学术英语(社科)Unit8八单元原文及翻译

UNIT8 Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power

硬实力，软实力，巧实力

People often associate power of a nation with military might or economic strenght. Is these something more to the concept of power?The answer ia in the affirmative ,at least to some who study political science. This unit explores the complex nature of power and how it impacts international relations.

人们常常把国家权力与军事或经济实力。这些东西更多权力的概念？在肯定的答案是，至少对那些政治学研究。本单位探讨复杂的权力的性质和它如何影响国际关系。

The complex nature of power复杂的权力的性质

1.“Until human nature change, power and force will remain at the heart of international relations,” according to a top U.S. official. Not everyone will agree with suvh a gloomy realpolitik assessment, but it underlines the crucial role that power plays in diplomacy. When the goals and interest of states conflict, which side will prevail is often decided by who has the most power.

1。“直到人性变化，权力和力量仍将在国际关系的核心，”据一位美国高级官员。不是每个人都会同意这样一个令人沮丧的现实的评估，但它强调在外交中起着至关重要的作用，电力的。当目标和国家利益冲突，哪一方会获胜的往往是谁最有权力决定。

2.Power is the term we will use here to represent the sum of a country's capabilities. Because power in common usage carries the connotation of “hit-over-the -head” or “make you”capabilities, it is very important to stress that power as used here is more than that. As we will explore in the following pages,power can be based on positive persuasion as well as negative coercion. Indeed, power has many forms. Military muscle, wealth, and some others are fairly obvious and tangible. Othera such as national willpower and diplomatic skills are much less obvious and intangible.

2。电力是指我们在这里使用的是一个国家的能力总和。因为在共同使用权进行“打在头”或“让你能力的内涵，它是强调力量用在这里非常重要的多。我们会在下文探讨，功率可根据积极以及消极的强制劝说。事实上，有许多形式的权力。军事力量，财富，有些是显而易见的，有形的。其他如国家意志和外交技巧是不太明显的和无形的。

Power as an asset and a goal电力作为一种资产和目标

3.One source of confusion in discussion about power is that it is both an asset and a goal. Our discussion of power so far has generally treated it as an asset that can be applied to help countries achieve goals. In this sense, power is akin to money as a sort of political currency that can be used to acquire things. Money buys things; power causes things to happen. There are, of course,differences between money and power. One is that political power is less liquid than money; it is harder to convert into things that you want. Another difference is that power,unlike money, has no standard measurement. Therefore it is much harder to be precise about how much power any country has.

3。在讨论权力混淆来源之一就是资产和目标。我们讨论的功率到目前为止通常把它作为一种资产，可以用于帮助国家实现目标。在这个意义上，权力和金钱作为一种政治货币，可以用来获得的东西。金钱可以买到的东西；权力导致事

情发生。有，当然，金钱和权力之间的差异。一是政治权力比金钱液少；很难转换成你想要的东西。另一个区别是，不像钱，没有标准的测量。因此，很难精确多少权力，任何国家。

4.Power is also a goal because in a world of often-conflicting goals among countries it is only prudent to seek, acquire, or preserve sufficient power to pursue your national goals. Here again ,the analogy between power and money has merit. We all expend money as an asset , yet we also seek to acquire money and to build up a reserve against both anticipated needs and contingencies.

4动力也是一个目标。因为在一个经常相互冲突的目标之间的国家只有谨慎的寻求，获得世界，或保持足够的动力去追求你的国家目标。在这里，权力与金钱之间的类比是有价值的。我们花的钱作为一种资产，但我们也寻求获得金钱和建立一个对预期的需求和应急储备。

5.The duality of power as an asset and a goal creates a debate over whether more is always better. Some people believe that countries can become fixated on acquiring power, especially military power, beyoud what is prudently needed to meet possible exigencies. This, critics say, is unwise because power is expensive, it creates a temptation to use it, and it spawns insecurity in others. Critics of recent U.S. foreign policy see its massive arms spending and its misadventure in Iraq as a case in point.

