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9.介词

9.介词
9.介词

介词

第一节概述

一、介词的定义

用来表明名词或代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句)与其他句子成分的关系的词叫介词(Preposition)。

介词也叫前置词,是一种虚词,不能单独作句子成分,只能用在一个名词或代词(或相当于名词的其他词语)前面,介词后的词或词语叫介词短语,介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语。

常用的介词可分为简单介词(Simple Prepositions)、复合介词(Compound Prepositions)、短语介词(Phrasal Prepositions)、分词介词(Participle Prepositions)和二重介词(Double Prepositions)这五种。

二、介词的种类

按构成分为五种:

1. 简单介词(由一个单词组成的介词)

between在……(的)中间like像,踉—……一样after在……后,跟在……后面2. 复合介词(由两个单词组成的介词)

inside在……的里面into进入……throughout遍及,贯穿

3. 分词介词(由分词通过转化而构成的介词)

including包括considering就……来说concerning关于following在……以后这类介词数量有限。

4. 短语介词(由一个词组构成的介词)

in the middle of在……中间according to根据in front of在……前面

because of 因为in spite of 尽管

5. 二重介词

from above 从……的上面from under 从……的下面

from behind 从……的后面until after直至……之后

按词义分为十五种:

1. 表示地点:above across along among

2. 表示时间:during in into past since

3. 表示“除……以外”:besides but except except for

4. 表示比较:as like

5. 表示反对与否:against with

6. 表示原因、目的:for with from

7. 表示结果:to with without

8. 表示方法、手段:by in with

9. 表示所属关系:of with

10. 表示条件:on considering

11. 表示让步:despite in spite of

12. 表示关系:about as for as to regarding

13. 表示位置:to for over at with

14. 表示根据:on according to

15. 其它类:for without

第二节介词的用法

一、介词短语的句法功能

“介词十介词宾语”构成介词短语。大多数介词短语在句子中作状语、定语、表语、宾语补足语和主语补足语。

1.状语

Can you write in English?你能用英语写吗?

They are playing basketball on the playground. 他们在运动场上打篮球。

2.定语

通常放在被修饰的词的后面。

The people on the bus are singing.公共汽车上的人正在唱歌。

The boy in front of the desk is Bill.书桌前那个男孩是比尔。

3. 表语

The machine is out of date.这机器过时了。

They are at table.他们在进餐。

4. 宾语补足语

We consider education of great importance. 我们认为教育很重要。

They must keep these machines in good condition. 他们必须维护好这些机器。

5. 主语补足语

These machine must be kept in good condition. 这些机器一定要维护好。

This book is considered of great use.人们认为这本书很有用。

二、常用介词的主要用法举例

(一)about

1. 关于,有关

This is a book about how to improve reading skills.这是一本关于提高阅读技能的书。

2. 到处,在……附近,在……周围

We walked about the town.我们在城里到处游逛。

Papers were lying about the room.房间里到处放着报纸。

3. 在身边,在附近,前后,左右

I have no money about me.我身边没钱。

They live somewhere about here.他们住在这附近。

Please come about three p.m.. 请下午3;00左右来。

4. 固定搭配

(1)be about to do…即将(正要)做

(2)What(How)about…?……怎么样?

The bus is about to start.公共汽车就要开了。

(二)above

1. 高于,在……之上(表示位置)

The plane is flying in the sunlight above the cloud.飞机正在云层上的晴空中飞行。

2.(表示数目、价钱、重量等)大于,超过

The lady is above ninety.那位老太太已超过90岁了。

There are above forty girl students in this class. 这个班的女生有40多名。

The huge stone weights above four ton. 这块巨石有4吨多重。

The chair cost above twenty dollars. 这张椅子花了20多美元。

3.(引申意义)非……能力所及,不致(做出……),超过

This book is above me. 这本书太难,我看不懂。

He’s above doing such things.他还不至于干出这等事来。

The girl is above any other student in English in her class.在英语方面那女孩超过全班其它的同学。

4.习惯用语

above all 首先,最重要的是

Above all,we must be healthy.首先,我们必须健康。

(三)across

1.(方向)横过,穿过,从这边到那边

He swam across the river.他游过河。

The policeman helped the old man across the street.警察扶着那位老人过街。

2.(位置)在对面,在那一边

He lives across the street.他住在街对面。

France lies across the Channel.法国在英吉利海峡的那一边。

3.习惯用语

across from:在……对面

My home is across from the factory. 我家在工厂对面。

(四)after

1.(时间、顺序)在……之后

He came after nine a.m.他是上午9时后来的。

Shut the door after you, please. 请随手关门。

After you,please. 您先请(您先走)

