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八年级下册英语语法笔记

八年级下册英语语法笔记
八年级下册英语语法笔记

八年级下册英语语法笔记

Unit 1语法

本单元主要学习将来时态的表达

1.将来时态:表示将要在将来的时间里发生的动作。主要的时间状语有in the future , tomorrow,the day after tomorrow, next day(month, year), in +段时间表示的将来时间,如:in ten years, in two weeks等.

将来时的肯定构成:主语+will+V原+其他I will go to Beijing tomorrow.

将来时的否定构成:主语+will+not (won’t )+V原+其他I won’t go to Beijing tomorrow.

将来时的疑问构成:Will +主语+V原+其他?Will you go to Beijing tomorrow?

Yes, I will. No, I won’t.

在英语中也可以用另外一种句子表示将来时

肯定构成:主语+be going to + V原+其他. I am going to Beijing tomorrow.

否定构成:主语+be going to + V原+其他. I am not going to Beijing tomorrow.

疑问构成:Be+主语+ going to + V原+其他?Are you going to Beijing?

Yes, I am No, I am not.

两者的区别主要是:1)be going to 表示有某种暗示

Eg:It is going to rain.(通过看天气或云而判断出来的。)

2)be going to 有计划性,有某种打算I am going to be a teacher.

除了以上之外,will 和be going to 可以通用。

2.There be 句型表示“有”,have 也表示“有”,那么“将要有”的表达如下:

①There is going to be ②there will be

③主语(必须是人做主语)+will have ④主语(必须是人做主语)+ be going to have

There is going to be a sports meeting next week.

= There will be a sports meeting next week.

I will have a new toy car. = I am going to have a toy car.

没有there is going to have , there will have 的表达。

3.不定代词:表示没有具体指代的人或物。

表示物的不定代词everything, something, anything, nothing

不定代词

表示人的不定代词everybody(everyone),somebody(some one),

anybody(any one),nobody(no one)

注意:所有的不定代词没有复数形式,只有单数形式。

Everyone stays (stay) at home.

4.a little, little, a few, few的区别及用法

一点 a few

后面必须加不可数名词

little 几乎没有 a little

eg: He is new, so he has few friends.

eg: I am so thirsty, but there is little water in the glass.

little —less —least few—fewer—fewest

5.free 自由的adj I will be free tomorrow.

免费的adj Everything is free, you needn’t take money.

n. freedom 自由

6.polution污染n.(不可数名词)There is much pollution in the city.

7. agree : v 同意agree with sb. 同意某人I agree with you.

agree —disagree= don’t agree

在Section A 中必须掌握的短语

①there will be 将要有②in people’s homes 在人们的家里

③study at home on computers 在家通过电脑学习

④be free 免费⑤live to be… 活到…⑥in 100 years 一百年以后⑦less pollution 更少的污染

⑧big and crowded 大而拥挤⑨more tall buildings 更多的高大建筑物

8.alone, lonely

alone, 独自一人强调一个人lonely, 孤独的;寂寞的强调内心的孤独,寂寞

I live alone, but I don’t feel lonely.

9. keep: v. 饲养I like keeping pets.

v. 使某人… keep (sb.) doing sth I keep him waiting.

保持keep sth + adj Please keep the room clean. Keep quiet.

10. can / be able to 区别

共同点:含义相同能够

不同点:can 是情态动词,只有一般现在时态和过去时态

be able to 可用于各种时态,be动词随主语的不同要做相应的变化。

He can play soccer.= He is able to play soccer.

11. need: 双重身份的动词1)情态动词+V原I need a new bike.

2)行为动词need to do sth I need to buy a new bike. 12. Predicting the future can be difficult. Predicting 在这里是动名词做主语。动名词虽然是名词,但

是也具有动词性质,表示动作,但是名词就没有动作性质。

predict v 预测n. prediction n. 预测,预言

13.One of + 名词复数+动词单数+其他….的之一

He is one of the best students. 他是最好的学生之一。

14.be used by 被用于…. The bike is used by riding.

15.see sb doing sth 看见某人正在做某事I see him playing soccer.

see sb do sth 看见某人做了某事I saw him play soccer.

在Section B 中必须掌握的短语

①fell in love with 爱上②as a reporter 作为一个记者③living alone 独自一人居住

④on the weekend 在周末⑤one day 一天⑥World Cup 世界杯⑦for fun 为了娱乐

⑧from now 从现在⑨work for sb 为某人工作⑩job interview 工作面试⑾fly to 飞向…

⑿come true 实现

16. help: help sb do sth =help sb with doing sth =help sb with sth

He helps me clean the room.=He helps me with cleaning the room.

