should attempt to r egulate such access by c ooper ative r egulatory effort. I

base this view on the university and importanc e of the inter est in protecting childr en from har m , and on the

inherently pandemic natur e of the problem.

Road Map (a abstract

one)

Example:

Question156: Education has become the main provider of individual opportunity in our society. Just

as property and money once were the keys to success, education has now become the element that

most ensures success in life.

Attention Device (Question introduced) Thesis Statement

Which factor offer s mor e opportunities for success in our society: education or money and property? In my

view , education has r eplac es money and pr operty as the main provider of suc h opportunities today. I base my

view on two reasons . First , educ ation-particularly higher education- used to be am iable only to the wealthy

but now is acc essible to almost anyone. Second , bec ause of the civil-rights movement and r esulting laws,

business ar e now requir ed to hir e on the basis of merit r ather than the kinds of personal c onnections traditionally

common among the wealthy. Road Map (a specific one)

△Thesis Statement

A thesis statement is the main topic of the essay . That is to say, it is your main idea .

Example: Stages for Introductory Paragraph:

①Analysis of the Question → ②Outline for topic →

③Thesis Statement → ④ To write the Attention Devic e and Road Map

Question87: Every year thousands of highly skilled, we ll-educated people leave developing countries and go to live in another country, such as Canada, A ustralia, America or Britain. This is having a negative effect on the future development of these countries because these are the very people they need in order to develop their economy.

AGAINST for the Question:

Whilst ther e ar e disadvantages to skilled, educ ated people leaving developing c ountries, they ar e far outweighed by the gains made when these same people r eturn.

For for the Question:

Developing c ountries ar e losing a lot of talented, educ ated people because many c hoose to live in developed countries. This is leading to shortage of talent that is badly needed for the continued ec onom ic development of their own c ountry.

△Typical Framework for Introductory Paragraph

1. 直接表明自己的立场★☆☆

Example:

Question126: A ll nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engaged students in the process of solving the world’s most persistent social problem.

I agr ee that it would serve the interests of all nations to establish a global univer sity for the purpose of solving the world?s most per sistent social pr oblems.

Some times ,you may discuss the two sides of topic argument, and show your own opinion.

（注：在应急情况下，可以先承认问题的复杂性，再表明自己的立场）

Example:

☉It is natur al that people may disagr ee over such a contr over sial issue due to their differ ent experienc es and values. On balance, I am inclined to [support/oppose the idea].

☉It is obvious that people will find it almost impossible to c ome to the agr eement on this highly c ontr oversial problem. In the last analysis, I prefer to [support the idea that … / r efuse the title statement.]

☉Ther e is a gr owing public c oncer n over … The speaker in the statement advoc ates that … By contr ast, some people may ar gue that …On balance, I would side with the [for mer / latter] opinion.

☉Ther e is much contr over sy over the issue whether … Some maintain that … , while others ar gue that …A s far as I am concerned, these two forces under mine each other at a time, but they can also c ompliment each other, if handled properly. (Straddle the fenc e 超级慎用)

2. 说明题目观点，表明自己立场★★☆

Par aphrase the Question argument, and show your own opinion.

Example:

☉Nowadays, it is widely believed that … As opposed to the c ommonly held view, I would insist that …

☉Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, think quite differ ently on the question of … Per sonally, I stand on the side of …

Example:

Question176: Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are nor addressed by mainstream science.

This statement actually c onsist of two claims: (1) that non-mainstr eam ar eas of inquiry are vital in satisfying human need, and (2) that these ar ea ar e ther efor e vital to society. I concede that astr ology, fortune-telling, and par anor mal pursuits respond to c ertain basic human needs. However, in my vie w the potential har m they can inflict on their participants and on society far outweighs their psychologic al benefits.

Task 2: Some people think visitors to other countries should imitate local custom and behaviors. Some people disagree. They think the host country should welcome cultural difference. What do you think?

Nowher e in the world has the issue of cultur e shoc k debated so muc h like in our society. Nowadays cultur e shoc k

stands out particularly between tourists and host c ountries. Some visitor s try to adapt loc al tr aditional c ustom

and habit of living, while some others fail to do so. If I wer e in a new country, I would r espect and even follow

loc al tr aditions and customs for the outlining thr ee r easons of differ ent r espect.

