On Heathcliff’s Tragedy in Wuthering Heights 浅析《呼啸山庄》希斯克利夫人生的悲剧

浅析《呼啸山庄》希斯克利夫人生的悲剧

On Heathcliff’s Tragedy in Wuthering Heights

摘要：艾米莉.勃朗特在《呼啸山庄》中，以爱情为主题，讲述了催人泪下的爱情故事，得到世界各地读者的同情, 与此同时，它又从一个侧面展现了人性与社会传统的冲突。本文揭示了人性的复杂与深刻在于它所蕴含的爱与恨，而左右着人性的正是当时的社会传统。本文探讨了小说中的人性与传统的冲突的产物--爱与恨--给小说主角希斯克利夫造成的人生悲剧。在社会传统的影响下，当爱情产生了恨，而恨往往把人性扭曲了，而有了一场社会文明下的悲剧人性爱情故事。而恰恰，希斯克利夫对凯瑟琳的爱就是这样。在十九世纪那个“身份为先，金钱至上”的社会，希斯克利夫心中爱与恨的转变为他的一生划上了一个圆满的句号。

关键词：希斯克利夫; 悲剧；社会传统；爱；恨

Abstract: Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte, based on love, is tear-jerking and has caught the sympathies of readers all around the world. The novel demonstrates the collision between humanity and the social conventions. In it the author reveals the human ity?s complexity and profundity that was based on the love and resentment implied in the novel, which is impacted by the temporal social conventions. This paper explores the love and hate ——producing from the collision between humanity and the social conventions，that bring the end of the leading role, Heathcliff. Under the impaction of the social culture, when love turns to hate, hate twists humanity. Therefore, humanity?s love traged ies come into being. So is the case of Heathcliff?s love towards Catherine. In the nineteenth century, when people stuck to the principle “Status is first, money is God”,the change of love and resentment of Heathcliff draw a perfect ending of his life.

Key words：Heathcliff; Tragedy; Social Conventions; Love; Hate

Contents

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………

2. The Tragedies of Heathcliff …………………………………………………………

2.1. Précis of the Novels …………………………………………………………………2.2. The Tragedies of Heathcliff?s Love……………………………………………………

2.2.1. the social conventions……………………………………………………………

2.2.2. the love of the pairs………………………………………………………………

a. Heathcliff?s love to Catherine in their childhood…………………………………

b. Heathcliff?s love to Catherine after she got married……………………………

c. Heathcliff?s love to Catherine after her death……………………………………

2.3. The Tragedies of Heathcliff”s Hate ……………………………………………………

2.3.1. Heathcliff?s revenge towards Catherine……………………………………………

2.3.2. Heathcliff?s revenge towards the next generation…………………………………

3. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………

1. Introduction

Wuthering Heights is an exquisite treasure in the gallery of the world literature. Ever since its publication, it has attracted the attention of the world and sprung numerous studies on its theme, structure, characterization, delving of human psychologies, explorations in social problems and writing techniques.

Wuthering Heights is the only novel written by Emily Bronte (1818-1848), an impassioned, spellbinding tale considered to be one of the greatest literary works of all time. The story is an amalgamation of childhood fantasies, friendship, romance and revenge. The story—as turbulent as its title suggests—transports the reader to the North Yorkshire moors to witness the drama of the Earnshaws and the Lintons, and the volatile, yet spiritual, relationship of Catherine and Heathcliff. As Arnold Kettle, the English critic, said, “Wuthering Heights is an expression in the imaginative terms of art of t he stresses and tensions and conflicts, personal and spiritual, of nineteenth-century capitalist society.”（Arnold Kettle）The characters of Wuthering Heights show the extreme love and extreme hatred of humanity. The protagonist Heathcliff, who is deserted by the capitalist society, in the course of protesting and fighting against social forces and class difference, turns out a tragedy.

This essay is attending to probe into the novel on the aspects of the leading role—Heathcliff?s tragedy, in the hope of achieving deeper understanding and broadening the vision over literature appreciation of the novel.

2. The Tragedies of Heathcliff

2.1. Précis of the Novels

Wuthering Heights is set in a destitute wasteland in England. Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange are near neighbors. Mr. Earnshaw, old master of Wuthering Heights, adopts an orphan and christens him “Heathcliff”. Heathcliff is blessed with old Earnshaw?s special favor. His daughter Catherine soon become a constant playmate of Heathcliff, but her brother Hindley hates him for usurping his father?s all affections.After old Earnshaw?s passing away, Hindley, new master of the Heights, reduces Heathcliff to a servant. However, Catherine and Heathcliff remain addicted to and hold indispensable affections to each other. But things change, when Catherine breaks into the Lintons in the Thrushcross Grange, She is uncontrollably fascinated by the civilized circle, which leads to controversy between her and Heathciff. Finally Catherine decides to marry Edgar Linton; she thought that she could, in virtue of this marriage, help upgrade Heathcilff from Hindley?s tortu re. But Heathcliff runs away. Catherine falls gravely ill. Somehow she recovers and later marries Edgar. After three years, Heathcilff returns in the disguise of a fine and a prosperous gentleman. He takes

possession of the Heights by seducing Hindley to g amble. He marries Edgar?s younger sister Isabella but gives her infernal torment. Meanwhile, Catherine, unable to stand the conflict between Heathcilff and Edgar, suffers a paroxysm. After her delivery to her daughter, young Catherine Linton, she dies, in a state of babelism. Edgar and Heathcliff both suffer unspeakable agony and cut off connection between the two families. Hindley dies soon after Catherine, his son Hareton left under the maltreatment of Heathcliff. When the second generation grows up, Heathcliff forces young Catherine to marry his son Linton Heathcliff who is incurably week. Edgar dies of illness. Young Linton follows soon. Heathcliff grabs the Grange. However, revenge does not bring him peace and bliss. Incessantly haunted by the phantom of and yearning for Catherine, he ends his life finally. The two houses are restored to the lawful master and ancient stock, Hareton Earnshaw and Catherine Linton, who have fallen in love and get married later.