17. such\ so 表示“如此”时的区别

such a\an + adj. + 单数名词He is such a clever boy.

so +adj.+a\an +单数名词= He is so clever a boy.

18.try try to do sth 努力做某事I try to listen him carefully.

try doing 尝试做某事

try one’s best to do sth 尽某人最大努力做某事

I try my best to help her. 我尽我最大努力帮助她。

19.the same …..as 同… 一样He has the same pen as me.

(注意same前面的the 永远不可以丢掉。)

20.make v make sb do sth 使某人做某事Playing games make me be happy.

make sb +adj 使某人….= Playing games make me happy.

21.It is +adj for sb. to do sth. 对于某人来说做某事是adj.

It is important for us to be healthy.

It is easy for a child to wake up.

22.seem: v. 似乎1)seem to do sth He seems to be wrong.

2) It seems(seemed) that +…. It seems that he is wrong.

23. over and over again 再三地They do simple jobs over and over again.

Unit2语法

本单元主要学习表示建议的句子

1.should 情态动词肯定形式:主语+should +动词原形

否定形式:主语+should +not+动词原形

疑问形式:Should +主语+动词原形?

Yes, 主语+should. No, 主语+shouldn’t.

2. want: want to do sth. want sb.to do sth want +n.

3.enough: adj. 足够的enough+n.或n.+enough I have enough money.= I have money enough.

adv. 足够地adj.+ enough (切记enough 修饰形容词只能放在后面)

He is old enough.

enough +n. to do sth / adj+enough to do sth

Eg:I have enough books to read. He is old enough to go to school.

4.argue v. 争吵argue with sb. 和某人争吵He always argues with his friends.

argue about sth 争吵某事They are arguing about the math test.

n. argument They had a big argument.

5. out of style 过时的= old-fashioned My clothes are out of style.

不过时的in style

6. What’s wrong? 怎么了?=What’s the matter?=What’s the trouble?

7. write him a letter 给他写一封信= write a letter to him

8. call sb up 给某人打电话Please call me up when you are free.

call sb at+电话号码Please call her at 88171858.

9. give him a ticket to a ball game 给他一张球赛的票

注意这里的介词用to, 类似的搭配还有:the answer to the question, the key to the door.

10.surprise: n.惊讶to one’s surprise 使某人惊讶的是To my surprise ,he passed the math test.

in surprise 惊讶地He looked at me in surprise.

v. surprise at sth 对…感到惊讶He surprised at the toy car.

surprise sb 使某人惊讶I don’t want to surprise him.

adj. surprising(主语是物) / surprised (主语是人)

11.talk about sth 谈论某事talk to\with sb. 和某人谈话

12. 1)pay for 支付;花费(金钱)

主语必须是人spend ....(in) doing sth

2)spend:花费(时间或金钱)

主语必须是人spend ….on sth

3)cost: 花费(时间或金钱)主语必须是物

4)take: 花费(时间或金钱)

只能用it 做主语,公式是:It takes(took) sb. some time(money) to do sth.

用口诀记住四个表示“花费”的单词:2人1物1 it.

①I paid ten yuan for the book.

②I spent ten yuan in buying the book.\ I spent ten yuan on the book

我花10元钱买了这本书。③The book cost me ten yuan.

④It took me ten yuan to buy the book.

13.borrow sth.from sb. 从某人借某物(强调主语向里面借)He borrowed the book from his friend.

lend sth to sb. 向某人借某物(强调主语向外面借)He lended the book to his friend. 14. either: 也,放在否定句的末尾,用逗号隔开。He doesn’t have any money, either.

任一的,当either 做主语时动词要用单数形式。Either of the answer is right.

15.ask: 1) 要ask sb. for sth .向某人要某物He asked his parents for the money.

2)问ask the questions 问问题ask the teacher 问老师

ask sb about sth 问某人关于某事

He asked me some questions about the vacation.

3)让ask sb to do sth 让某人做某事He asks me to clean the room.

ask sb not to do sth 让某人不做某事He asks me not to clean the room. 16. buy sb sth=buy sth for sb 给某人买东西(注意介词是for 不是to)

He bought me a gift.= He bought a gift to me.

在Section A 中必须掌握的短语:

1)want me to stay at home 想要我呆在家里2)play … too loud 放… 太大声

3)argue with sb 同某人争吵4) out of style 过时5)write him a letter 给他写一封信

6)call sb up 给某人打电话7)go to his house 去他的家

8)give him a ticket to a ball game 给他一张球赛的票

9)talk about it on the phone 通过电话谈论它10)pay for 支付

11)part/full-time job 兼职/全职工作

12)ask for 要….13)get a tutor to come to his home. 找一个家教来他的家

17.than 是比较级的标志,请参考8上U6.

