文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › The Delicate Art of the Forest 讲解

The Delicate Art of the Forest 讲解

The Delicate Art of the Forest 讲解
The Delicate Art of the Forest 讲解

Lesson One

The Delicate Art of the Forest

林中高招

Mark Twain

Text

1 Cooper's gift in the way of invention was not a rich endowment; but such as it was he liked to work it, he was pleased with the effects, and indeed he did some quite sweet things with it. In his little box of

stage-properties he kept six or eight cunning devices, tricks, artifices for his savages and woodsmen to deceive and circumvent each other with, and he was never so happy as when he was working these innocent things and seeing them go.

Cooper

COOPER

Grammar

As it was

= as it was not rich

= though it was not rich

Vocabulary

delicate Marked by sensitivity of discrimination: a critic's delicate perception.

invention the act of producing something new for the first time endowment/en`daumEnt/ n. 1. The act of supplying with income, or a talent. 2.Funds or property donated to an institution, an individual, or a group as a source of income. 3. A natural gift, ability, or quality. stage-property things, objects used on stages except scenery, costumes cunning Marked by or given to artful subtlety and deceptiveness device A plan or scheme, especially a malign one.

artifice skillful tricks

savage Not civilized; barbaric

circumvent outwit; to defeat or outwit by cleverness or stratagem; to surround or encircle with enmity

moccasin A soft leather slipper traditionally worn by Native Americans twig Any small, leafless branch of a woody plant

handy Readily accessible

vessel A craft, especially one larger than a rowboat, designed to navigate on water

steer a. To direct the course of. b. To maneuver (a person) into a place or course of action.

skipper The master of a ship

undertow The seaward pull of receding waves after they break on a shore.

sailorcraft

cannon A large, mounted weapon that fires heavy projectiles. Cannon include guns, howitzers, and mortars.

promptly immediately

daisy Slang One that is deemed excellent or notable.

trail A mark or trace left by something that has moved or been dragged by.

stump To clear stumps from; To bring to a halt; baffle

slush Soft mud; slop; mire.

vacate To cease to occupy or hold; give up

译文

库伯的发明天份并不怎么样,虽然如此,他却不厌其烦地运用它,而且还自鸣得意。他还真的用它干了几件十分惬意的事。在他的舞台道

具盒里,只有七八个高招、秘诀和妙计,能够让他的土人和林子中的人相互蒙来蒙去。他最大的快事就是摆弄这些天真的把戏,看(欣赏)它们起作用。

Key words

Cooper's gift (invention/ endowment) was not rich; but he liked to work it, and did some quite sweet things with it. His stage-properties (for his savages and woodsmen to deceive and circumvent each other with) are only six or eight cunning devices (tricks, artifices), and he was happy to work them and see them go.

Text

A favorite one was to make a moccasined person tread in the tracks of the moccasined enemy, and thus hide his own trail. Cooper wore out barrels and barrels of moccasins in working that trick.

译文

其中一个他喜欢的,就是让一个穿鹿皮鞋的人踩着另一个也穿鹿皮鞋的敌人的脚印,借以掩盖自己的行踪。干这个让库伯不知磨烂了多少双鹿皮鞋(靴筒)。

Text

Another stage-property that he pulled out of his box pretty frequently was his broken twig. He prized his broken twig above all the rest of his effects, and worked it the hardest. It is a restful chapter in any book of his when somebody doesn't step on a dry twig and alarm all the reds and whites for two hundred yards around. Every time a Cooper person is in peril, and absolute silence is worth four dollars a minute, he is sure to step on a dry twig.

译文

另一个他常常从他的盒子里拿出来的道具就是他的断树枝。他比什么都喜欢干树枝,所以不遗余力地使用它。他的书要是有哪一章没有人踩上干树枝,惊动周围二百码内的印地安人和白人,那就谢天谢地了。每回库伯笔下的人碰到危险,而一分安静一分金的时候,他保准要踩上一根干树枝。

Text

There may be a hundred handier-things to step on, but that wouldn't satisfy Cooper. Cooper requires him to turn out and find a dry twig; and if he can't do it, go and borrow one. In fact, the Leatherstocking Series ought to have been called the Broken Twig Series.

译文

尽管附近有上百种东西可以踩,但那称不了库伯的心。库伯要他最后找一个干树枝。要是他找不到,就去借一个。照他这样,《皮袜子故事集》干脆就叫它《断树枝丛书》好了。

The Leather Stocking Tales

The Leatherstocking Tales, a series of five popular novels by James Fenimore Cooper, constitute an epic of the American wilderness. Natty Bumppo, the central character, embodies the spirit of the frontier in The Deersayer (1841), where he is an idealized youth, and in The Prairie (1827), in which, as an old man, he is transfigured and dies. The other novels in the series are The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Pathfinder (1840), and The Pioneers (1823).

Text

I am sorry there is not room to put in a few dozen instances of the delicate art of the forest, as practised by Natty Bumppo and some of the other Cooperian experts. Perhaps we may venture two or three samples.

译文

很遗憾,我没有足够的篇幅,写上几十个例子,看看奈地·班波和其他库伯专家们是怎样运用他的森林中的高招。大概我们可以试着斗胆举它两三个例子。

Text

Cooper was a sailor -- a naval officer; yet he gravely tells us how a vessel, driving toward a lee shore in a gale, is steered for a particular spot by her skipper because he knows of an undertow there which will hold her back against the gale and save her. For just pure woodcraft, or sailorcraft, or whatever it is, isn't that neat?

译文

库伯曾经航过海—当过海军军官。但是他却一本正经(煞有介事)地告诉我们,一条被风刮向海岸就要撞礁的船,被船长驶向一个有离岸暗流的地点而得救。因为暗流顶着风,把船冲了回来。看看这森林术,这行船术,或者叫别的什么术,怎么样?(千载难逢的机会,可就是被库伯找到了,)真巧吧(真是干净利索吧)?

Text

For several years Cooper was daily in the society of artillery, and he ought to have noticed that when a cannon-ball strikes the ground it either buries itself or skips a hundred feet or so; skips again a hundred feet or so -- and so on, till finally it gets tired and rolls.