2.2. The Tragedies of Heathcliff?s Love

Apparently,Wuthering Heights is a love tragedy. The authoress put all her hearts into the depiction of Heathcliff. The plots structure of the novel is also described in accordance with Heathcliff?s love, hate, revenge and the recovery of human nature.

Heathcliff is the unity of contradiction of goodness and badness. When appraising Heathcliff and his barbarity, if we can notice every aspect of his personality fully, and consider his irritable instinct and the deep brand which his growing environment bring to the personality of him fully, we can say Heathcliff is a soul twisted person with true, nourished strong love and hatred, and it is the love and the hatred that bring the end of Heathcliff?s death. The tragedies of Heathcliff are the tragedies of love and the tragedies of hate.

Catherine and Heathcliff are such intimates with the same world outlook. They are both children of the wild, rebellions to the conventional etiquettes. Their love as an emotional bond is forged in response to their ill-treatment. As stated by Qiao Dongyue ,“As Catherine and Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights, when they live in the solitary and sorrowful place, they well understand the fates of each other and rise in rebellion on the basis of their common rate and feeling.”（Qiao Dongyue 21）This idea is best expressed from the social viewpoint of Arnold Kettle in his introduction to the English novel. “Against this degradation Catherine and Heathcliff rebel, hurling their books into the dog-kettle. And in their revolt they discover deep and passionate need of each other. He, the outcast slummy, turns to the lively, spirited, fearless girl who alone offers him human understanding and comradeship. And she, born into the world of Wuthering Heights, senses that to achieve a full humanity, to be true to herself as a human being, she must associate herself totally with him in his rebellion against the tyranny involve.”(Arnold Kettle)

However, the couples do not have a happy ending under the oppressing and distressing

class society, but turns out a tragedy.

2.2.1. The social conventions

As Engels has pointed out, in hierarchy society, marriage is a political dealing, an opportunity to extend one?s influence by dint of wedlock. The functioning factor is the benefit of the clan rather than individual?s own will. Considering the social background and the great disparity between Catherine and Heathcliff, the love of the couple is doomed to fail.

In the first place, as is known to all, the setting of the novel, Wuthering Heights, is in the early 19 century, when UK was a classic patriarchy society with a strong sense of hierarchy and class contradiction divided human into several levels. The nobleman is enormously proud of their success, full of the temporal rank concept. Status is first, money is God. Peopl e?s spirits suffer from the intense oppression. Humanity is twisted without mercy.

Besides the prevailing notion of marriage in that time emphasizes power and money. Wealth and social statue are yardsticks of all. It was the wooer?s wealth and status that decided the success or failure of one?s marriage, which should be well-matched.

Therefore, in the novel, Headthcliff comes from the lower class and because of this, the Linton family makes him feels unworthy of Catherine. Although Heathcliff and Catherine are chummy, there is actually an unscalable disparity in statues between them. Hindley?s oppression on Heathcliff is the commence of their nightmare. The inequality he insists on them eliminates the possibility of their marriage. Even Joseph, the old sinner, actually a hypocrite rather than a pious pilgrim, looks down upon Heathcliff in the name of loyalty for the legitimate stock of the old house.

Then, in the Victorian period, women were equivalent of jetton that was used for consolidating their rank of families and promoting their families wealth. In the novel, The Earnshows hold a precarious place within the hierarchy. Though the gentry, possessed servants and large estates, they nevertheless hold a fragile social position, while the Lintons are relatively firm in their gent ry?s status. Therefore, Catherine wants to marry Edgar so that she will be the greatest woman of the neighborhood. Above all, this is the social culture and humanity on that time.

In a situation where social determinants are insistent, the social prejudices have an undefeatable power over individuals. It is impossible to escape from the society. Once deviated and unable to coordinate with it, one may have its extrication in the form of vanishing or giving up. From here we can see, under such social background, the possibility of pursuing true love for Heathcliff and Catherine is definitely impossible. The tragedy of their love is inevitably, which give Heathcliff a death blow. The legendary stories are so striking as to imply the harm and unpleasantness of the class societies.

