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托福基础班step2学生教案

托福基础班step2学生教案
托福基础班step2学生教案

写作教案(step2)

教学目标:

会总结概括综合写作中的reading和lecture, 并会对要点进行转述;会解独立写作中的难题;

学会并运用逻辑连接词使自己的文章有逻辑;

教学步骤:

通过教材第二章前两个真题,P26-P39,即2010年2月7日和2月21日的真题,练习综合写作,提高其总结概括的能力和对要点进行转述的能力;

通过具体例题提高学生快速突破新托福独立作文难题的能力;

强调独立写作的结构;

带着学生学习P192-194,学习托福iBT写作常用的强有力表达;

学习强调写作高频词汇-工作类。

教学内容:

I.综合写作

1.听录音时可能用到的速记符号(抛砖引玉)

2.两种特“美国”的能力

(1.)summarization skills(概括能力) 快速把握核心信息的能力在美国实在是学术生存的关键。不论是恐怖的reading list, 还是课前发的充斥着awe-inspiring words 的handouts, 再或者seminars 前的准备工作……一切都在逼着人去summarize everything. 在美国“Get down to the nitty-gritty.”完全是想顺利毕业而不被中途累死必备的大学求生法则,这与你是否刻苦无关。

(2. ) Citation skills(引证能力) 这种技能有一点接近paraphrase, 但

不同之处在于:citation是有着强烈目的的性的paraphrase, 是为了让文章更充实,更连贯而做出的有严密选择的改写。

两种极常见的论文格式:APA, 首行不缩进,段与段之间隔一行;

MLA,首行缩进4个字符,段与段之间不间隔。不管以后你的教授是指定APA, MLA, 还是其他的format(格式),除了bibliography/reference(参考文献)在文章后面或者书后必须出现之外,文章中的citation "ation(间接转述和直接引用)也是crediting resources 的重要形式。

在综合写作考试中只允许citation, 而不允许quotation.如果照抄阅读原文中的6个或者更多连续单词,一般来说就算是违反考试要求的quotation了。但如果是通过明显地改变原句表达方式或者

浓缩、提炼核心意思去改写原文,那么就还算是遵纪守法的citation.

还有,如果仅使用阅读文章里的1~5个连续非关键单词一般也算citation的。特别是对于比较生僻的专业术语来说,少量的直接引用更是合理合法的(对听力段子里的直接引用倒不是大问题,而且即使真想大段照搬听到的内容也很难实现,除非我们的大脑拥有复读机功能)。

3.一种文,两类人,三重门

写好新托福综合作文的核心是要注意:一种文,两类人,三重门

◆一种文新托福作文主要是语言能力测试,主要是听力段子告诉

考生阅读文章的错误在哪里,让考生转述出来。

◆两类人想写好综合作文,还必须看清两类人:写阅读文章的人

和讲听力段子的人。考前就必须要非常熟练地掌握他们/她们各自的英语称呼,否则到考场里很容易写混。

(a)对阅读文章(或者写文章的人)的称呼:the reading passage/the reading/the brief reading passage 都可以。或者指人也可以,那就叫the author of the reading passage了。但请注意:严格来讲,阅读段子不能只简称为the passage, 因为听力段子其实也可以叫做the listening passage;

(b) 称呼听力段子或者讲话人的方式也很多,比如讲话者:the

professor, the instructor, the speaker, the lecturer, the presenter.事实上,instructor和lecturer都是美国大学里的两种初级职称,但在integrated writing 里都可以用来指讲话的那个人。指听力段子:the

lecture, the speech, the professor’s talk(注意talk未必一定是conversation, 在美语里很多时候talk就是speech的意思),the presentation(北美大学里也常常把类似的学术报告成为presentation).

◆三重门

是指各位同学们要写好综合作文必须跨过的三个“坎儿”:

(a)一定一定一定要看清阅读文章里讨论的总体话题到底是关于什么的。阅读文章里的overall topic跟听力段子里的overall topic 是一致的,所以在听录音的时候还可以再确认一次,当然也可以在scratch paper上作简要记录;

(b)特别注意reading passage 和lecture中的逻辑关系词,因为它们前后的信息往往是你的加分武器;

(c)写综合作文的时候一定别忘了语法问题。一定要注意,高深的错误不谈,但至少请大家一定要确保写的是成分完整的句子,绝不能只是把一个词组或者几个单词就当成一句话。

另外还要提示大家两个拿高分的秘诀:一是综合写作是客观性学术写作,文风和独立写作是明显不同的,一定要避免缩写:高分的综合作文一般都不用缩写,因为这是美国大学中学术写作的基本要求。比如don’t就必须拆开写成do not;二是综合写作中不要出现I, me, you, we, 和us 这类主观词。

其实在北美近几年来的趋势是大学论文里也开始逐渐能见

到I这类词了,但新托福综合写作中我们还是最好避免。

课堂上练习P26-39的综合写作。

II.独立写作

思路的尽头(When brainstorming is worse than a storm)

先看这道考题:

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It’s easier to succeed today than in the past.