译文

有好几年,库伯每天都呆在炮兵部队。他当然注意到了一个炮弹落到地上要么钻到地里,要么就会弹起来,跳出百把尺,再弹再跳,直到跳不动了,就往前滚。

Text

Now in one place he loses some "females" -- as he always calls women -- in the edge of a wood near a plain at night in a fog, on purpose to give Bumppo a chance to show off the delicate art of the forest before the Reader. These mislaid people are hunting for a fort. They hear a

cannon-blast, and a cannon-ball presently comes rolling into the wood and stops at their feet. To the females this suggests nothing. The case is very different with the admirable Bumppo. I wish I may never know peace again if he doesn't strike out promptly and follow the track of that cannon-ball across the plain through the dense fog and find the fort. Isn't it a daisy?

译文

现在有个地方,他的几个女性(他总是这样称呼女的)在一个雾夜在平原附近的树林边上迷了路。他的目的就是给班波一个机会来给读者显示一下他的森林中的本事。这些迷了路的人正在寻找一个城堡。她们听到一声炮响,接着一发炮弹就滚进树林,停在她们脚下。对女性,这毫无价值。但对可敬的班波则完全不同了。我敢发誓,要是班波不

立刻行动,跟着弹痕,穿过浓雾,跨过平原,找到要塞,就让我一生不得安宁。怎么样?够巧的了吧?

Text

If Cooper had any real knowledge of Nature's ways of doing things, he had a most delicate art in concealing the fact. For instance: one of his acute Indian experts, Chinachgook (pronounced Chicago, I think), has lost the trail of a person he is hopelessly lost. Neither you nor I could never have guessed out the way to find it. It was very different with Chicago. Chicago was not stumped for long. He turned a running stream out of its course, and there, in the slush in its old bed, were that person's moccasin-tracks. The current did not wash them away, as it would have done in all other like cases -- no, even the eternal laws of Nature have to vacate when Cooper wants to put up a delicate job of woodcraft on the reader.

译文

如果库伯不是对自然规律一无所知,他就是故意隐瞒事实。比方说,他的精明的印地安专家之一,名叫芝稼哥(我想,该读作芝加哥)的,跟踪一个人,在穿过树林的时候,脚印就找不到了。很明显,脚印是再也没法找到了。无论你还是我,都猜不出,怎么会找到它。对芝加哥可完全不同。他没迟疑多久。他改变了一条小溪的流向,在原来泥

泞的河床上,那人的鹿皮鞋印竞然历历在目。在其他情况下,脚印一定被水冲得荡然无存,但在(库伯笔下)这里流水竟然冲不掉脚印!对,当然不会冲掉啰!因为只要库伯要给读者显示一下他森林中的本事,永恒的自然规律也会失效。

翻译三要素

信Trustfulness

达Conveyance of the original purpose, ideas, viewpoints, and tone.

雅Retention of the original stylistic features in the target language.

要做到上述三点,而不必苛求词性、词序,甚至是句子次序的一致。译出语气:他的书要是有哪一章没有人踩上干树枝,惊动周围二百码内的印地安人和白人,那就谢天谢地了。

为了达,可以增加原文设有,但字里行间有的意思:因为暗流顶着风,把船冲了回来。看看这森林术,这行船术,或者叫别的什么术,怎么样?(千载难逢的机会,可就是偏偏被库伯找到了,)真巧吧(真是干净利索吧)?

不考虑原来的词性:我敢发誓,要是班波不立刻行动,跟着弹痕,穿过浓雾,跨过平原,找到要塞,就让我一生不得安宁。

尽量保持原文风格:他的精明的印地安专家之一,名叫芝稼哥(我想,该读作芝加哥)的

Requirements of good composition

Unity 主题突出

Coherence 文思连贯

Variety 句型多样

Purpose of Mark Twain

To inform that novel writing must avoid

1. Unnecessary and monotonous repetition of words and events

2. Arbitrary plotting

First paragraph

Title: Coope r’s stage-properties

the moccasin trick

broken twig

Its second sentence is the topic sentence

Second paragraph

1. Sailorcraft

2. Fort finding

3. Trail finding

Its topic sentence: even the eternal laws of Nature have to vacate when Cooper wants to put up a delicate job of woodcraft on the reader.

举例说明是最好的写作方法

八级考试是要得分,我们只要掌握一个万无一失的能得分的写作方法就够了。

破题A good surprising topic sentence

语不惊人死不休Always be the best ——即出人意料,又言之有理The beauty of an article is to seek certainty in surprise

出人意料Surprise ——不说大家都说的话

言之有理Certainty ——你的例子能说明你的观点

Coherence

English sentences are made of two parts: known and unknown

The known part is often at the beginning, and it is made of

1. repetition

2. pronoun

3. synonym

If you don't have the known part, you have to use

1. connectives

2. similar structure

For example

moccasins → moccasined person, moccasined enemy

that trick → one

Natty Bumppo → the Leatherstocking Series, the Broken Twig Series samples → instances

these mislaid people → he loses some females

Isn’t that neat → Isn’t it a daisy?

Variety

A short incisive sentence among long sentences is both emphatic and pleasing as a variation in the rhythm of a paragraph.

A rarely used periodic sentence sentence can give the sense of suspension

Short sentences

Perhaps we may venture two or three samples (LL 25-26)

Isn’t it a daisy? (L. 45)

Apparently that trail is hopelessly lost. (LL. 51-52)

Chicago was not stumped for long. (L. 52)

Periodic sentence

Another state-property that he pulled out of his box pretty frequently was his broken twig.

Suspense: his broken twig

Loose sentence: His broken twig was another state-property that he pulled

out of his box pretty frequently.

If Cooper had any real knowledge of nature’s way of doing things, he had a most delicate art in concealing the fact.

Suspense: main clause

Loose sentence: Main clause + subordinate clause

Look up

invention: the act of producing something new for the first time endowment: inherent talent, ability, quality

stage-properties: things, objects that actors and actresses use on the stage except painted scenery and costumes

artifices: skillful tricks, schemes

circumvent: to defeat or outwit by cleverness or stratagem; to surround or encircle with enmity

undertow: under-water current towards sea

Conversational phrases

pulled out pretty frequently (LL 11-12)

doesn’t step on (L14)

If he can't do it, go and borrow one (L20)

I’m sorry (L23)

it gets tired (L35)

if he doesn’t strike out (L43)

I think (LL48-49)

Repetition

Twig: six times

moccasins, trick, delicate,etc. are also often repeated.