2.2.2.the love of the pairs

a.Heathcliff?s love to Catherine in their childhood

Heathcliff is abandoned in the street of Liverpool when he is still a child. From the moment Heathcliff arrives at Wuthering Heights, he throws the family into contention and feels lonely at the beginning. Though Earnshaw adopts him and cherishes him very much, he receives cold receptions and is repelled by most of the members of the Earnshaws, especially the hostility of Hindley. After Earnshaw passed away, Heathcliff is driven out of the sitting room by Hindley, becomes a slave. He is not only forced to be a coolie but also tormented by the spirit. The treatment Heathcliff receives is “enough to make a fiend of a saint”（Emily Bronte 169）talking as Nelly. But Catherine and Heathcliff soon become loyal companions and champions of one another and the two indulge in their love of the wild landscape by spending as much time as possible alone together on the moors. Their relationship becomes so strong and reciprocal that the friendship between them develops into passionate love. They think they belong to each other.Catherine even thinks that Heathcliff is more herself than she is. Whatever their souls are made of, his and hers are the same. To Heathcliff, Catherine is the only light, warmth and pillar of his life. Without her friendship and love, this world is the hell to him.Because of Hindley?s determination on seperating them, his hatred to Hindley has already permeated his heart, the revenge products silently there.

Situations become more complicated and beyond their control in the wake of the intrusion of the third parties: Edgar Linton. Egdar?s appearance places a test and an obstacle to the firm but unfortunate love between the two lovers. He is handsome, polished, wealthy, a represent of the bourgeoisie civilization. When compared to insolent Heathcliff, he forms an alien attraction to sullen Catherine. It's obviously that her love for Edgar is a desire for relationship, compounded and realistic enough. It is a love based on a clear sense of Linton?s otherness: a love which will and does pull her most decisively, because she is a woman, into the world of change and generation and mortality. She even thinks innocently that she can help Heathcliff in this way, hoping to promote Heathcliff with the richness of Edgar who she admires, “if Heathcliff and I (Catherine) married, we sh ould be beggars? Whereas, if I marry Linton, I can aid Heathcliff to rise, and place him out of my brother?s power.”（Bronte, E. 65）Therefore, she goes against her nature and determines to marry Linton. However, She knows clearly about her love towards Heathcliff and Linton. “My love for Linton is like the foliage in the woods: time will change it, I?m well aware as win ter changes the trees. My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath a source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I am Heathcliff! He?s always, always in my mind: not as a pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself, but as my own being.”（Bronte, E. 104）Heathcliff runs away on learning Catherine?s mind. At this time, his love to Catherine changes to the hatred to Hindley and Linton, blaming them for losing Catherine.

Till this moment, we learn that the tragedy of Heathcliff and Catherine is inevitable. Leaving the social conventions out of consideration, the so-called innocent thinking of Catherine, the lacking communication between the pairs and the tortured and morid mind of Heathcliff will definitely lead the love of the pairs to a sad ending. How about having a imagination, if Catherine can talk with Heathcliff first before she carry our her “innocent thought” and Heathcliff communicate with Catherine and let Catherine give him a chance as they are soul mates before his running away without notice, would everything has a difference instead of having their hope shattered?

b. Heathcliff?s love to Catherine after she got married

Even though Heathcliff regards Catherine?s choosing Hindley as a betray and runs away without notice. He still loves her infatuatedly. “If he loved with all the powers of his puny being, he couldn?t love as much in eighty years as I could in a d ay.”（E.L.Gilbert. 214）She affects Heathcliff no matter she is alive or dead. After three years, Heathcilff returns in the disguise of a fine and a prosperous gentleman. Catherine is branded in his memory and becomes the torment to him after she has got married. Heathcliff finds that he couldn?t forget her as his existence. Heathcliff and Catherine?s love cannot be realized in human world. It makes Heathcliff crazy, cruel and ferocious, and becomes a devil. Heathcliff still comes to Thrushcross Grange and dates with her in desperation. Even though he hates the owner of the Thrushcross Grange--Linton who in Heathcliff?s eyes depends on his advantages such as status, property, seizing the deep and eternal lover of Heathcliff—Catherine, he doesn?t take revenge on him in the way he does on Edgar, because he is anxious about the feeling of Catherine. Though the revenge Heathcliff takes on Linton, he, to a certain extent, does find some comfort, but he still suffers a lot from losing Catherine. Heathcliff once said “Two words would comprehend my future—death and hell: existence, after losing her, would be hell.”（Emily Bronte 213）

Meanwhile, even though Catherine?s choice about marriage made her possesses what she wants, she is never happy at the civilized Thrushcross Grange, and finds herself feeling empty without soul. And for the next seven years, Catherine coasts through life, living only in the past. Ultimately, she is torn between her wild passion for Heathcliff and her social ambition. But the primitive love exceeds the cultural love,causes her missing of the Wuthering Heights in sick. And before she dies, her soul longs for going into the bosom of Heathcliff. After she dies, her lonely ghost thirsts for coming back Wuthering Heights.

Wrong choosing, wrong dealing, suffers the both.

It?s said that l oving a person doesn?t mean possessing him or her. How about Heathcliff letting Cathy go as he can?t provide what Cathy wants and only wish ing she would be happy? However, it is where the charm of the novel lies, attributing greatly to the deepness of their

passionate love. The tragedies might not be so agitating if the main characters are just obedient followers of the old social morality. Instead, the couple has their common mode of thought. They are all rebellions from the social stereotypes.

c. Heathcliff?s love to Catherine after her death

Heathcliff?s deep love to Catherine has never change from the beginning to the end, no matter Catherine is alive or dead. He seldom says the word of “love” to Catherine to express his emotion to her, but his passionate expressions are everywhere in the novel. For example in chapter three of the novel, Heathcliff mounts the bed, open the lattice window hard. His emotion can't be suppressed at this moment while pushing the window open. He bursts out hot tears. “Come in! Come in! ” He sobbed “Cathy, do come. Oh do once more! Oh!My heart?s darling! Hear me this time Catherine, at last! ”（Emily Bronte 40）the true feelings of Heathcliff are undoubtedly exposed, violent and tenderly. His language is simple but full of tenderness. The call of him appears only once in novel, but we obviously feel that he has called it ten million times. In this section, the author makes Heathcliff?s love thoroughly by superb artistic means. This window is the line of demarcation of life and death, bright and dark.