2. 由于,鉴于;尽管,虽然

After falling in the last two English tests,he made up his mind to spend more time on English study. 由于上两次英语不及格,他下决心在英语学习方面多花些时间。

After all his efforts,he has failed. 尽管尽了一切努力,他还是失败了。

3.追赶,追求,追寻

The police are after the thief. 警察在追小偷。

4. 仿照,依照

Read after me.跟我读。

They named the building after the scientist.他们以那位科学家的名字给那栋楼命名。

5.习惯用语

after all:毕竟,终究

one after another:一个接一个地,相继

He is a child after all.他毕竟是个孩子。

They fell ill one after another. 他们相继病倒了。

(五)against

1. 撞到,紧靠,倚

I have hit my head against a wall and hurt myself. 我的头撞到墙上受了伤。

She stood with her back against the tree.她背靠着树站着。

2. 反对,逆

Are you for or against this plan?你是赞成还是反对这个计划?

He is swimming against at the stream.他正在小溪中逆流游泳。

3. 以备,以防

They saved money against old age.他们存钱以养老。

4. 违背

They did it against their own will. 他们违背自己的意愿做了这件事。

5.习惯用语

over against;正对着,在……对面

He lived over against the school.他住在学校对面。

(六)along

1.沿着,顺着

We walked along the street.我们沿着街道步行。

He walked along the river bank.他沿着河堤走。

(七)among

1. 在……中间,在……之中(通常用于3个或3个以上之中)

I found him among the crowd. 我在人群中发现了他。

Please divide the cake among you four. 请你们4人把蛋糕分了。

2.(与形容词最高级连用)……之一

Einstein is among the greatest scientists.爱因斯坦是最伟大的科学家之一。

(八)as

1. 作为,当作

Don’t treat me as a child。别把我当小孩看待。

I speak now as a friend,not as a teacher.现在我以朋友而不是以老师的身份来讲话。

2. 习惯用语

as for(as to):至于,关于

As for me, I don’t mind going there by train.至于我,坐火车去也不在乎。

(九)at

1. (表示地点)在……

They met me at the station.他们在车站接我。

at home在家at my aunt’s在我姑姑家

at the door在门口at the barber’s在理发店

2.(表示时间)在……时(刻),在……岁(时)

He left school at the age of 16. 他16岁时离开学校。

The meeting began at 9 o’clock.会议在9时开始。

at dawn在黎明at midnight在半夜at Christmas在圣诞节

at the moment在那时at the beginning of在……之初at noon(night)在正午(夜晚)3.(表示状态或从事于)在……, 正在……, 在……中