Positive words used in negative sense/ in unfavorable connotations; delicate, sweet, artifices, innocent, hardest, stage-properties, experts, woodcraft, sailorcraft, neat, daisy, admirable, etc.

Most of twain’s humor depends upon his di ction

Tone and point of view

Tone: ironic, bitter, humorous, sarcastic and condescending

Point of view: that of professional writer, a literary critic, an authority on novel-writing

Style is the man: very humorous, outspoken, witty, bitter, sarcastic and highly opinionated

阅读理解必须包括下述九个方面才算真理解了:

I. Writer

II. Reader

III. Ideas (the best topic/title)

IV. Organization (topic sentence, supporting details, controlling ideas) V. Style (ad, public speaking, lecture, news report, legal document, etc.) VI. Tones (angry, complaint, ironic, sober, playful, humorous, etc.) VII. Attitude of the writer

VIII. Points of view (expert, housewife, children, etc.)

IX. Purpose (to inform, instruct, entertain, persuade, argue, etc.)

Underline the keywords

要想读得快,必须划关键词。

Keywords are the words that carry new information.

How to Underline the Keywords

Two methods:

1. Only read the subject, verb and object of the main clause. If they make sense, go on to the next sentence, dropping all the rest in the main clause and all the subordinate parts.

2. Just pick up the words important to you, or important to the subject or purpose, and then reorganize in your own way, caring nothing about grammar.

The following article is very difficult, if you don't use the method of underlining the keywords. Now let's read it.

The speaker made the point that although there were many good reasons in favour of equality for women in all spheres , and particularly perhaps in the sphere of political activity where they needed a voice and above all needed to be able to influence others on their behalf, there were reasons against this as matters stood at the present time. He was asked whether any matters, regardless of how far they seemed to be in the interests of government and leaving aside the question of the popularity or otherwise of the move, could be more important than the liberty of a large section of the population of what was a so-called "free" country. He replied that he had repeated before that the moral issue was a clear one; however, emotional appeals and the use of words like "freedom" and "justice" avoided the most practical aspect of the affair. No government in its senses, however enlightened its leader, however large its majority, however secure in the favour of the people was going to be able to introduce a motion such as "Votes for Women" without considerable controversy flaring up. How much less were they going to be able to introduce it with a government on the brink of falling, the nation on the edge of war and the country radically opposed to any move which would seem to the electorate to threaten the long established traditions of the British way of life.

Let's underline the keywords.

The speaker made the point that although there were many good reasons in favour of equality for women in all spheres , and particularly perhaps in the sphere of political activity where they needed a voice, and above all needed to be able to influence others on their behalf, there were reasons against this as matters stood at the present time. He was asked whether any matters, regardless of how far they seemed to be in the interests of government and leaving aside the question of the popularity or otherwise of the move, could be more important than the liberty of a large section of the population of what was a so-called "free" country. He replied that he had repeated before that the moral issue was a clear one; however, emotional appeals and the use of words like "freedom" and "justice" avoided the most practical aspect of the affair. No government in its senses, however enlightened its leader, however large its majority, however secure in the favour of the people was going to

be able to introduce a motion such as "Votes for Women" without considerable controversy flaring up. How much less were they going to be able to introduce it with a government on the brink of falling, the nation on the edge of war and the country radically opposed to any move which would seem to the electorate to threaten the long established traditions of the British way of life.

It becomes much easier if we only read the keywords.

Although there were many good reasons in favour of equality for women in political activity where they needed a voice, and needed to be able to influence others, there were reasons against this. He was asked whether any matters could be more important than the women's liberty. He replied that the moral issue was a clear one; "freedom" and "justice" avoided the most practical aspect (内心的那杆称就是一个;说说还可以,防碍到既得利益是不会干的). No government was able to introduce "Votes for Women" without considerable controversy flaring up. Less were they able to introduce it with a government on the brink of falling, the nation on the edge of war, and the long established traditions threatened.

本课必须掌握:

一、作文三要素:Unity, coherence (五种方法), and variety (短句,圆周句)。

二、阅读要能理解九个问题:作者,读者,内容,结构,写作角度,文章口吻,作者态度,写作特点,宗旨等。

三、读关键词的方法:只读主句的主语,动词,宾语。意思清楚了就往下读。如果意思不清楚,比如he said that + 宾语从句,或者it is he that 之类强调句,则适当调整。

四、翻译要达意,要读懂吃透后再译,不要一字一句死译。

大学英语b级词汇真题讲解6套

16. The question is ________ me and I have no idea of it. A) beyond B ) over C) beside D) above 17. The output of our company this month is _______ that of last month. A) twice as much as B) twice as much C) twice many as D) twice as many as 18. Hardly had I got home ________ the telephone rang. A) then B) when C) as D) than 19. By the time you get back, I ________ all the work. A) would finish B) will have finished C) has finished D) had finished 20. It’ s required that the students ________ the term paper tomorrow. A) finished B) finish C) will finish D) may finish 21._______ the final examination is over, we can go outside for picnic. A) Even though B) Now that C) For D) With 22. Tom was the only one of the students who ________ named Outstanding Student. A) is B) are C) was D) were

光的色散知识点(试题复习)

光的色散1.色散:白光分解成多种色光的现象。 2.光的色散现象:一束太阳光通过三棱镜,被分解成七种色光的现象叫光的色散,这七种色光从上至下依次排列为红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫(如图甲所示)。同理,被分解后的色光也可以混合在一起成为白光(如图乙所示)。 光的三原色及色光的混合 1.色光的三原色:红、绿、蓝三种色光是光的三原色。 2.色光的混合:红、绿、蓝三种色光中,任何一种色光都不能由另外两种色光合成。但红、绿、蓝三种色光却能够合成出自然界绝大多数色光来,只要适当调配它们之间的比例即可。色光的合成在科学技术中普遍应用,彩色电视机就是一例。它的荧光屏上出现的彩色画面,是由红、绿、蓝三原色色点组成的。显像管内电子枪射出的三个电子束,它们分别射到屏上显不出红、绿、蓝色的荧光点上,通过分别控制三个电子束的强度,可以改变三色荧光点的亮度。由于这些色点很小又靠得很近,人眼无法分辨开来,看到的是三个色点的复合.即合成的颜色。 如图所示,适当的红光和绿光能合成黄光;适当的绿光和蓝光能合成青光;适当的蓝光和红光能合成品红色的光;而适当的红、绿、蓝三色光能合成白光。因此红、绿、蓝三种色光被称为色光的“三原色。”