Also Heathcliff prays passionatly with a tragic tone:"Catherine Earn show, may you not rest, as long as I am living! You said I killed you -- haunt me, then! The murdered do haunt their murderers; only do not leave me in this abyss, where I cannot find you! Oh, God! It is unutterable! "（Emily Bronte 167）

There is once Heathcliff talks to Nelly. “What is not connected with her to me? And what does not recall her? I cannot look down to this floor, but her features are shaped on the flags! In every cloud, in every tree--filling the air at night, and caught by glimpses in every object, by day I am surrounded with her image! The entire world is a dreadful collection of memoranda that she did exist, and that I have lost her!”（Emily Bronte 82）The passionate love of Heathcliff and Catherine is the kind embodiment of his human nature. Their love is just true and natural, and they love each other so deeply that they take each other as part of their life. If their love is just a shallow and eliminable fantasy, they might not suffer such afflictions.However, they are too passionately in adoration to stand separation. Such deepness and indispensability in love are reasons for why the stories are so tearing-jerking and striking.

2.3. The Tragedies of Heathcliff?s Hate

Actually, what makes Heathcliff hate all the people, even revenge all the people around him, include Catherine, is the loss of his love. The mistake, that Catherine chooses her marriage, is the masterstroke of the novel. Heathcliff is tormented greatly by Catherine?s betrayal. He could not bear it any more. Especially after the death of Catherine, Heathcliff is

in a sense of despair, “I can not live without my life, I can not live without my soul”. (李林190)His lust for love is gone with Catherine?s death. He loses his intelligence and leads to the eruption of his wildness. Heathcliff converts his love into hate and revenges the persons who are related to Catherine, including the fate of the two generations.

2.3.1. Heathcliff?s revenge towards Catherine

After Linton marrying Catherine, the soul of Heathcliff totally crashes into the hopeless agony. At this time, his love to Catherine changes to the hatred to Hindley and Linton, blaming them for losing Catherine. After three years of “m issing”, Heathcliff gets back to Wuthering Heights in the capacity of a rich man, beginning to keep on plotting his vengeance plan which he has planed for a long time. The purpose that he gets back to Wuthering Heights is very clear--revenge. He wants to revenge wrong with wrong. Even though Catherine?s betrayal, Heathcliff still love her wholeheartedly. He still comes to Thrushcross Grange and dates with her in desperation. He chooses cruelty and ferociousness as the way to escape the agony and to hide his love. Therefor, when he faces to Catherine, Heathcliff is cruel and merciless, which make Catherine suffers a lot.

Catherine?s husband, the owner of the Thrushcross Grange—Linton, in the eyes of Heathcliff, deprives the right of his love. This is the hatred that Heathcliff can't forget either of dying. Heathcliff retaliates against Hindley directly, hysterically. However, he doesn?t treat Linton in the same way for his caring for Catherine?s feeling.He retaliates against Linton with the premeditated marriage. He does not love Linton?s younger sister --Isabella at all, but for revenge, he ignores the opposition of Catherine and proposes to her. He elopes with Isabella. Just going out of Thrushcross Grange, he hung the puppy of Isabella, because the puppy bit Catherine when they went to Thrushcross Grange for the first time. After Isabella marries Heathcliff, she suffers all kinds of torment. She asks Nelly: “Is Mr. Heathcliff a man? If so, is he mad? And if not, is he a de vil? ”（Emily Bronte 169）This proves Heathcliff?s hate is very strong, he is sure to retaliate against the person who has ever injures him. Even a puppy, he cannot even let it off. Meanwhile, Catherine, unable to stand the conflict between Heathcilff and Edgar, suffers a paroxysm and soon dies after her delivery to her daughter, young Catherine Linton, in a state of babelism.

The relationship between Catherine and Heathcliff represents the deepest human nature. Anyone who has ever hurt Heathcliff and Catherine has to endure Heathcliff?s vengeance. Any method that wants to lighten, blur or relax the condition is improper. How deep his love is, how deep his agony is, and how ruthless his vengeance is!

2.3.2. Heathcliff?s revenge towards the next generation

Under Heathcliff?s inhuman revenge, Catherine, Hindley, Linton and Isabella all die miserably. He takes possession of the Heights and defeats his enemies. However, he is not

satisfied with all this. His flame of hatred still burns wildly. The plan of his vengeance is not over, it expanses step by step, and connects with the next generation,

Heathcliff…s first enemy -- Hindley dies soon after Catherine, his son Hareton left under the maltreatment of Heathcliff. Heathcliff adopts Hareton, makes him sink into the status lower than himself. Heathcliff has not damaged the human body of Hareton, but poisons his soul, dies out his conscience, and strangles his ability and intelligence when he was a child. This makes Hareton becoming an ignorant, rough and impolite person. Heathcliff says: "We?ll see if one tree won?t grow as crooked as another, with the same wind to twist it!"（Emily Bronte 183）(Another tree obviously refers to him). He twists a little tree cruelly like this. The worse one is, the injured person knows nothing of the whole, regards Heathcliff as the only good friend in the world.