3. 描述问题背景，表明自己立场 ★★★

Describe the bac kground, and show your own opinion. Example:

Question81: So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past

provides little guidance for living in the present. Discuss.

The world is c hanging, c hanging again, c hanging faster and still faster . With every passing day , ther e c ome new

problems everywher e: new pr oblems in politics styles, in international peac e and security , in global ec onomy

and envir onmental protection, in educ ation and food pr ovision, in heath and medicine, in science and technology .

What were perc epts for our par ents seem ridiculous for our gener ation and what seem natur al to us are still

str ange to our children.

Task 2: Someone believes that modern telecommunication devices have many benefits to human,

while others think otherwise. What is your opinion? Please discuss and use examples to support

your own ideas.

We invented instant foods, but have to cr am food into mouths for having mor e time to work; we intr oduc ed

faster transportation, but rush into our offic es every mor ning so as not to be late; we devised

telec ommunic ation, however har dly have any time to say a warmest …hi ? to our distant families or friends. It is

not only a par adox but also an ir ony that the mor e instant facilities we have the less leisur e time we c an enj oy

and the hastier , mor e rushed and mor e fr antic our life bec omes ever befor e. It seems that we have been c aught

by the web woven by ourselves.

4.问句引出话题，说明题目立场/大众立场，再表明自我立场；★★☆

①一般疑问句，一个或多个；② What / Why … ？ Example:

Task 2: Wild animals have no place in the 21st century and trying to protect these animals is a waste

of resources. Do you agree or disagree?

What ar e the limits of our duty to save endanger ed wild animals from extinction? In financ e, in labor , or in other

resourc es? The statement r aises a variety of questions about mor ality, c onscienc e, self -pr eservation, and

ec onomics. On balance, however, I fundamentally agree with the notion that humans need not make

“extraor dinary ” efforts – at the expense of money and jobs – to ensur e the pr eservation of any endanger ed

species.

5.其他开头：用Anec dote / Case / Story / Adage / Statistics 等描述，引出话题，然后表明自己立场

Good examples for Concluding paragraph:

In conclusion , the students ought to keep on studying in univer sity after

they finish their c ourses in high sc hool. It is firmly held that , undeveloped

students should not give up studying just for the wor k experienc e and skills,

taking the risk of being delayed and disadvantaged. Of cour se, if it is

possible , the young students c an take advantage of the summer or winter

holidays to try some pa rt-time j obs so as to ac quir e some wor k experienc e

and skills. Restating the theme Summary of evidences Recommendation

+ +

Concluding Paragraphs

△Typical Framework for Introductory Paragraph

1. 表明观点，呼应首段★☆☆

☉[From what has been discussed above / Taking all these factor s into acc ount / Judging fr om all evidenc e offer ed], we may safely [dr aw / reac h / c ome to / arrive at ] the c onclusion that …

☉All the evidence disc ussed in the above analysis [supports / justifies / c onfir ms / warr ants / points to] the conclusion that …

2. 表明观点，总结理由★★☆

☉In c onclusion, I hold that … not only bec ause … but also bec ause …

☉In sum, neither A nor B should guide decisions in the c ontr oversies at issue. Instead, decisions should be made on a c ase-by-case basis, c onsidering C and D.

Example:

Question113: The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives.

In conclusion, we are part of history just as history is part of us. The study of history benefits us not only in our daily life, but also in our effort to understand the pr esent world and to construct the future.

Question116: Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society’s past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel it could be better used for modern purposes.

In sum, neither modernization for its own sake nor indiscrim inate preservation of old buildings should guide decisions in the contr over sies at issue. Instead, decisions should be made on a c ase-by-c ase basis, c onsidering historic value, c ommunity need, and the c omparative costs and benefits of each alter native.

3. 表明观点，提出建议/合理引申★★★

重申观点后，进一步强调立场，如是rec ommendation的类型，可以简单提出solution，并做一定的号召。

☉Ther e is little doubt that serious attention m ust be c alled to the pr oblem of …

☉Obviously, if people [ignor e / ar e blind to] the pr oblem, ther e is every chanc e that …

Example:

All in all, it is either irresponsible or out of date or c ounter pr oductive for cor por ate exec utives to deny any social responsibility. The question today is how business should fulfill their social r esponsibility, not whether that responsibility exists. Actually, wise c orpor ate executives have long enjoyed the benefits brought about their gener ous undertakings to serve the society.