They are at meeting.他们在开会。

at table在进餐at war正在交战at work在工作at school在上学

at play在玩at rest在休息at peace在和平中

4.(表示速度、价格等)以,按

The truck ran at(the speed of)40 miles an hour.卡车以每小时40英里的速度行驶。

I bought it at a low price.我以低价买进。

The pen was sold at three dollars.这支钢笔卖3美元。

5.(表示动作方向)朝,向

Don’t laugh at her.不要嘲笑她。

look at看着aim at向……瞄准smile at向……微笑

rush at向……冲去shoot at向……射击throw…at向……扔

6.(表示原因)因为,由于

I was surprised at the news. 听到那消息,我很吃惊。

He was discouraged at his failure.他因失败而感到很泄气。

7. (表示能力)增长于

He is good at drawing(football).他擅长于绘画(踢足球)。

He is an expert at chess.他是象棋大师。

be bad at不善于……be expert at精于……

(十)before

1.(时间)在……以前

We finished the work before noon.中午以前我们完成了工作。

2.(位置)在……前面,当着……的面

He made a speech before a large audience.他在许多听众面前发表演说。

3.(顺序)在……之前,先于

Think it over before you act.行动前你得仔细考虑一下。

4.(选择)宁可,宁愿

I would die before surrendering to them.我宁愿死也不向他们投降。(十一)behind

1.(时间)较晚,迟于,晚于

He arrived ten minutes behind time.他迟到10分钟。

Your ideas are behind the times.你的思想落后于时代了。

2.(位置)在……刊后面

Look out!There is someone behind you.当心!你后面有人。

He hid himself behind the tree. 他躲在树后。

3.(力量、能力)不如,落后于,低于

I am far behind you in English.我的英语远不如你好。

(十二)below

1.(位置)在……之下

Her skirt came below the knees.她的裙子长到膝盖以下。

2.(数量、程度、价值、位次、能力、年龄等)低于,在……以下

He cannot be much below fifty.他不可能是50岁以下。

He is below me in the class.在班上他比我差。

The mercury stands at 10℃below zero.水银柱在-10℃。

be below a person in rank(intelligence)在级别(智力)上比某人低

below the average income低于平均收入

(十三)beside

1.(地点)在……旁边,在……附近

Come and sit beside me.过来坐在我旁边。

2. 和……相比

Beside his,my trouble is nothing.与他相比,我的苦恼算不了什么。

My work looks poor beside hers.同她的工作相比,我的工作显然差些。

3. 与……无关

That is beside the question.那离题了。

4.习惯用语

be beside oneself(with sb.):因……而忘形,发狂

I was beside myself with joy.我因高兴而得意忘形了。

(十四)between

1. (时间、位置、数量)在……之间

The lunch hour is between 11:00 and 13:00 o’clock. 午餐时间在11:00-13:00之间。Liuzhou is between Guilin and Nanning.柳州位于桂林和南宁之间。

It weighs between five and six pounds.它重五六磅。

2.(比较、分配、关系)在……之间

The relations between teachers and students are excellent.师生关系很好。

What’s the difference between A and B?A 和B之间有什么不同?

They shared the chocolate between the two of them. 他们两人分吃了巧克力。

It is something between chair and a sofa.这东西又像椅子又像沙发。

(十五)beyond

1.(时间)过了,比……晚,迟于

He came home beyond the usual time. 他比平时晚回家。

They arrived beyond nine o’clock. 他们过了9:00才到。

2.(位置)在……的那边,在……以外

The airport is 20 miles beyond the town. 机场在离城20英里以外的地方。

You’ll find the house beyond the trees. 在树林那边你会找到那间房屋。

3.(范围)超过,为……所不及,超出……的范围

This book is beyond me。这本书我看不懂。

He is living beyond his income.他的生活入不敷出。

Tom is far beyond his elder brother in maths. 汤姆的数学比他哥哥好多了。

4. 除……外(用于否定或疑问句)

I know nothing beyond this.除此以外,我什么都不知道。

(十六)by

1.(时间)不迟于,到……时(为止)

He ought to be here by now.他现在应该到了。

He is sure to come by three o’clock. 他到9:00肯定会来。

By the end of last term,we had learned 3,000 words.到上学期末,我们已经学了3 000个单词。

It will be dark by the time I get there.我到那里时,天要黑了。

2.(位置)靠近,在……旁,在……身边

They live in a house by the church.他们住在教堂旁的一所屋子里。

Come and sit by me.过来坐在我身边。

3.(方法、手段)靠,用,以,通过,乘

Did you come by train or by air?你是乘火车还是乘飞机来的?