To his own son little Linton, Heathcliff does not have the feelings of flesh and blood at all,but transfers all the hatred from Linton to his own son. Heathcliff connives at the ill temper of his selfish and proud since his childhood, and has trained his first-class people's sense of superiority, in order to master the son of his personal enemy, hand down his revenge one generation to another. Little Linton became a teenager making the person very disagreeable finally. When Linton is seriously ill, Heathcliff forces him to marry the daughter of Linton--little Catherine. After the achievement of Heathcliff?s purpose, he lets his son die young through not treating once. The vengeance plan of Heathcliff does not miss the 16 years old innocent and artless little girl--Catherine who is the daughter of his lover. He uses means of lures, cheats, threatening and kidnapping etc., forcing her to marry his son in critically ill.

Heathcliff should be happy when he is succeeding, but he finds he can not get any pleasure from it. He meets Catherine?s eye on every side, his mind stuffers with shade. He forgets his plan, the satisfaction of the human body, and he even forgets to have meals and to sleep. So he has no interest to torment Hareton and little Catherine again, he lets them do what they want to. He says: "Oh, God! It is a long fight, I wish it were over!"（Emily Bronte 267）After finishing the plan of revenge, the only wish of Heathcliff is the soul of him can go out of his human body cage and merge with the soul of Catherine together. Only by dying can he realize his wish. It is not important for him to survive. Finally, he has a nervous breakdown and dies. His soul is set free from the suffering of the vengeance at last, and gets the real peacefulness. His tragic life lowers the curtain at last.

After losing Catherine, Heathcliff spend the rest of his life revenging others, till the love between little Catherine and Hareton wakes up his love towards Catherine. However, everything is too late. Heathcliff …s revenge does not bring him any contentment, but leads to the death of his own son—little Linton, ruins the only person who respects and loves him whole-heartedly in the world after the death of Catherine and her father, and also embitters his

beloved Catherine?s daughter.

3. Conclusion

“Love and hate move towards extreme and appear alternately, making us wander up and down and lose ourselves between sympathizing with and condemning Heathc liff.”（王朝闻89）.The love and hate are the two poles of the human emotion, it have been displayed as a strong need of life in this novel.

Even though the pairs? loves each other whole-heartedly and rebellion against the society of inequality and oppression, their love ends sadly. The tragedy of Heathcliff is both the tragedies of love and the tragedies of hate. Be more exact, it?s the result of the social conventions, Catherine?s temporary weakness, and ignorance and Heathcliff?s tortured and morid mind, the lacking communication between the pairs and the last but not least, Heathcliff revenge towards the related people. All these ruin their own youth, love, lives and also nearly ruin their next generation.

Under the social culture, when love turns to hate, hate twists humanity. Thereby, humanity?s love is as tragedy through culture. However, when humanity does arise again, they miss the beautiful time for love.

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英语介词用法大全

英语介词用法大全 TTA standardization office【TTA 5AB- TTAK 08- TTA 2C】

介词（The Preposition）又叫做前置词，通常置于名词之前。它是一种虚词，不需要重读，在句中不单独作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。中国学生在使用英语进行书面或口头表达时，往往会出现遗漏介词或误用介词的错误，因此各类考试语法的结构部分均有这方面的测试内容。 1. 介词的种类 英语中最常用的介词，按照不同的分类标准可分为以下几类： (1). 简单介词、复合介词和短语介词 ①.简单介词是指单一介词。如： at , in ,of ,by , about , for, from , except , since, near, with 等。②. 复合介词是指由两个简单介词组成的介词。如： Inside, outside , onto, into , throughout, without , as to as for , unpon, except for 等。 ③. 短语介词是指由短语构成的介词。如： In front of , by means o f, on behalf of, in spite of , by way of , in favor of , in regard to 等。 (2). 按词义分类 {1} 表地点（包括动向）的介词。如： About ,above, across, after, along , among, around , at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between , beyond ,by, down, from, in, into , near, off, on, over, through, throught, to, towards,, under, up, unpon, with, within , without 等。 {2} 表时间的介词。如： About, after, around , as , at, before , behind , between , by, during, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, till(until) , to, towards , within 等。 {3} 表除去的介词。如： beside , but, except等。 {4} 表比较的介词。如： As, like, above, over等。 {5} 表反对的介词。如： againt ,with 等。 {6} 表原因、目的的介词。如： for, with, from 等。 {7} 表结果的介词。如： to, with , without 等。 {8} 表手段、方式的介词。如： by, in ,with 等。 {9} 表所属的介词。如： of , with 等。 {10} 表条件的介词。如：