5。二元权力作为一种资产和目标是否在创造更多更好的辩论。有些人认为，国家可以成为专注于获取力量，特别是军事力量，超越什么是审慎需要满足可能的紧急情况。批评者说，这是不明智的，因为权力是昂贵的，它创造了一种诱惑去使用它，和它产生的不安全感的人。最近的美国外交政策的批评者认为其庞大的军费开支和伊拉克战争为例。

6.To such charges, realists warn that not being willing to pay the price today to guard against future and unknown dangers leaves states vulnerable. Realists also dismiss the concern about having too much power and say that the real danger is unwise use of the power you have by wasting it on marginal goals. And realists caution against a country being too reluctant to expend its power to advance its national interests. Former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, for one ,portrays Americans as sometimes too-reluctant warriors and believes that “American leadership [needs] to articulate for their public a concept of the national interest and explain how that interest is served…by the maintenance of the balance of power”througn a forceful U.S. presence on the world stage.

6。这些指控，现实主义者警告说，不愿意支付的价格今天防范未来和未知的危险状态脆弱的叶子。现实主义者也不希望有太多的权力关系说，真正的危险是不明智的利用你拥有的力量被浪费在边缘的目标。和现实主义者警告一个国家不愿意耗费电力推进其国家利益。一个美国国务卿基辛格，前国务卿，描绘美国人有时太不情愿的战士和认为，“美国领导[需要]来表达他们的公众一个国家利益的概念和解释，利益服务的……权力的“平衡的维持在世界舞台上一个强有力的美国的存在。

Hard and soft power

7.As noted earlier, the most common image of power involves the ability to make someone else do something or suffer the consequences. Often called hard power,this type of power rests on negative incentives (threats, “sticks”) and on

positive incentives (inducements, “carrots” ). There is also soft power, the ability to persuade others to follow your lead by being an attractive example. As one scholar puts it, “A country may obtain the outcome it wants in world politics because other countries-admiring its values, emulating its example, aspiring to its level of prosperity and openness- want to follow it.”

7。如前所述，权力最常见的图像有能力让别人做某事或遭受的后果。通常被称为“硬权力，这种权力取决于负激励（威胁，“大棒”）和正激励（诱因，“胡萝卜”）。也有软权力，说服别人听从你的领导是一个有吸引力的例子的能力。正如一位学者所说，“一个国家可以得到它想要的世界政治中因为其他国家对它的值的结果，仿真实例，希望它的繁荣和开放水平要遵循它。”

8.The value of these two forms of power is the source of much debate. Hard power is easier to appreciate because it is easier to see that certain coercive measures or positive incentives have been used and to observe the result. Realists also are apt to dismiss the concept of soft power,arguing that countries follow other countries’ lead because they share the same interests, not because of altruistic sentiments such as admiration.

8。这两种形式的功率值是许多争论的来源。硬权力很容易明白因为它可以很容易的看到某些强制措施或积极的激励措施已被使用，并观察结果。现实主义者也倾向于驳回软权力的概念，认为国家效仿其他国家的领导因为它们共享相同的利益，不是因为利他情怀如钦佩。

9.Rebutting this, those who belive that soft power can be potent point, as an example, to the negative impact they say the Iraq War has had on U.S. soft power by greatly diminishing the U.S. image abroad. Citing poll results showing that favorable opinion about the United States has plummeted almost everywhere in the past several years, one analyst worries that “the United States”soft power- its ability to attract others by the legitimacy of U.S. policies and the values that underlie them- is in decline as a result”. One reason this is a concern, accroding to this view, is because the United States needs the cooperation of other countries to combat terrorism and many other problems, but “When the United States becomes so unpopular that being pro-American is a kiss of death in other countries’ domestic politics, foreign political leaders are unlikely to make helpful concessions, reducing U.S. leverage in international affairs”. To such commentary, those who are skeptical of the importance of soft power might echo the words of President Bush, who in 2002 professed his “respect [for] the values, judgment, and interests of our friends and partners”, but who also asserted, “We will be prepared to act apart” if necessary and “will not allow…disagreements [with allies] to abscure our determination to secure… our fundamental interests and values.”