物体的颜色:在光照到物体上时,一部分光被物体反射,一部分光被物体吸收,不同物体,对不同颜色的光反射、吸收和透过的情况不同,因此呈现不同的色彩。 光的色散现象得出的两个结论: 第一,白光不是单色的,而是由各种单色光组成的复色光;第二,不同的单色光通过棱镜时偏折的程度是不同的,红光的偏折程度最小,紫光的偏折程度最大。 色光的混合:不能简单地认为色光的混合是光的色散的逆过程。例如:红光和绿光能混合成黄光,但黄光仍为单色光,它通过三棱镜时并不能分散成红光和绿光。 物体的颜色: 由它所反射或透射的光的颜色所决定。 1.透明物体的颜色由通过它的色光决定在光的色散实验中,如果在白屏前放置一块红色玻璃,则白屏上的其他颜色的光消失,只能留下红色,说明其他色光都被红玻璃吸收了,只能让红光通过,如图所示。如果放置一块蓝玻璃,则白屏上呈现蓝色。 2.不透明物体的颜色由它反射的色光决定在光的色散实验中,如果把一张红纸贴在白屏上,则在红纸上看不到彩色光带,只有被红光照射的地方是亮的,其他地方是暗的;如果把绿纸

Unit1ArtTeachingplan整体教案

Unit 1 Art Teaching plan I. 单元教学目标: 1. Talk about art and galleries 2. Talk about likes and preferences 3. Learn words in families 4. Use the subjunctive mood 5.Write a short passage about art II. 目标语言 1.功能句式Talk about likes and preference: I’d prefer…/ I’d rather…/ I’d like…/ which would you prefer…./ I really prefer…/ would you rather…/ would you like…or… 2. 词汇abstract, sculpture, gallery, consequently, belief, consequent, convince, shadow, ridiculous, controversial, nowadays, attempt, predict, aggressive , scholar… 3. 语法: the subjunctive mood If I were you…./ I wish I could… 4. 重点句子1.)There are so many different styles of western art it would be impossible to describe all of them in a short text. 2.)People became focused more on human and less on religion. 3.)If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, people would not have been able to paint such realistic pictures. 4.)At the time they were created, the impressionists’painting were controversial but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we now call “modern art”. 5.)It is amazing that so many great works of art from late-19th century to 21st century could be contained in the same museum. III. 教材分析本单元以ART 为主题,主要介绍了西方绘画历史,描写了曼哈顿最好的艺术长廊。帮助学生了解更多的有关美术的背景知识,分析中西艺术史上各大流派的特点,指出其代表性的画家和作品,并对中西方的绘画艺术进行比较。 1.Warming up 部分要求学生运用相关目标语言对自己喜欢的艺术形式和流派展开讨论,并说明喜欢的原因。 2.Pre-reading 让学生有关画展或书中的艺术作品以及西方不同时期的著名画家。3.Reading 介绍了西方绘画历史,不同的艺术流派,艺术特点及其代表性画家和作品。4.Using language 是由reading, listening, discussing and writing 四部分组成,要求学生在了解艺术长廊相关知识的基础上,为当地举办的一场画展提出合理化的建议。 IV.课型设计与课时安排 1st period learn the new words and expressions 2nd period reading 3rd period language points 4th period using language 5th period listening and talking 6th period grammar 7th period speaking and writing 8th period revision and consolidation 分课时教案

“全球演讲之父”史蒂文.E.卢卡斯教授揭秘奥巴马的演讲艺术

“全球演讲之父”史蒂文.E.卢卡斯教授揭秘奥巴马的演讲艺术 16日晚,美国最权威公共演讲教材《演讲的艺术》的作者,来自威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校交际艺术学院,有着“全球演讲之父”称号的史蒂文.E.卢卡斯教授,在华中科技大学科技楼S104教室,通过揭秘奥巴马的演讲艺术,与学子们共同探讨公共演讲的伟大力量。 奥巴马靠演讲赢得选民喜爱 讲座开始,卢卡斯教授向同学们介绍了公共演讲的三种力量:演说性、艺术性、政治性。“比起希拉里和麦凯恩,奥巴马显然缺乏经验和背景。没有政府行政管理经验、没有军事经验、没有公众影响力,只是在美国国会里做了很短一段时间的议员。”卢卡斯教授说,在美国的民选中,大家完全是凭借个人的喜好投票,和候选人的政治经验关系不太大。其中演讲起到了很大作用。 卢卡斯说,在奥巴马的演讲中,内容是最重要的,它是在向观众们传递演讲者表达的核心信息。他的演讲中展现的艺术性,并不是像音乐、美术那样的设计艺术,而是一种应用艺术。 在2004年7月27日美国民主党全国代表大会演讲中,奥巴马用了3分钟的时间解释他是谁,并对自己的一半黑人血统直言不讳,将自己今天的成就比喻为美国梦的化身,成功地将黑人血统转化为亲民优势,迅速吸引大家的注意力并一夜成名。2007年,竞选总统时,演讲开始前,他并未获得很高的支持率。然而在演讲中,他不断重复自己的竞选口号,给民众带来希望,提升了支持率,由此反击了希拉里。 “一个人的一生中,很难有两三个伟大成功的演讲,奥巴马却在竞选过程中做出了好几次成功的演讲,这与他在公众演讲方面的不断磨练有着很大关系。”卢卡斯说,奥巴马在竞选之路上,每一次的演讲都对他当选总统至关重要。他希望大家能从当中获得启发。 如何提高英语演讲水平 卢卡斯长期在中国各大英语演讲比赛中担任评委,他表示,根据他的观察,在英文演讲中,语调起到了很大的作用。“我们在英语演讲中使用声调来强调所表达事物,而人们在中文演讲中则更喜欢用声调来阐述讲话内容的意思。” 有学生提出,对中国学生来说,除了在英语竞赛,似乎很少能用到演讲。卢卡斯则表示,英语演讲并不是一种职业。但参加英语演讲比赛并获得荣誉,会增加自身的活动经历,这样就可以在就业时获得更多的青睐。而且通过英语演讲的学习和练习,同学们的思考能力、阅读能力、商谈能力都能得到锻炼,这能使他们在今后走向社会时占有更多优势。“一般来说,苹果、IMB等大公司,都倾向于雇用那些交际能力和演讲能力很强的人,以促进公司内部的交流与协作。”