表示地点的介词

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初中英语考点 in_on_at_区别用法

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at nine o'clock 在9点钟 at half past ten 在10点半 at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分 at the weekend 在周末 at a quarter to two 1点45分 <2.>关于年、月、年月、季节、周 即在“来年”，在“某月”，在“某年某月” 但在某年某月某日则用on ，在四季，在第几周等都要用in。 in 1927 在1927年 in March 在三月 in December 1986 在1986年12月 in July l984 在1984年7月 in the first week of this semester这学期的第一周 in the third week 在第三周 in spring 在春季 <3.>关于日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早午晚 以下皆用on on October the first 1949 1949年10月1日 on May the first 5月1日 on the sixteenth 16号 on the second of January /on January the second 1月2日 on a summer evening 在夏天的一个夜晚 on New Year's Day 在元旦 on my birthday 在我的生日 on winter day 在冬天 on December 12th 1950 l950年12月12日 on Sunday 在星期天 on Tuesday morning 星期二早晨 但last night 昨夜；in the evening 在晚上 on time准时，in time及时，等则不同。 【注】in the Christmas holidays在圣诞节假期 in the eighteenth century 在十八世纪 in ancient times 在古代 in earlier times 在早期 in modern times 在现代，则用in，at the present time 现在，at the present day当今则用at。 <4.>关于年月日，加早午晚，of之前on代in on the morning of 18th 18日早晨 On the eve of their departure在临行前夕 <5.>阳光、灯、影、衣、冒 in

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at,in与on的用法区别

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The meeting was held at [in] the hotel. 会议在宾馆举行。 ③at与in的另一个区别是：at多用于指较小的地方，而in多用于指较大的地方：in Shanghai 在上海at the station 在车站 ④介词on 用于地点，主要指在某物的表面： What’s on the table? 桌上有什么? There’s a wallet lying on the ground. 地上有个钱包。 【注】在少数搭配中，也用介词on： He works on a farm. 他在农场工作。 3. 在某些搭配中，三者的区别与英国英语和美国英语有关： in the street (英) / on the street (美) 在街上 in the road (英) / on the road (美) 在路上 in the team (英) / on the team (美) 在这个队 at the weekend (英) / on the weekend (美) 在周末 at weekends (英) / on weekends (美) 在周末 4. 有时三者的差别与搭配习惯和用法有关： in bed / on the bed 在床上 in the tree (多指树外之物) / on the tree (多指树本身之物) 在树上

常用标点符号用法简表.doc

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英语中表示时间、地点和位置的常用介词的应用 (自动保存的)

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常用标点符号用法含义

一、基本定义 句子，前后都有停顿，并带有一定的句调，表示相对完整的意义。句子前后或中间的停顿，在口头语言中，表现出来就是时间间隔，在书面语言中，就用标点符号来表示。一般来说，汉语中的句子分以下几种： 陈述句： 用来说明事实的句子。 祈使句： 用来要求听话人做某件事情的句子。 疑问句： 用来提出问题的句子。 感叹句： 用来抒发某种强烈感情的句子。 复句、分句： 意思上有密切联系的小句子组织在一起构成一个大句子。这样的大句子叫复句，复句中的每个小句子叫分句。 构成句子的语言单位是词语，即词和短语（词组）。词即最小的能独立运用的语言单位。短语，即由两个或两个以上的词按一定的语法规则组成的表达一定意义的语言单位，也叫词组。 标点符号是书面语言的有机组成部分，是书面语言不可缺少的辅助工具。它帮助人们确切地表达思想感情和理解书面语言。 二、用法简表 名称

句号① 问号符号用法说明。？1．用于陈述句的末尾。 2．用于语气舒缓的祈使句末尾。 1．用于疑问句的末尾。 2．用于反问句的末尾。 1．用于感叹句的末尾。 叹号！ 2．用于语气强烈的祈使句末尾。 3．用于语气强烈的反问句末尾。举例 xx是xx的首都。 请您稍等一下。 他叫什么名字？ 难道你不了解我吗？为祖国的繁荣昌盛而奋斗！停止射击！ 我哪里比得上他呀！ 1．句子内部主语与谓语之间如需停顿，用逗号。我们看得见的星星，绝大多数是恒星。 2．句子内部动词与宾语之间如需停顿，用逗号。应该看到，科学需要一个人贡献出毕生的精力。 3．句子内部状语后边如需停顿，用逗号。对于这个城市，他并不陌生。 4．复句内各分句之间的停顿，除了有时要用分号据说苏州园林有一百多处，我到过的不外，都要用逗号。过十多处。 顿号、用于句子内部并列词语之间的停顿。

英语地点介词的正确使用方法

英语地点介词的正确使用方法 地点介词主要有at ，in，on，to，above，over，below，under，beside，behind ，between。它们的用法具体如下： 1、at （1）at通常指小地方：In the afternoon，he finally arrived at home。到下午他终于到家了。 （2）at通常所指范围不太明显，表示“在……附近，旁边”：The ball is at the corner。球搁在角落里。 2、in （1）in通常指大地方：When I was young，I lived in Beijing。我小时候住在北京。 （2）在内部：There is a ball in in the box。盒子里有只球。 （3）表示“在…范围之内”（是从属关系）： Guangdong lies in the south of China。深圳在中国的南部。 3、on

（1）on主要指“在……之上”，强调和表面接触： There is a book on the table。桌上有一本书。 （2）表示毗邻，接壤（是相邻关系）： Canada lies on the north of America 加拿大在美国的北边（与美国接壤）。 4、to 主要表示“在……范围外”，强调不接壤，不相邻。 Japan is to the east of China。日本在中国的东面。 注意： （1）at 强调“点”，on 强调“面”，in 强调“在里面”，to 表示“范围外”。 （2）on the tree：表示树上本身所长着的叶子、花、果实等 in the tree：表示某物或某人在树上 on the wall：表示在墙的表面，如图画、黑板等 in the wall：表示在墙的内部中，如门窗、钉子、洞、孔 5、above