这道相当抽象的考题当时真是难倒了无数英雄。

又比如这道题:

Should a city try to preserve its old, historic buildings or destroy them and replace them with modern buildings?

“拆还是不拆”的问题在北京已经争论了很多年,直到现在专

家们都还没有定论。但这道题却要求考生用1~2分钟把素材定

下来(因为只有这样,才能有更多的时间去用准确的英文把自

己想到的素材表达出来而且写到300多字),真有点强人所难。

关于独立写作有句很经典的话“Independent writing is not really independent. You’ll constantly need a variety of resources to help you proceed.”

我们现在就来学习如何快速突破新托福作文难题的素材。

3种快速解题方法

分类法A=(B, C, …)

原理:当题目的讨论对象(A)过于广泛或者过于抽象的时候,

我们就可以把讨论对象具体化,对其进行分类(B, C…).比如分成两大类,那么素材就比原来增加了一倍,如果分成三大类,那素材就是原来的三类。这样可写的内容就成倍增加了。但需要强调的是:分类法对思维清晰程度要求较高,所以分类时应该尽可能全面、科学,否则有可能出现逻辑上的问题。

具体解题如下:

Should a city try to preserve its old, historic buildings or destroy them and replace them with modern buildings? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

提示:老房子包含的范围非常广,直接入手有困难。从拆与不拆的角度,把老房子分成该拆的和不能拆的。

Para. 1 Introduction 背景介绍并引出辩论的话题:城市里老房

子很多。人们对是否要拆掉有争议(Old houses abound in urban areas today. Their relevance to modern life has been a highly contentious issue.)

Para. 2 提出一些老房子应该拆,理由(分论点)可以写2~3点:老化了不安全(decrepit and often unsafe),破坏市容(spoil the cityscape),城市人口激增导致需要新的高楼(The urban population boom calls for construction of high-rise structure.)Para. 3 提出还有一些老房子不能拆。这一段里又可以用分类法,如:有历史意义的老房子(buildings of historic value), 有审美价值的老房子(historic buildings of specific esthetic value), 已

经成为城市标志的老房子(historic landmarks), 特殊的民居(unique ethnic architecture)和名人故居(historic houses, historical figures’/celebrities’ houses.)

Para. 4 Conclusion:有些老房子由于城市发展必须拆掉,但是有特殊价值的不能拆而应该有效保护(should be effectively preserved)。

(民居,dwellings, folk houses, residential buildings)

Practice makes perfect!

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

High-school graduates should go to travel or work for a year before they go to university.

(liberal art, social science, science and engineering )

替代法A→B, C, D…

原理:当题目中出现-est(形容词最高级),only(惟一的), ban/stop (禁止), never, always这五类词汇的时候,就可以立刻使用替代法了。这五类词的共同点是语气都非常绝对,统称为“黑五类”。这五类命题在逻辑上多半站不住脚,因为它们太绝对了,想证明它们正确会非常困难。但如果想证明它们错误则很简单,举出几个反例就行。

具体例题如下:

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important aspect of a job is the money a person earns.

分析:挣多少钱是决定一个工作好与不好的最重要因素吗?这也太绝对了吧!即使在美国不讲社会主义精神文明,但这么明显的money-worshipping orientation(拜金主义倾向)也是会被多数人鄙视(despise)的。

Para. 1 Introduction 引出话题

Para. 2 让步段,承认compensation(salary 在美国的常用替代说法)确实很重要,比如回报员工(reward the employees financially),满足员工的物质需求(meet their material demand), 或者,员工的工资也来之不易(It’s hard-earned money.)等。Para. 3 举反例,提出还有很多其它方面也同样重要(equally important),如:员工是否有归属感(the sense of belonging),职业的上升空间(room for professional growth and career advancement),工作时的成就感(the sense of fulfillment),人际关系(interpersonal relationship),团队精神(team spirit)等。如果只有高薪却每天深陷于office gossip 所困扰,那么肯定不会是每个人都会认为这样的工作值得拥有。

Para. 4 Conclusion“银子”只是一个方面,还有其他很多因素会影响工作满意度(job satisfaction).