9。这个人反驳，认为软实力可以有效的点，作为一个例子，来的负面影响，他们说，伊拉克战争对美国的软实力大大削弱了美国的海外形象。民意调查结果显示，以有利的舆论对美国暴跌几乎到处都在过去的几年里，一位分析师担心，”美国的“软力量的对美国政策的合法性基础的价值观吸引他人的能力是下降的结果”。这是一个值得关注的一个原因，根据这一观点，是因为打击恐怖主义和其他许多问题，美国需要其他国家的合作，但当美国变得如此受欢迎，支持美国的一个吻是在其他国家的国内政治死亡，外国政要不可能使有帮助在国际事务中的

让步，降低美国杠杆”。这样的评论，那些怀疑软实力的重要性可能仿效布什总统的话，他在2002声称他的“尊重[的]值，判断，和我们的朋友和合作伙伴”，但谁也说，“我们将准备行动，除了“如果必要，”不允许……不和与盟友]到[很大决心的安全……我们根本利益和价值观。”

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Unit 4 翻译 环保的当今时代是约半个世纪之久。那段时间意识不断壮大，我们所面临的挑战知识增加，而重要的实践已经取得了进展，例如在一些减少各种污染，并在建立保护区。我们是，但是，仍然由协调人什么我们的星球能提供可持续的要求很远。 人与自然之间的不平衡的后果是出现在改变地球的气候，动物和植物的势头，并在关键的资源，包括野生鱼类资源，淡水和土壤的枯竭的大灭绝。而这些环境压力不是一成不变的。他们不断升级，随着我国人口的增长和国家继续为更多的经济增长的不懈追求。 如果我们要避免这些趋势的最严重后果则毫无疑问是较为迅速的进展将需要比迄今取得的，但我们在这里应该关注我们的努力？什么可能是在未来的半个世纪行动的优先领域？ 这让我感到眼前的主要挑战主要不是相对于良好的信息，更好的技术和良好的政策思路。这些东西是至关重要的当然的，但所有这些东西都已经可用。我们知道如何让清洁电力，节约资源，培育生物多样性。我们知道如何规范污染，防止损坏的生态系统，如果我们想。我们有这些能力的事实是不够的。 如果我们继续前进的决定性方式的争论它需要被重新定义。我们需要从“做正确的事'上移动，谈到风险管理，促进抗灾能力。 要查看关爱地球的自然系统为某种道德选择的是完全误解了危机，我们都在这个挑战是关于人类社会的未来，而不是一些可选的慈善事业，我们可以留给慈善事业慷慨解囊，做社会改良。嵌入了使我们从保护自然的人们保护自然为人们的叙述是这样的重新规划的重要组成部分。我们正处在一个时期的后果，世界必须知道，健康的本质不是一些可选的精密而是一组不可缺少的物质资产。 如果这样的叙述是为了获得实际效果再想找性质后必须立即被看作不仅是一个环境的挑战，也是一个经济问题。只要我们继续滑向两个方向行进，一方面是促进环保目标的同时，对其他直接矛盾与措施，以实现更多的经济增长，我们不再将无法取得真正的进展。 当涉及到经济学和生态学有大量的好思已经完成。例如，在不同的经济措施，以取代成功与失败，生态税的改革更为现实的措施，收入转移的负担，污染，生态系统服务补偿，补贴的重定向和如何调动国内生产总值的原油措施融资以扩大清洁行业。 我们必须在经济进行转型能够在工作丰富和更平等带来许多其他社会福利，从更健康。它，然而，需要政治支持。这是流行文化就变得非常重要。 在许多国家已经采取了保留的消费文化是非常多的GDP-增长模式的合作伙伴。两个一起去，随着消费前积极推动以提高后者的扩张。从这个意义上它是很难改变的经济思想也没有改变流行文化塑造那些相同的经济假设。这是不容易的。消费主义是我们很多人有吸引力的文化空间居住。它发挥我们的默认设置，并为我们与生俱来的倾向，以促进地位，自我表达和短期的舒适度。 移的流行文化将需要比简单地告诉人们他们错了想要的消费品了。这到目前为止还没有成功，这可能不会在今后的工作中无论是。另一种更复杂的方法是必需的，或许是时尚大师们和其他非环保意见领袖领导。 不幸的是，以上。无论怎样引人注目的叙述，在我看来既不经济也不是文化将改变，直到有一个不同的哲学背景下塑造我们共同的世界观。 在大多数国家，今天还有就是看技术，而不是本质，作为改善人民生活的任务，我们的首选合作伙伴世界观。对于我们大多数人的本性是无关紧要的。更糟糕的是自然环境有时表现为对发展的阻力，且不方便载重吨减慢人类进步的漫长旅程。只要这种世界观保持甚至部分完好无损然后文化变革和改革对准经济思想与生态容量是的，我害怕，几乎是不可能实现的。改变社会“的世界观是一个巨大的工作，但也不是没有可能。我们看世界的方式是不是一个给定的，它的形状，并且它可以在更生态方向，以及自毁那些移动。各国可以引入自然史研