初二物理光的色散知识点

初二物理光的色散知识点 物理的学习需要的不仅是大量的做题,更重要的是物理知识点的累积。下面就和丁博士一起来看看初二物理光的色散知识点,希望对广大考生有帮助! 1、光从一种介质斜射入另一种介质时,传播方向发生偏折。 2、光在同种介质中传播,当介质不均匀时,光的传播方向亦会发生变化。 3、折射角:折射光线和法线间的夹角。 光的折射定律 1、在光的折射中,三线共面,法线居中。 2、光从空气斜射入水或其他介质时,折射光线向法线方向偏折;光从水或其它介质斜射入空气中时,折射光线远离法线(要求会画折射光线、入射光线的光路图) 3、斜射时,总是空气中的角大;垂直入射时,折射角和入射角都等于0°,光的传播方向不改变 4、折射角随入射角的增大而增大 5、当光射到两介质的分界面时,反射、折射同时发生 6、光的折射中光路可逆。 光的折射现象及其应用 1、生活中与光的折射有关的例子:水中的鱼的位置看起来比实际位置高一些(鱼实际在看到位置的后下方);由于光的折射,池水看起来比实际的浅一些; 水中的人看岸上的景物的位置比实际位置高些;夏天看到天上的星斗的位置比星斗实际位置高些;透过厚玻璃看钢笔,笔杆好像错位了;斜放在水中的筷子好像向上弯折了;(要求会作光路图) 2、人们利用光的折射看见水中物体的像是虚像(折射光线反向延长线的交点) 1、太阳光通过三棱镜后,依次被分解成红、橙、黄绿、蓝、靛、紫七种颜色,这种现象叫色散; 2、白光是由各种色光混合而成的复色光; 3、天边的彩虹是光的色散现象; 4、色光的三原色是:红、绿、蓝;其它色光可由这三种色光混合而成,白光是红、绿、蓝三种色光混合而成的;世界上没有黑光;颜料的三原色是品红、青、黄,三原色混合是黑色;

2021届高考英语复习基础知识(人教版)26 Book 6 Unit 1 Art单元知识点

Book 6 Unit 1 Art单元知识点精练 Part I 根据下列各句句意及所给单词的首字母或汉语提示,写出该单词的正确形式。 1. There are hundreds of visitors waiting in front of the art g_______ to have a look at Van Gogh’s paintings. 2. The old man collects modern ______(雕塑). 3. We may talk of beautiful things but beauty itself is _______(抽象的). Part II I. 根据下列各句句意及所给单词的首字母或汉语提示,写出该单词的正确形式。 1. She went to London with the a_______ of finding a job. 2. I have great _______ (信任) in you —I know you’ll do well. 3. The man’s _______ (技术) has improved a lot over the past season. 4. We’ll try our best to help the children get out of the _______ (阴影) caused by the earthquake. II. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. All the teams have _______ (adopt) different approaches to the problem. 2. She _______ (attempt) to go on with her work in the house. But she could not. 3. The surgeon _______ (predict) that the patient would be walking again in a week. 4. After her father died, she came into _______ (possess) of one million dollars. III. 根据括号内的汉语提示完成下列句子。 1. ________ (巧合地), I met the person we’d been discussing the next day. 2. We learned _______ (大量) from them.

多彩的光知识点总结

《多彩的光》知识点总结 总结人:汪老师 总结日期:2015年1月26日 1、光源: 光源:自身能发光的物体叫做光源。 分类:自然光源、人造光源 2、光的直线传播 (1)条件:光在同种均匀介质中是沿直线传播的。 (2)光线:在物理学中,用一条待箭头的直线表示光的传播路径和方向,(光线是人们为了研究方便假想的一种物理模型,不是实际存在的) (3)光沿直线传播形成的现象:影子的形成、日食、月食、小孔成像 小孔成像的特点:倒立的实像。 注:小孔所成的像的形状跟物体的形状一样,与小孔的形状五无关,可以有缩小的、放大的和等大的像。 (4)光速:光在真空中传播速度最快,在其他介质中的传播速度都比在真空的速度小。 光在真空或空气中的传播速度是3×108m/s, 3、光的反射: (1)定义:光从一种介质射到另一种介质表面时,有一部份光被反射回原来的介质。 所有物体的表面都可以反射光,我们能够看到本 身不发光的物体,就是因为物体表面反射的光进入了 我们的眼睛。 (2)光的反射光路图: 入射光线:AO 反射光线:OB 法线:NO 入射角:∠i 反射角:∠r (3)光的反射定律:共面,异侧,等角 光在反射时,反射光线、入射光线与法线在统一平面内;反射光线和入射光线分别位于法线的两侧;反射角等于入射角,在光的反射中光路可逆。 注:一条反射光线对应一条入射光线 (4)反射分类:

镜面反射:平整光滑的物体表面能把平行的光线也沿平行的方向反射出去。 漫反射:一般物体的表面都很粗糙,存在许多微笑的凹凸不平,平行光线经反射后,反射光线不再平行,而是射向各个方向。 注:无论是镜面反射还是漫反射,每一条反射光线都遵守光的反射定律。 (5)平面镜成像: 成像原理:光的反射 成像特点:等大、对称的虚像 应用:1、改变光的传播方向(潜望镜); 2、利用平面镜 成像。 4、光的折射 (1)折射现象:光从一种介质斜射如另一种介质时,传播方向发生改 变的现象。 (2)光的折射规律: 光折射时,折射光线、入射光线、法线在同一平面内,折射光线和入射光线分别位于法线的两侧。折射角随着入射角的改变而改变:空气中的角总是大角。 当光从一种介质垂直射入另一种介质时,传播方向不改变。光在折射时,光路是可逆的。(3)光的折射产生的现象:插入水中的筷子看起来便弯折了、海市蜃楼、在岸上看水中的鱼在水中的位置变浅了、游泳者从水中看岸上的树变高了。 5、光的色散:太阳光经过三棱镜折射后被分成红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫七种颜色的光的现象。 (1)光的色散说明:白光不是单色光,而是由各种色光混合而成的。 光的“三基色”:红、绿、蓝。 颜料的三原色:红、黄、蓝。 (2)物体的颜色: 透明物体的颜色:透明物体的颜色由它透过的色光决定的。无色的通明体能透过所有色光。 不透明物体的颜色:不透明物体的颜色是由它反射的色光决定的。白色物体反色各种色光,黑色物体吸收所有色光。 6、透镜