He makes a living by selling newspapers.他以卖报为生。

by ship/sea乘船by plan/air乘飞机by land由陆路by car坐车

by telephone用电话by letter用信by chance碰巧by hand用手know sb. by name 知道某人的名字

know sb. by sight 见过某人

learn sth.by heart默记某事

4.(运动方向)沿着,经过,经由

They came through the fields,not by the hill road.他们是穿过田野而不是沿着山路来的。

I go by the store on my way to work.我上班经过那家商店。

He traveled to Suzhou by Shanghai.他经上海到苏州旅行。

5.(标准、度量、数量)根据,按……,以……

Don’t judge a man by his clothes(looks).勿以衣(貌)取人。

In America many workers are paid by the week.在美国很多工人按周付薪。

We hired the boat by the hour.我们按钟点租船。

They sold eggs by the dozen.他们论打卖蛋。

6. (程度)相差

She missed the train by five minutes.她差5分钟而没赶上火车。

He is taller than his father by two centimeters(a head).他高出他父亲两厘米(一个头)。

The output increased by 20%.产量增长20%。

(十七)down

1.沿着,沿……向下

He walked down the street.他沿着街道走。

Tears ran down her cheeks.泪水从她脸颊流下。

The boy went down the stairs.男孩走下楼梯。

The ship sailed down the Yellow River.轮船沿黄河而下。

(+八)during

1. 在……期间,在……的时候

He often came to see me during my stay here.我待在这里时,他常来看我。

He came during your absence.你不在时,他来过。

They played during the morning.整个上午他们都在玩。

(十九)except

1.除……之外(在整体中去除一部分)

We all succeeded except him.除了他,我们都成功了。

We go to school everyday except Sunday.除了星期天,我们每天都上学。

There was little I could do except wait.除了等待,我没有什么事可做。

2.习惯用语

except for:除了……以外,只有(说明基本情况后,在细节上加以修正)

The composition is excellent except for some spelling mistakes.这篇作文很好,只有几处拼写错误。

(二十)for

1.(表示目的、目标、用途)为……, 替(代)……, 对于……, 给……

He came here for a meeting.他来这里开会。

They prepared for the entrance examination.他们为人学考试做准备。

That will be good for your health. 那将有益于你的健康。

Here are some books for children. 这里有些儿童读物。

2.(表示方向、倾向、能力)向,往

The ship started for London.这艘轮船向伦敦驶去。

They went out for lunch.他们出去吃午饭。

The young manager hungered for knowledge of management. 那位年轻的经理渴求管理方面的知识。

She has a gift for foreign languages. 她有学习外语的天赋。

3.(表示时间、距离、数量)历经,计,达

The weather has been cold for an entire week. 整整一个星期,天气一直很冷。

We walked for miles. 我们走了好几里路。

He has lived there for five years.他在这住了5年。

4.(表示交换,补偿)与……交换,用

He exchanged his cow for a horse.他用牛换了一匹马。

Henry bought the car for$800. 享利花800美元买了这辆车。

5.支持,赞成

Are your for this plan?你赞成这个计划吗?

Joan was for having the TV set repaired.琼主张把那台电视机修好。

6.(表示原因)因为,由于

The place is famous for its hot springs.这个地方以温泉著名。

He was punished for stealing.他因偷窃受罚。

7. 当作,作为

What did you have for lunch?你午饭吃什么?

He was mistaken for a Japanese.他被误认为是日本人。

8. 至于,关于,就……而言

He is young for his age.就他的年龄而论,他是年轻的。

It’s too hot for April. 就4月份而言,这天气是太热了。

(二十一)from

1.(时间和地点的起点)从, 自……

They flew from Shanghai to Beijing.他们从上海飞到北京。

His mother worked from morning till night. 他母亲从早到晚干活。

2.(表示距离、间隔)离

How far is your school from here?你的学校离这里多远?

He was absent from school.他缺课。

3.(表示来源,出处)从……, 由……

Where are you from?你是哪里人?

She got a letter from her mother. 她收到妈妈的一封来信。

4.(表示原因、动机、理由)出于,由于,因为

He acted from a sense of duty.他出于责任心而为之。

He is tired from overwork.他由于工作过度而感到疲倦。

5.(表示区别)……和……

Can you tell a wolf from a dog?你能辨别狼和狗吗?