表示地点位置的介词

表示地点位置的介词 w qsa 1)at ,in, on, to，for at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在……附近，旁边”in (1)表示在大地方; (2)表示“在…范围之内”。on 表示毗邻，接壤，“在……上面”。to 表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤；或“到……”2)above, over, on 在……上above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直，与below相对；over指垂直的上方,与under 相对,但over与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。on表示某物体上面并与之接触。The bird is flying above my head. There is a bridge over the river. He put his watch on the desk. 3)below, under 在……下面under表示在…正下方below表示在……下，不一定在正下方There is a cat under the table. Please write your name below the line. 4)in front [frant]of, in the front of在……前面in front of…意思是“在……前面”，指甲物在乙物之前，两者互不包括；其反义词是behind（在……的后面）。There are some flowers in front of the house.(房子前面有些花卉。) in the front of 意思是“在…..的前部”，即甲物在乙物的内部.反义词是at the back of…（在……范围内的后部）。There is a blackboard in the front of our classroom. 我们的教室前边有一块黑板。Our teacher stands in the front of the classroom. 我们的老师站在教室前.(老师在教室里) 5）beside，behind beside 表示在……旁边behind 表示在……后面 2.表示时间的介词 1)in , on，at 在……时in表示较长时间，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般（非特指）的早、中、晚等。如in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in one’s life , in one’s thirties等。on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。如on May 1st, on Monday, on New Year’s Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间，或泛指圣诞节，复活节等。如at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of …, at the age of …, at Christmas，at night, at noon, at this moment等。注意：在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如：We meet every day. 2)in, after 在……之后“in +段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后；“after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后；“after+将来的时间点”表示将来的某一时刻以后。3)from, since 自从……from 仅说明什么时候开始，不说明某动作或情况持续多久；since表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻，通常与完成时连用。since表示"自（某具体时间）以来"，常用作完成时态谓语的时间状语。since liberation（1980）自从解放（1980年）以来They have been close friends since childhood．他们从小就是好朋友。（1）since the war是指"自从战争结束以来"，若指"自从战争开始以来"，须说"since the beginning of the war"。（2）不要将since与after混淆。比较：He has worked here since 1965．（指一段时间，强调时间段）自从1965年以来，他一直在这儿工作。He began to work here after 1965．（指一点时间，强调时间点）从1965年以后，他开始在这儿工作。4)after, behind 在……之后after主要用于表示时间；behind主要用于表示位置。时间名词前介词用法口诀年前周前要用in 具体日子要用on 遇到几号也用on 上午下午得是in 要说某日上下午用on换in记清楚午夜黄昏用at 黎明用它也不错at用在时分前说“差”可要用上to 说"过''要用past 3.表示运动方向的介词： across, through 通过，穿过across表示横过,即从物体表面通过，与on有关，为二

介词的用法及习题

第七单元介词 我们经常在名词或名词短语、代词或动名词前用介词表示人物、事件等与其它句子成分的关系。介词后面的名词或相当于名词的词语叫介词宾语。介词可表示地点、时间、比较、反对、原因、手段、所属、条件、让步、关于、对于、根据等。 二、介词的意义 1．表示时间的介词 in表示“在某一时间段”，或“在……某一时候”，如用在月、季、年份、时代、世纪等时间名词的前面，或用来泛指一天的某一段时间。 In July/summer/2000/ancient times/the 1999’s In the morning/afternoon/evening In也可以指“在……之后”，表示从说话起的若干时间内，如： The bus will be here in ten minutes. On表示“在特定的某一天”，也可用于带有修饰语的一天的某个时间段之前。如： on Saturday, on Saturday morning, on the morning of August 1st at表示“在某一时间点”，或用来表示不确定的时间和短期的假日、时节等。如： at six o’clock, at Easter 介词over, through (out)两者均指“经过的全部时间”。 Stay over the Christmas. 介词for, since for表示动作或状态延续的全部时间长度，为“长达……”之意；since用于指从过去特定的某个时刻到说话时为止的一段时间；两者往往用于完成时。 I have been there for six years. We have not seen each other since 1993. During指“在……时期/时间内”，必须以表示一段时间的词或词组作宾语。 She was ill for a week, and during that week she ate little. 2．表示地点的介词 介词at指小地点或集会场合；on表示线或面上的位置；in表示在立体、区域或环境内，特别是那些教大，能够容纳相应事物的环境。 He works at Peking University. Your radio is on the desk. The boat is in the lake. 3．表示原因的介词 for常常表示褒贬、奖惩的原因或心理原因。 4．表示目的的介词 for表示拟定的接收人或目的；to表示实际的接收人或目的。 I bought the gift for my little sister. I gave the gift to my little sister. 5．表示“关于……”的介词 一般about用于比较随便的谈话或非正式的文体；on用于正式的讲话、著作或报告中；7．表示价格的介词 at和for都可表示价格，at仅表示价格，for还表示“交换”，如： Eggs are sold at 95 cents a dozen here. I bought it for five pounds.