Practice makes perfect!

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should read only those books that are about real events, real people and established facts.

(genre)

裸奔法 TM STREEC $

听起来火爆吧?用起来更火爆!该方法是新托福写作考试时最实用的方法之一,而且特别适合把抽象的难题快速具体化。Streec 和英文的裸奔streek发音相同,所以才叫这种方法为“裸奔法”。

请看以下符号:

TM STREEC $

Team & Trust

Mind & Skill

Socialization (社交) & Competition

Tenacity(毅力) & Pressure

Rights & Responsibilities

Environment & Health

Employment(就业) & Efficiency(效率)

Culture & Tradition

Money & Enjoyment

每行第一个单词和第二个单词的逻辑对应关系是这样的:

团队(需要)信任

头脑(学习)技能

社交(反面)竞争

毅力(承受)压力

权利(对应)责任

环境(改变)健康

就业(要求)效率

文化(对应)传统

金钱(买到)享受

具体例题如下:

Nowadays, food has become easier to prepare. Has this change improved the way people live?

分析:

Skill: 会做饭的孩子越来越少,这肯定是坏处

Efficiency:快餐在效率方面当然是好处

Socialization:家人们不再一起做饭了,错过了在厨房一起合作的好机会(pass up opportunities to strengthen the family bonds in the kitchen)

Health:不管frozen or canned food 还是TV dinner, 都“灰肠”不健康

Culture: “厨艺”渐渐远离年轻人的生活---The culinary art (=the art of cooking) is growing irrelevant to young people’s lives. Enjoyment: 美味饮食带来的享受也越来越少了---Nice cooking not only pleases the taste buds, it pleases the eyes , as well. Sadly, it seems fine cooking belongs more to the past than to the present. Practice makes perfect!

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The main

purpose of universities should be to teach theory than to teach

skills that help graduates find a job.

III.结合新托福独立写作机经练习以上几种解题方法。

IV.P192-194

V.写作高频词汇-工作类

作业:TPO2 综合写作和以下独立写作,必须用该文档中的新托福高频词汇工作类。

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is not realistic that people expect to work in the same company or for the same employer for their whole life.

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口语第三题,这部分的考试是基于阅读和听力的基础。具体介绍如下: 形式:阅读+听力+应答 阅读: 时间: 40秒至45秒 阅读内容:校园生活话题(75至100words) (大学的政策,规定或者办事程序,大学的计划,校园设施或校园内生活质量)听力: 时间:60s至80s 内容:话题同阅读,说话者会针对相关话题持鲜明观点,观点分支持反对两种 作答: 依据阅读和听力材料说明学生的观点和学生所给出的理由,考生不需要说明自己的观点!考察的关系:阅读和听力中综合信息的能力:听力必然和阅读相关;答题必须与听力相关,必须清楚听力和阅读之间的关系 时间:准备时间:30s; 陈述时间:60s TIPS:注意逻辑组织:OGP216:开始可以表明说话者的观点 agree or disagree,然后陈述理由。回答尽可能完整。 备考TIPS: 1、阅读的时候要注意记录主题和支撑的观点 2、听力的部分主要记清楚主要人物的观点,以及他支持或反对的理由 3、结构一定要清楚,要用计时软件,多锻炼几次才能在规定时间内把要点说全说清楚。

备考模版: 注:模版只是参考,请同学们自己总结 1、“The school has implemented a new policy that……due to……And the man/woman holds a positive/negative view towards the announcement. The first reason she/he gives is that…… And the second one is based on the fact that……" 2、From the reading material,we know that (the college)is going to……Obviously,the man/woman in the conversation thinks that this is a great/bad idea,due to the following reasons.。 One reason is that…… Another is…… (万一有时间)So that‘s all the reasons s/he has to form that opinion. (尽量记,听为主) 3、The man/woman’s opinion about STH is that…… (选择方案型:听选择的原因。 1.Firstly,the man/woman states that…… 2.And then he/she states that……) (提出建议型:听建议的利弊。 1.Firstly,the man/woman talks about the positive aspect of t his issue. He/she states that…… 2.On the other hand,the man/man also talks about the negative aspect of this question. He/she points out that……) 4、阅读引用部分的模版 (1)In the readingmaterial, (2)There is a/anannouncement/message/notice/proposal about ****(填入记下的关键词) (3)The university/college is going to****(稍稍展开下) (4)In the listeningmaterial,two students discussabout the***(填入关键词) 听力中人物表达观点的模版: (1)The man/woman is against/supporting the*** (2)He or she feels unhappy/less satisfied about***

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