高中英语《Unit1Art》单词短语试题新人教版选修6

《Unit 1 Art》 一、单词拼写(须用本单元的单词和词汇) 1. The word “honesty” is an a____________ noun. 2. Which do you like better, his paintings or s______________? 3. There are many art g_____________ in New York. 4. They are put on an e______________ of French paintings next week. 5. An a________________ country is always ready to start a war 6. His a_______ is to be a successful writer. 7. You’ll soon be c____________ that she is right , though you think not now. 8. The prisoners a___________ to escape, but failed. 9. The keys are in the p________________ of the boss. 10. She was the f__________ of everyone’s attention at the party. 11. In the picture the tree is the s______________ of live while the snake stands for evil. 12. He has lost his b____________ in the God. 13. The expert p________ that there will be an earthquake in that area in the near future. 14. He made a r__________ drawing of a horse. (他画了一匹栩栩如生的马) 15. I’m afraid I have never been much of a ________________(学者). 16. You look r_______________ (可笑的)in those tight jeans. 17. The professor made a ______________ speech. ( 可能引起争议的) 18. Was Johnson _________ (同时代的)with Shakespeare ? 19. Would you please let me know your p_______________ address( 固定地址 ) ? 二、短语翻译 1.抽象地,理论上从……中提取…… 2.也,同,和;同……一样 3. 瞄准意欲,企图做某事 带有……的目的

英语演讲稿要求及范文

英语演讲稿要求及范文 一、结构清楚,逻辑明晰 由于公共演讲一般受众为数十人甚至数百、数千人,再加上演讲环境的不确定性(比如:观众的欢呼,或者抱怨),最好在进入主题后马上给出所讲内容的逻辑框架,以便听众更好的预判整个演讲内容,有利于他们更好地跟随演讲者的思路,达到良好的演讲效果。比如,乔布斯在该次演讲中,开篇稍微寒暄开篇之后,就进入正题,“Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.”学生们马上能做出逻辑预判,我们今天会听到乔布斯谈三点,然后具体关注是哪三点,这种演讲就具备了“audience-centeredness”(以观众为中心)的特质。乔布斯在随后的演讲中明确提到,“The first story is about connecting the dots. My second story is about love and loss. My third story is about death.”由于这种明晰的思路,听众在听完之后也会记忆犹新,不会觉得头脑混乱,毫无所得。 当然,演讲稿的逻辑安排有多种方式,乔布斯的这篇演讲是按照topical order(话题顺序)和chronological order(时间顺序)来安排的。除此之外, 还有spatial order(空间顺序), problem-solutution order(提问

解决顺序)等等。大家可以根据不同的演讲内容来安排自己演讲稿的逻辑顺序和结构。 二、开篇出彩,结尾有道 演讲稿的开篇和结尾往往需要花费大量的功夫去设计,这往往是精彩演讲的亮点所在。因此,在写作时,需要结合受众、场合和演讲内容等,争取一开始就紧紧抓住听众的注意力和兴趣所在,结尾时,尽量做到意味深长、启发思考。下面,我将给大家具体分析基本的开篇和结尾模式,供大家以后写作参考。 开篇的目的是要吸引听众,乔布斯在该篇演讲稿中使用的是“relate the topic to the audience"(关联话题与听众)的方式,这是一种比较有效的方法,人们一般对自己的事情都很关注,和自己相关的事情也会格外留意,乔布斯在开篇说到,“I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, I never graduated from college. This is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation.”高度赞美斯坦福大学是最好的大学之一,就是在与听众发生关联,让大家产生好感,当然老乔还用了适当的幽默,更好地融洽了与听众的关系,“简洁、有效”本就是乔布斯的演讲风格。除此之外,还有其

(完整版)初二光学知识点整理

光学知识点知识点整理 一、光的直线传播 1、光现象:包括光的直线传播、光的反射和光的折射。 2、光源:能够发光的物体叫做光源。 ●光源按形成原因分,可以分为自然光源和人造光源。 例如,自然光源有太阳、萤火虫等,人造光源有如蜡烛、霓虹灯、白炽灯等。 ●月亮不是光源,月亮本身不发光,只是反射太阳的光。 3、光的直线传播:光在真空中或同一种均匀介质中是沿直线传播的,光的传播 不需要介质。 大气层是不均匀的,当光从大气层外射到地面时,光线发了了弯折(海市蜃楼、早晨看到太阳时,太阳还在地平线以下、星星的闪烁等) 光沿直线传播的现象:小孔成像、井底之蛙、影子、日食、月食、一叶障目。 ●光沿直线传播的应用: ①激光准直. 排直队要向前看齐. 打靶瞄准 ②影的形成:光在传播过程中,遇到不透明的物体,由于光是沿直线传播的,所 以在不透光的物体后面,光照射不到,形成了黑暗的部分就是影。 ③日食月食的形成 日食的成因:当月球运行到太阳和地球中间时,并且三球在一条直线上,太阳光沿直线传播过程中,被不透明的月球挡住,月球的黑影落在地球上,就形成了日食. 月食的成因:当地球运行到太阳和月球中间时,太阳光被不透明的地球挡住,地球的影落在月球上,就形成了月食. 如图:在月球后 1的位置可看到日全食, 在2的位置看到日偏食, 在3的位置看到日环食。 1 3 2