He knows right from wrong. 他能辨别是非。

6.(表示原料、材料)用……制成

They make wine from grapes.他们用葡萄酿酒。

Cheese is made from milk.奶酪是用牛奶制成的。

(二十二)in

1.(表示场所、地点)在……里,在……中,在……上

They are playing in the park.他们在公园里玩。

I learned it in the newspaper.我是从报纸上知道此事的。

in class在课堂上in bed在床上in the street在街上in the train在火车上2.(表示时间)在……, 在……后,在……期间

The war broke out in 1941. 战争于1941年爆发。

He will come back in a week.他一星期以后回来。

3.(表示状态、情况、服饰)在……之中,处于……

He was in black他穿着黑衣服。

They are all in good health.他们的健康情况都很好。

His life was in danger.他的生命有危险。

4.(表才方式、方法)用,以

He wrote the composition in English.他用英语写作文。

It’s written in ink.这是用墨水写的。

He always talks in a low voice.他总是小声说话。

5.(表示范围、领域、关系)在……上,在……方面

That country is rich in natural resources.那个国家的自然资源丰富。

He is lame in one leg.他的一条腿跛了。

He is strong (week) in English.他的英语好(差)。

6.(表示运动或动作的方向)进,人,朝

He put his paper in his bag.他把文件放进包里。

The children walked in the direction of the school.孩子们朝学校的方向走去。(二十三)inside

1.在……内,在……里

I finished the work inside two days.我在两天内完成了工作。

They played inside the yard.他们在院子里玩。

2.习惯用语

inside out:里面朝外,彻底地,完全地

The wind blew umbrella inside out.风把我的伞吹翻了。

(二十四)like

1. 像,似,如,和……一样

He is a bit like his father.他有点像他父亲。

The moon looks like a silver plate. 月亮看起来像只银盘子。

I wish I could swim like a fish.要是我能像鱼那样游泳就好了。

2.好像

It looks like rain today.今天好像要下雨。

They look like winning. 他们好像要赢了。

(二十五)near

1.(表示时间、空间)接近,靠近,在……近旁,快要

Come and sit near me.过来坐在我旁边。

It is near five o’clock. 快5:00了。

He came near being killed in the accident. 他差点死于意外事故。

(二十六)off

1. 从,离开,离……

Keep off the grass.勿踏草地。

He fell off the ladder.他从梯子上掉了下来。

The cover has come off my English textbook.我的英语课本的封面脱了。

2.在临近……的海面上

The ship sank five miles off the coast of France.船在离法国海岸5英里的地方沉没。

(二十七)on

1.(表示位置)在……上;靠近,沿着,在……旁边

There are a lot of books on the shelf.书架上有许多书。

The hotel is on the lake.那旅馆坐落在湖边。

London is on the Thames.伦敦位于泰晤士河畔。

There are trees on both sides of the street.街道两边有树。

2.(表示时间)在……(星期几,某日,某日的早、中、晚等)的时候

He came on the morning of May1.他是5月1日上午来的。

We have no lessons on Sunday.星期天我们不上课。

3. (表示状态)处于……状态,在……中

Who is on duty today?今天谁值日?

The building is on fire. 楼房着火了。

My uncle went to Nanjing on business. 我叔叔到南京出差。

4.(表示关系)关于,有关,论及

He has written an article on the importance of birth control.他写了一篇论及计划生育重要性的文章。

I bought a book on gardening. 我买了本有关园艺方面的书。

5.(表示动作的方向)对……, 朝着

I called on her the other day.几天前我去看望过她。

The baby smiled on me.那个婴儿向我微笑。

6. —……就……

On hearing the news he called me.一听到那消息他就给我打了电话。

(二十八)past

1.(时间)过

It’s half past ten. 现在是10:30.

2.超过

He is past sixty. 他年过60。

He goes past the post office on his way to work every day. 他每天上班经过邮局。

(二十九)round(round和around意义基本相同)

l.(表示运动趋向)环绕,到……的各处,向……四周,绕行

The earth goes round the sun.地球绕着太阳转。

They walked round the corner.他们拐弯。

He took his mother round the university.他带他妈妈在学校各处看看。

He looked round the room.他看了看房间的四周。

2.(表示地点)在……周围,在……附近

The children sat round their teacher.孩子们围着老师坐着。

3.大约

The pen cost round$5. 这支钢笔花了约5美元。

It’s round 5 o’clock. 现在大约5:00。

(三十)since

1. 自……以来,自从

He known him since 1990. 从1990年起我就认识他了。

She worked hard since leaving school.她自从离开学校以来一直努力工作。

(三十一)through

1. (表示时间)从……开始到结束,也………之中

He works hard all through the year.他一年到头都在努力工作。

Shops are open(from)Sunday through the Saturday.商店从星期天到星期六部营业。

2.(表示空间)穿过,通过,贯穿

Light comes in through the window.光线从窗户进来。

The river flows through the city from north to south.这条河由北向南流经这个城市。

3.(表示方法、手段、原因)通过,经由,以……因为

I heard of it through Mr. Wang. 我是从王先生那里听说此事的。

We can observe the sky through this telescope. 我们能通过望远镜观察太空。He succeeded through hard work.他由于努力工作而成功了。

4. 结束.完成

Are you through asking questions?你的问题问完了吗?