大学学术英语读写教程 下册 课文翻译

WHAT IS STRESS The term stress has been defined in several different ways. sometimes the term is applied to stimuli or events in our environment that make physical and emotional demands on us, and sometimes it is applied to our emotional and physical reactions to such stimuli. in this discussion, we will refer to the environmental stimuli or events as stressors and to the emotional and physical reactions as stress. 压力这个词已经有几种不同的定义。有时候这个术语适用于我们环境中的刺激或事件，这些刺激或事件会对我们产生身体和情感方面的要求，有时也适用于我们对这种刺激的情绪和身体反应。在这个讨论中，我们将环境刺激或事件称为压力，并将情绪和身体上的反应称为压力。 Many sorts of events be stressors, including disasters, such as hurricanes or tornadoes; major life events, such as divorce or the loss of a job; and daily hassles, such as having to wait in line at the supermarket when you need to be somewhere else in 10 minutes. What all this events have in common is that they interfere with or threat our accustomed way of life. when we encounter such stressors, we must pull together our mental and physical resources in order to deal with the challenge. How well we succeed in doing so will determine how serious a toll the stress will take on our mental and physical well-being. 许多事件都是压力源，包括灾难，如飓风或龙卷风; 重大生活事件，如离婚或失业; 每天都有麻烦，比如当你要在10分钟内到别的地方去却不得不在超市排队等。所有这些事件都有共同之处，就是它们干涉或威胁我们习惯的生活方式。当我们遇到这样的压力时，我们必须整合我们的精神和物质资源来应对挑战。我们如何成功地做到这一点将决定压力对我们身心健康将产生多大的影响。 Reacting to stressors The Canadian physiologist Hans Seyle has been the most influential writer on stress. Seyle proposed that both humans and other animals react to any stressor in three stages, collectively known as the general adaptation syndrome. the first stage, when the person or animal becomes aware of the stressor is the alarm reaction. In this stage the organism becomes highly alert and aroused, energized by a burst of epinephrine. After the alarm reaction comes the stage of resistance , as the organism tries to adapt to the stressful stimulus or to escape from it. If these efforts are successful, the state of the organism returns to normal. If the organism cannot adapt to the continuing stress, however, it enters a stage of exhaustion or collapse. 加拿大生理学家Hans Seyle在压力方面一直是最有影响力的作家。塞尔提出，人类和其他动物在三个阶段对任何压力源作出反应，统称为一般适应综合症。第一阶段，当人或动物意识到应激源时，就是警报反应。在这个阶段，机体变得高度警觉和激起，并被一阵肾上腺素所激发。当警报反应进入抵抗阶段后，机体试图适应压力刺激或逃避压力。如果这些努力成功，机体的状态就会恢复正常。然而，如果生物体不能适应持续的压力，它就进入衰竭或崩溃的阶段。 Seyle developed his model of the general adaptation syndrome as a result of research with rats and other animals. In rats, certain stressors, such as painful tail-pulling consistently led to the same sorts of stress reactions in humans, however, it is harder to predict what will be stressful to a particular person at a particular time. subjective person's the on depends stressful be will stimulus particular a Whether