时间地点介词的用法

具体日期前用“on” 注意: 一、含有this, that, these, those, every, each 等的时间状语前不用介词。如： We are going to play football this afternoon. 今天下午我们打算踢足球。 His father goes to work early every day. 他爸爸每天很早去上班。They are working on the farm at the moment. 这几天他们正在农场干活。 二、all day, all week, all year 等由“all +表示时间的名词”构成的时间状语前不用介词。如： We stay at home and watch TV all day.我们整天呆在家里看电视。 三、由“some, any, one等＋表示时间的名词”构成的时间状语前不用介词。如： We can go to the Great Wall some day. 有一天我们会去长城的。 四、时间状语是today, tomorrow, tomorrow morning, tomorrow afternoon, tomorrow evening, the day after tomorrow (后天)等，其前不用介词。如：

What day is it today?今天星期几？ Who's on duty tomorrow? 明天谁值日？ MORE: at 表示时间的某一点 （节日或年龄、瞬间或短暂的时间） Your memory is always poor at this time. （表示一天中的某个时刻不用冠词） I got up at six in the mopning. on 表示某日或和某日连用的某个时间段 You were late on Monday last week. in 用于表示除日以外的某一时间段 （表示年、月、季节、世纪时代） Sorry, I am late, the frist time in May. in和at都可表示地点，而in表示的地点比at所表示的地点大

英语表示地点位置的介词

表示地点位置的介词 1)at ,in, on, to at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在……附近，旁边”in (1)表示在大地方; (2)表示“在…范围之内”。on 表示毗邻，接壤，“在……上面”。 to 表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤；或“到……” 2)above, over, on 在……上 above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直，与below相对； over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。 on表示某物体上面并与之接触。 The bird is flying above my head. There is a bridge over the river. He put his watch on the desk. 3)below, under 在……下面 under表示在…正下方 below表示在……下，不一定在正下方 There is a cat under the table. Please write your name below the line. 4)in front of, in the front of在……前面 in front of…意思是“在……前面”，指甲物在乙物之前，两者互不包括；其反义词是behind （在……的后面）。 There are some flowers in front of the house.(房子前面有些花卉。) in the front of 意思是“在…..的前部”，即甲物在乙物的内部.反义词是at the back of…（在……范围内的后部）。There is a blackboard in the front of our classroom. 我们的教室前边有一块黑板。Our teacher stands in the front of the classroom. 我们的老师站在教室前.(老师在教室里) 5）beside，behind beside 表示在……旁边 behind 表示在……后面 2.表示时间的介词 1)in , on，at 在……时 in表示较长时间，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般（非特指）的早、中、晚等。 如in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in one’s life , in one’s thirties等。 on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。 如on May 1st, on Monday, on New Year’s Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。 at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间，或泛指圣诞节，复活节等。如at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of …, at the age

六年级 介词 at、 in与on 用法区别

1、小学英语介词at，in与on在时间方面的用法 at表示时间的一点；in表示一个时期；on表示特殊日子。如： He goes to school at seven o’clock in the morning. 他早晨七点上学。 Can you finish the work in two days. 你能在两天内完成这个工作吗？ Linda was born on the second of May. 琳达五月二日出生。 1. at后常接几点几分，天明，中午，日出，日落，开始等。如：at five o’clock （五点），at down （黎明），at daybreak （天亮），at sunrise （日出），at noon （中午），at su nset （日落），at midnight （半夜），at the beginning of the month （月初），at that time （那时），at that moment （那会儿），at this time of day （在一天的这个时候）。 2. in后常接年，月，日期，上午，下午，晚上，白天，季节，世纪等。如： in 2006（2006年），in May，2004 （2004年五月），in the morning （早晨/上午），in the afternoon （下午），in the evening （晚上），in the night （夜晚），in the daytime （白天），in the 21st century （21世纪），in three days （weeks/month）三天（周/个月），in a week （一周），in spring （春季）。 3. on后常接某日，星期几，某日或某周日的朝夕，节日等。如：on Sunday （星期日），on a warm morning in April （四月的一个温暖的上午），on a December night （12月的一个夜晚），on that afternoon （那天下午），on the following night （下一个晚上），o n Christmas afternoon （圣诞节下午），on October 1，1949 （1949年10月1日），on New Year’s Day （新年），on New Year’s Eve （除夕），on the morning of the 15t h （15日的早上）等。 2、常见的介词 about 大约在……时间 about five o'clock 在周围，大约多远 about five kilometres 关于、涉及 talk about you above 高出某一平面 above sea level across 横过walk across the street对面across the street after 在……之后 after supper 跟……后面 one a fter another 追赶run after you against 背靠逆风 against the wall, against the wind 反对 be against you among 三者以上的中间 among the trees at 在某时刻 at ten o’clock 在小地点 at the school gate 表示速度 at high speed 向着，对着 at me before 在……之前 before lunch 位于……之前 sit before me behind 位于……之后 behind the tree below 低于……水平 below zero 不合格 below the standard by 到……时刻，在……时刻之前 by five o'clock 紧挨着 site by site 乘坐交通工具 by air, by bick被由 was made by us during 在……期间during the holidays for 延续多长时间 for five years 向……去 leave for Shanghai 为了，对于be good for you from 从某时到……某时 from morning till night 来自何方 from New Y ork 由某原料制成be made from 来自何处 where are you from in 在年、月、周较长时间内 in a week 在里面 in the room 用某种语言 in English 穿着in red into 进入……里面 walk into 除分 divide into 变动 turn into water near 接近某时 near five years 在……附近 near the park of 用某种原料制成 be made of 属于……性质 a map of U. S .A