(三十二)till

1. 直到……为止

I will stay here till next Sunday.我一直要逗留到下星期天。

He worked from morning till night.他从早到晚都工作。

2. (用在否定式后)直到……才

He didn’t come till nine o’clock.他直到9:00才来。

(三十三) to

1.(表示方向)到……去,向,往

He went to Canada last year.他去年去了加拿大。

Japan lies to the east of China.日本位于中国的东面。

2.(表示时间、程度、结果)至,在……(时刻)以前

He worked from morning to/till night.他从早到晚地工作。

It is ten to six. 现在是5:50。

He drank himself to death.他饮酒过度而死。

He got wet to the skin. 他全身湿透。

3.(表示目的)为了

We sat down to dinner.我们坐下来吃饭。

4.(表示比较计)比较,对

They won the game by 5 to 4. 他们以5:4赢了那场比赛。

I prefer oranges to apples. 我比较喜欢橘子,而不喜欢苹果。

5.(表示对象关系)属于,对,给

This pen belongs to my father.这支钢笔是我爸爸的。

She is very kind to me.她对我很好。

Did he send a book to you?他送书给你了吗?

(三十四)toward(s)

1.(表示运动、方向)向,朝

The sunflower turns toward the sun.葵花向太阳。

They walked toward the lake.他们朝那湖走去。

2.(表示关系)对于

She changed her attitude toward me. 她改变了对我的态度。

He is friendly toward me. 他对我友好。

3.(表示时间)将近,接近,左右

I went to bed toward 12 o’clock. 我将近12:00才睡觉。

He is toward seventy years old.他快70岁了。

4.(表示自的)为了

We will do all we can toward getting things ready.我们将尽我们所能做好准备。(三十五)under

1.(表示位置)在……下面,在……之下,在……之内

The boat sailed under the bridge.船在桥下行驶。

He wore a shirt under his jacket.他在夹克衫内穿了一件衬衣。

2.(表示年龄、数量、重量、程度、地位等)未满,低于,少于,在……之下He is under ten years old.他未满10岁9。

Under fifteen students were there.那儿不足15个学生。

3.(表示过程)在……中,在……过程中,在接受……中

The road is under repair. 道路正在维修中。

The bridge is under construction.桥在建造之中。

He is under medical treatment.他正在接受治疗。

4.(表示关系)在……领导下,在……统治下,在……指导下

The team plays well under their new captain.球队在新队长的指导下打得很好。We work hard under the leadership of the Party.我们在党的领导下努力工作。England was under Charles Ⅱat that time.那时英国在查理二世的统治之下。(三十六)up

1.(表示运动方向)向上……, 沿着

He ran up the hill.他跑到山上去了。

We walked up the street. 我们沿街而行。

The boat sailed up the river.那条船向上游行驶。

2. (表示位置)在……上头,在(河流的)上游,在……的内地

They traveled up country.他们到内地旅行。

The house stand up the river. 房子在河的上游。

He lives up the street. 他就住在这条街的上头。

(三十七)upon

upon常可以和on互换使用,意为“在……上面”。

Please put the book upon (on) the table. 请把书放在桌子上。

There is not a chair to sit upon (on). 没有一张椅子可坐的。

(三十八)with

1.(表示同伴、同道)和……一起,偕同

Come with me跟我一起来、

2. (表示附有、携带)具有,有,带在……身边

The girl with glasses is Rosa. 戴眼镜的那个女孩是罗莎。

China is a country with a long history.中国是一个历史悠久的国家。

I have no money with(about)me.我身上没带钱。

3.(表示工具、手段)用,以

Don’t write with a pencil.别用铅笔写。

4. (表示原因)由于,因为

His face turned red with anger. 他的脸气得变红了。

With such knowledge and experience, he is sure to succeed. 有了这样的知识和经验,他一定会成功。

5. (表示时间) 与……同时,随着

With these words he went out.说完这些话,他就出去了。

With the development of modern agriculture and Industry,more and more waste is produced.随着现代工农业的发展,越来越多的废物产生出来了。