提出建议/展望句型：

☉It is high time that we [took action to / put an end to the undesir able situation of ] …

☉It is hopes that great efforts should be foc used on [finding / developing / impr oving] …

☉ We must look for an immediate action, bec ause the pr esent situation of A, if [per m itted / allowed] to c ontinue, will surely lead to the heavy cost of B.

Example:

For all the obstacles, however, ther e is every r eason for us as individuals and member s of the society to c ome

to r ealize the signific ant potential c ontributions that television c an make to the c onstr uction of a vital democr acy. It is high time we took actions to bring the politic al potentialities of television into r eality.

经典废话赏析（超级慎用）

☉In sum, it is very likely that people will be able to arrive at the same c onclusion on this c ontrover sial issue, due to their differ ent experienc es, and c onflicting values. N evertheless, public awar eness of the various dimensions of the issue discussed in the above argument will c ertainly c ontribute to the thor ough understanding of the pr oblem. (54 wor ds)

☉In c onclusion, while some people may still r emain unconvinc ed, the r eason that I have analyzed in above argument should at least make them awar e of the complexities of the issue unde r disc ussion. Ther e is little doubt that mor e and mor e people will c ome to r ealize that …(47+ words)

中小学英语学习成绩测试NEAT三级试题

中小学英语学习成绩测试（ＮＥＡＴ）三级考试试题 I．句子理解（共5小题，计5分） 请听句子，然后从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个与你所听到的句子意思一致或相近的选项。每个句子只读一遍。(答案涂在答题纸上) 1．A．Mr Carter is a doctor. B. Mr Carter is a worker. C．Mr Carter is a Chinese teacher. D. Mr Carter is an English teacher. 2. A. We go out on a cloudy day. B. We go out on a rainy day. C. We go out on a fine day. D. We go out on a windy day. 3. A. They’re at work, they don’t have time for their father. B. They’re at home, so they have time for their father. C. They have time for their father, but they are lazy. D. They have time for their father, but they don’t want to go there. 4. A. I have chips for breakfast. B. I have chips and ice cream for lunch. C. I have chips for supper. D. I have chips and ice cream for supper. 5. A. The dog is big. B. The dog is tall. C. The penguin can swim. D. The dog is tall and can run quickly. II. 对话理解（共5小题，计5分） 请听下面五组小对话，每段对话后有一个问题，根据你所听到的对话内容，选择能回答所提问题的最佳选项。每组对话和问题均读两遍。(答案涂在答题纸上) 6．A. It is in the box. B. The box. C.Nothing. D. A pencil. 7. A. B. C. D. 8. A. Bill Kay. B. Katharine Kay. C. Robert Kay. D. None is right. 9. A. 6247768. B. 6427876. C. 4627867. D. 6247876. 10. A. A yellow cat. B. A red dog. C. A yellow cat and a red dog. D. A picture. III. 短文理解（共5小题，计10分） 请听下面短文，然后根据你所听到的短文内容，选择能回答所提问题的最佳选项。短文读两遍。(答案涂在答题纸上) 11. The best title is _______. A. Bill has a new hat B. Bill is the only boy C. Bill looks funny D. Bill will go to school 12. Who looks after Bill usually? A. His sister. B. His friend. C. His teacher. D. His parents. 13. How old is Bill? A. 9 B. 8 C. 7 D. 6 14. Bill is going to_______. A. school B. the zoo C. a market D. his home 15. Bill does not have his_______ on. A. coat B. hat C. shoes D. socks 基础知识与综合能力运用（共四大题，计80分） I．选择填空（共20小题，计20分） 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。(答案涂在答题纸上) 1．You_______very early today. A. is B. are C. be D. am 2. Some children _______go to bed at eight o’clock. A. has B. go C. are D. must 3. _______James find a good house? A. Do B. Did C. Does D. Done

简短的英语小文章

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