④小孔成像:小孔成像实验早在《墨经》中就有记载小孔成像成倒立的实像, 其像的形状与孔的形状无关。像可能放大,也可能宿小。 用一个带有小孔的板遮挡在屏幕与物之间,屏幕上就会形成物的倒像,我们把这样的现象叫小孔成像。前后移动中间的板,像的大小也会随之发生变化。 这种现象反映了光沿直线传播的性质。 小孔成像原理:光在同一均匀介质中,不受引力作用干扰的情况下沿直线传播根据光的直线传播规律证明像长和物长之比等于像和物分别距小孔屏的距离之比。 4、光线:用一条带有箭头的直线表示光的径迹和方向的直线。(光线是假想的, 实际并不存在) 光线是由一小束光抽象而建立的理想物理模型,建立理想物理模型是研究物理的常用方法之一。 5、光速:光在不同物质中传播的速度一般不同,真空中最快. (1)光在真空中速度C=3×108m/s=3×105km/s;光在空气中速度约为3×108m/s。 光在水中速度为真空中光速的3/4,在玻璃中速度为真空中速度的2/3 。 雷声和闪电在同时同地发生,但我们总是先看到闪电后听到雷声,这说明什么问题? 这表明光的传播速度比声音快. (2)光年是长度的单位,1光年表示光在1年时间所走的路程,1光年=3×108 米/秒×365×24×3600秒=9.46×1015米 注意:光年不是时间的单位。 二、光的反射 1.反射:光在两种物质的交界面处会发生反射。 我们能够看见不发光的物体,是因为物体反射的光进入了我们的眼睛。 定义:光从一种介质射向另一种介质表面时,一部分光被反射回原来介质的现象叫光的反射。任何物体的表面都会发生反射。 2.探究实验:探究光的反射规律 【设计实验】把一个平面镜放在水平桌面上,再把一张纸板ENF竖直地立在平面镜上,纸板上的直线ON垂直于镜面,如图2-2所示。 一束光贴着纸板沿着某一个角度射到O点,经平面镜的反射,沿另一个方向

选修6各单元词汇专项练习Unit 1 Art

选修6各单元词汇专项练习Unit 1 Art 一. 单词拼写(须用本单元的单词和词汇) 1. The word “honesty” is an a____________ noun. 2. Which do you like better, his paintings or s______________? 3. There are many art g_____________ in New York. 4. They are put on an e______________ of French paintings next week. 5. An a________________ country is always ready to start a war 6. His a_______ is to be a successful writer. 7. You’ll soon be c____________ that she is right , though you think not now. 8. The prisoners a___________ to escape, but failed. 9. The keys are in the p________________ of the boss. 10. She was the f__________ of everyone’s attention at the party. 11. In the picture the tree is the s__________ of life while the snake stands for evil. 12. He has lost his b____________ in the God. 13. The expert p____that there will be an earthquake in that area in the near future. 14. He made a r__________ drawing of a horse. (他画了一匹栩栩如生的马) 15. I’m afraid I have never been much of a ________________(学者). 16. You look r_______________ (可笑的)in those tight jeans. 17. The professor made a ______________ speech. ( 可能引起争议的) 18. Was Johnson _________ (同时代的)with Shakespeare ? 19. Would you please let me know your p_______________ address( 固定地址) ? 二.根据句意选择合适的词或词组的恰当形式填空。 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- focus on feel like look through in the flesh break away from scores of lead to a great deal in possession of consequently convince of full of on the other hand bunch ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.When she wore the dress, Jane ___________ a princess. 2.They are _____________ urgent problems at present. 3.The thief managed to _____________________the policeman. 4.Your explanation has _______ me _____ a clear understanding. 5.I was _________________ a magazine in the bedroom when she called me. 6.You can’t be __________________????__ the house until all the papers have been signed. 7.I got up late and ___________ I was late for my plane for Beijing. 8.I have __________ CDs at home. Would you like to come and enjoy some. 9.The film star looks thinner ________________ than in the photograph. 10.We should value it , because it has cost us ____________. 11. He hurried home, ________ fear. 12.We couldn’t _____________ him _____ his mistake. 13.On one hand I valued his friendship, but ________________________ I disliked his self-pride and selfishness. 三. 句子翻译。 1.“福斯特先生从未去过中国, 所以对中国了解得很少。” Mr. Foster has never been to China.______________, he knows very little about it. 2.他劝我应该学法律。 He ________________me that I should study law.

译林版英语四年级下册 Unit1 知识点梳理

Unit1 Our school subjects 单词 school 学校 subject 课程 Welcome back to …欢迎回到…… see 看见,看到 timetable 课程表,时间表 Chinese 语文(课) Maths 数学(课) Art 美术(课) PE 体育(课) Music 音乐(课) Science 科学(课) fun 乐趣,快乐 goto 去……. playground 操场 lesson 课 Monday 星期一 afternoon 下午 重点内容 词汇分类 课程: Chinese语文(课) Maths数学(课) Art美术(课) PE体育(课) Music音乐(课) Science/科学(课) 地点: school 学校 playground 操场 时间: Monday 星期一 afternoon下午 其他: see 看见,看到 fun 乐趣,快乐 subject 课程 lesson 课

timetable 课程表;时间表 句型 表达欢迎回到某地的句型: Welcome back to school. Welcome back home. 询问对方喜欢什么课程的句型及其答语: What subjects do you like? I/We like Chinese. I/We like Maths. 短语 go to 去… welcome back to…欢迎回到… our new timetable 我们的新课程表 惯用表达式 ① nice to see you.见到你很高兴。 ② What about you?你(们)呢? 知识点精析 1.表达欢迎回到某地的句型——Welcome back (to)… 【课文应用】Welcome back to school, class. 欢迎回到学校,同学们。 【句型结构】 Welcome back (to)+地点( school, home,here...) 【重点解析】 welcome在这里是感叹词,表示“欢迎” to后接表示地点的名词,如果“地点”是副词,to要省略。 【生活实例】看看 Lingling是怎样迎接从国外参加比赛回来的同学们的: Langling: Welcome back to China!欢迎回到中国! 2.如何表达见到某人很高兴 【课文应用】 Nice to see you, Miss Li. 见到你很高兴,李老师。 Nice to see you too. 见到你们也很高兴。 “Nice to see you”意为“见到你(们)很高兴”,它的答语可以为“ Nice to see you too. 例如:一 Nice to see you here,Miss Zhao. 在这里见到你很高兴,赵老师。 一Nice to see you too. 见到你也很高兴。 3.如何询问对方喜欢什么课程 【课文应用】 What subjects do you like, Wang Bing? 你喜欢什么课程,王兵? I like Chinese and Maths. 我喜欢语文和数学。 【句型结构】问句: What subjects do you like? 答语: I/ We like+课程名称( Chinese, English, Maths,Music…) 【重点解析】问句用于询问对方喜欢什么课程。what subjects意为“什么课程”。例:-What subjects do you like,Mary?你喜欢什么课程,玛丽? -I like English. 我喜欢英语。