6.(表示对立或协调关系)与……对

He quarreled with his little brother.他和弟弟争吵。

He gets on well with his classmates.他与同学相处得很好。

I am pleased with what you have done.我对你所做的感到满意。

7.(表示让步)虽然,尽管

With all his money,that man has very few friends. 那人虽然有钱,但却没有什么朋友。

(三十九)without

1. 没有(带),不,无

He went out without his hat.他没戴帽子就出去了。

He left without locking the door. 他没锁门就走了。

2.(表示条件)如果没有

Without air,we could n’t live.没有空气,我们就不能生存。

三、部分介词的用法比较

(-)表示时间的介词

1. in,at,on表示时间

(1)in用于表示较长的一段时间。如:

They entered school in September. 他们9月开学。

Swimming is the best sport in summer. 游泳是夏天最好的运动。

They arrived in Shanghai in 1995. 他们在1995年到达上海。

(2)at用于表示短暂的一段时间。如:

We often go to bed at ten.我们常常10点钟睡觉。

They started at sunrise. 他们在黎明时出发。

(3)on用于表示特定的日子。例如:

It happened on Monday.这发生在星期一。

We had a meeting on the morning of July 1. 我们在7月1日上午开了一个会。

2. after与in

(1)after指某个时间以后。如“6点钟以后”、“星期一以后”等。

I will be free after next Monday. 下星期一以后我就有空了。

They went out for a walk after six o’clock. 6点钟以后他们出去散步了。

(2)in指从现在起的某一段时间以后。如“两个小时以后”、“一星期以后”等。

I will finish the work in two hours. 两个小时后我就会完成这工作。

You will be all right again in a week. 一个星期以后,你就会好的。

3. ago与before

表示“在……之前”用ago或before,用法分别与in,after对应相似。

ago的计时起点在现在,与表示一段时间的词语连用,用作“…ago”, in的结构为

“in…”。

before的计时起点可以在过去某一时刻,与表示一点或一段时间的词语连用,也可以在将来某一时刻,与表示一点时间的词语连用。例如:

Li Ming did his homework half an hour ago. 李明在半小时前做回家作业。

Li Ming did his homework before five o’clock.李明在5点钟之前做回家作业的。

He told me he had done his homework two hours before. 他告诉我他在两小时前做完回家作业了。

4. for与since表示一段时间

(1)for后接表示一段时间的词语;since后接表示一点时间的词语;时间的词语来表达一段时间。例如:

They have learned English for about two years. 他们学英语已有两年了。

They have lived in Beijing since 1986. 他们自1986年以来一直住在北京。

(2)for短语所表示的一段时间可以和一般过去时、过去完成时、过去进行时、现在完成时、现在进行时、一般现在时及一般将来时等连用。例如:

He once lived in Beijing for two years. 他曾在北京住了两年。

Mr. Brown has traveled by train for about a week. 布朗先生乘火车旅行快有一月了。

Mr. Brown will be on business for a week. 布朗先生将要出差一周。

When Mr. Brown came,they had been waiting for an our.当布朗先生来时, 他们已等了一小时。

(3)而since短语所表示的时间只能指过去某一特定时间到现在,意为“自从……,……以来”,一般与现在完成时、现在进行时、过去完成时或过去进行时连用。例如:

I haven’t seen him since Monday. 自星期一以来我没有看见过他。

Alice has collected quite a few wonderful stamps since she went to Australia. 自从艾丽斯去澳大利亚,她已收集了相当多的精美邮票。

(4)在“It is…since…”句型中,since从句也可以和一般过去时连用。例如:

It is three years since he joined the army.他参军已有3年了。

5.during与in

(1)during与in都可用来表示在一段时间以内,两词意义相近,在可以用in的地方, during一般也可以用。例如:

During the summer holidays,I visited Henry,a friend of mine. 暑假里我拜访了我的朋友

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