大学英语词汇练习详解 Test 1

Test 1 1.With the _______of Mary,all the girl students are eager to go to the party. A.exhibition B.exception C.except D.reception 除了玛丽,所有的女孩都急切的想去参加舞会。 答案: B A exhibition 展览 B exception 例外with the exception of =except C except 除了...之外,(减去,不包括)介词 D reception 接待是receive的名词形式, 2.Although the traffic is not busy,he likes to drive at a _______ speed. A.spare B.fast C.moderate D.moral 虽然交通并不拥堵,但是他还是喜欢中速行驶。 答案: C A spare adj. 业余的,备用的,v 抽出(时间,精力),赦免 B fast adj 快速的, C moderate 稳健的,温和的;适度的,中等的;有节制的 D moral adj 道德的 3.All the memories of his childhood had _______ from his mind by the time he was 65. A.faded B.illustrated C.confined D.concerned 他到了65岁是时候,对所有的童年往事的记忆都慢慢的消退了。 答案:A A fade 褪色,消退 B illustrate 举例说明,图解 C confine 限制,禁闭分娩 E.g. He did not confine himself to the one language. 他没把自己局限于这一门语言。 D concern 关心,担心,涉及 4.This river is so big that it is impossible to build a _______ under it without modern technology.

(完整版)光现象知识点总结(全)

第二章光的传播 一、光的传播 1、光源:能发光的物体叫做光源。 光源可分为天然光源(水母、太阳),人造光源(灯泡、火把); 月亮、钻石、镜子、影幕不是光源。 2、光在同种均匀介质中沿直线传播; 光的直线传播的应用: (1)小孔成像:像的形状与小孔的形状无关,像是倒立的实像(树阴下的光斑是太阳的像)。实像:由实际光线会聚而成的像。 ①小孔成像的条件:孔的大小必须远远小于孔到发光的距离及孔到光屏的距离。 ②像的大小与发光体到孔的距离和像到孔的距离有关,发光体到小孔的距离不变,光屏远离小孔,实像 增大;光凭靠近小孔,实像减小; 光屏到小孔的距离不变,发光体远离小孔,实像减小;发光体靠近小孔,实像增大。 (2)取得直线:激光准直(挖隧道定向);整队集合;射击瞄准; (3)限制视线:坐井观天、一叶障目; (4)影的形成:影子;日食、月食 日食:太阳月球地球;月食:月球太阳地球 常见的现象: ①激光准直。 ②影子的形成:光在传播过程中,遇到不透明的物体,在物体的后面形成黑色区域即影子。 ③日食月食的形成:当地球在中间时可形成月食。 如图:在月球后1的位置可看到日全食,在2的位置看到 日偏食,在3的位置看到日环食。 ④小孔成像:小孔成像实验早在《墨经》中就有记载小孔成像成 3、光线:常用一条带有箭头的直线表示光的径迹和方向;(是理想化物理模型,非真实存在) 4、所有的光路都是可逆的,包括直线传播、反射、折射等。 5、真空中光速是宇宙中最快的速度;c=3×108m/s=3×105 m/s; 6、光年:是光在一年中传播的距离,光年是长度单位;

声音在固体中传播得最快,液体中次之,气体中最慢,真空中不传播; 光在真空中传播的最快,空气中次之,透明液体、固体中最慢(二者刚好相反)。 光速远远大于声速(如先看见闪电再听见雷声;在跑100m时,声音传播时间不能忽略不计,但光传播时间可忽略不计)。 二、光的反射 1、当光射到物体表面时,被反射回来的现象叫做光的反射。 2、我们看见不发光的物体是因为物体反射的光进入了我们的眼睛。 3、反射定律:(1)在反射现象中,反射光线、入射光线、法线都在同一个平面内; (2)反射光线、入射光线分居法线两侧; (3)反射角等于入射角。(说成入射角等于反射角是错误的) (1)法线:过光的入射点所作的与反射面垂直的直线;(虚线) (2)入射角:入射光线与法线的夹角;(实线) (3)反射角:反射光线与法线的夹角。(实线) (4)反射角总是随入射角的变化而变化,入射角增大反射角随之增大。 (5)垂直入射时,入射角、反射角相等都等于0度。 4、光路图(要求会作): (1)、确定入(反)射点:入射光线和反射面或反射光线和反射面或入射光线和反射光线的交点即为入射(反射)点 (2)、根据法线和反射面垂直,作出法线。 (3)、根据反射角等于入射角,画出入射光线或反射光线 5、两种反射:镜面反射和漫反射。 (1)镜面反射:平行光射到光滑的反射面上时,反射光仍然被平行的反射出去; (2)漫反射:平行光射到粗糙的反射面上,光线向各个方向反射出去; (3)镜面反射和漫反射的相同点:都是反射现象,都遵守反射定律; 不同点是:反射面不同(一光滑,一粗糙),一个方向的入射光,镜面反射的反射光只射向一个方向(刺眼);而漫反射射向四面八方;(下雨天向光走走暗处,背光走要走亮处,因为积水发生镜面反射,地面发生漫反射,电影屏幕粗糙、黑板要粗糙是利用漫反射把光射向四处,黑板上“反光”是发生了镜面反射,光污染也是镜面反射) 6、潜望镜的工作原理:光的反射。 三、平面镜成像 1、平面镜成像特点:①正立的虚像, ②像和物的大小相等, ③像和物关于镜面对称(轴对称图形) ④像和物对应点的连线和镜面垂直,到镜面距离相等; ⑤像和物上下相同,左右相反(镜中像的左手是人的右手,物体远离或靠近镜面像的大小

相关文档
相关文档 最新文档