He is taller than me.(tall)

18. tell: 告诉tell sb about sth 告诉某人关于某物

He told me about the Chinese history.

tell sb to do sth 告诉某人做某事He told me to clean the classroom.

tell sb not to do sth 告诉某人不要做某事He told me not to clean the classroom. 19 invite: v.邀请invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事He invited me to join the English club.

n. 邀请invitation I received his invitation.

20.excetp :除了I have read all the story book that you lended to me except this one.

宾语从句

主语谓语宾语从句

注意:当主句的主语(宾语)和宾语从句的主语相同时可以改写为简单句:

I don’t know what to do. (将宾语从句变为:特殊疑问词+ 动词不定式就变成简单句)

Eg:1) Please tell me when I should leave.= Please tell me when to leave.

2)I don’t know how I go to Shanghai.= I don’t know how to go to Shanghai.

22. leave : leave 离开I will leave for Beijing tomorrow.

留下\忘记I left the book at homework.

当leave表示忘记时不同于forget.

Eg: I leave the keys in the car.

I forgot to lock the door.

23. be angry with sb 和某人生气I am angry with my best friend.

be angry at sth 和某事生气I am angry at my math test.

24.fight v fight with sb 和某人打架n. have a fight with sb. 和某人打架

I always fight with my sister.= I always have a fight with my sister.

25. get on 相处get on with sb. 和某人相处get on well with sb. 和某人相处融洽

26. Could you please do sth? 注意:please 后面的动词要用原形。

Could you please give me some water?

27. advice : 建议不可数名词Please give me some advice.

在Section B及阅读中必须掌握的短语:

1)in style 时尚2)find out 发现3)the same age as me 和我一样的年纪

4)get on well 相处融洽5)have a fight with sb 和某人打架6)talk about 谈论

7)say to sb 对某人说…..8)angry with me 和某人9)as much as possible 尽可能

10) complain about 抱怨…11)take part in 参加12)know about 了解13)compare…with 比较14)on the one hand….on the other hand 一方面…..在另一方面

Unit 3语法

本单元主要学习过去进行时的表达

1.过去进行时态:表示在过去的时间里正在发生的动作。

过去进行时的时间状语:at 7 o’clock yesterday, 由when或while引导的时间状语。

过去进行时的肯定构成:主语+ was\were+ Ving +其他.

否定构成:主语+was\were+not+Ving+其他

疑问构成:Were\Was +主语+Ving+其他?

Yes, 主语+was\were. No, 主语+wasn’t\weren’t.

2.when和while都可以引导时间状语用在过去进行时态的句子,两者的区别是:

1) when +过去时,主句+过去进行时。

当不明飞行物着陆时,我正在读书。

When 翻译为“当…时候”表示在landed的瞬间,另一个动作reading正在进行。

上面的句子=I was reading when the UFO landed. 我正在读书,正在这时,UFO着陆了。

这里when翻译为正在这时,表示在reading时,另一个动作发生While +过去进行时,主句+过去时。

While I was reading , the UFO landed.

while翻译为正在这时,表示在reading时,另一个动作发生.

2)when 既可以接延续性动词,也可以接非延续性动词。

while 只能接延续性动词。

I was reading when the UFO landed.= I was reading while the UFO landed.

3. arrive in +大地点

arrive at +小地点

get to +地点到达某地

reach+地点

4.follow sb.to do sth. 跟着某人做某事I follow him to enter the classroom.

follow sb around 到处跟着某人Pleas e don’t follow me around.

在Section A必须掌握的短语:

1)sleep late 睡懒觉2)get out of 从…出来3) talk on the phone 通过电话谈

4)cut hair 剪头发5)Museum of Flight 飞行博物馆6)go into a store 进入一个商店

7)walk down 沿着…走8)take off 起飞9)unusual experience 不寻常的经历

10) land right 正好着陆

5.shout at sb 对某人大喊

表示不礼貌的喊叫Don’t shout at me.

shout to sb 对某人大喊

表示希望对方听见而大喊I shout to the drive, but the drive can’t hear.

6. in the tree 在树上(外来的用in)The cat is in the tree.

on the tree 在树上(外来的用on)Leave are on the tree.

7. think about 考虑think about doing sth 考虑做某事He thought about going to Canada.

8. say to sb 对某人说He said to me that he was wrong.

在Section B及阅读中必须掌握的短语:

1)take a photo 照相2)walk to school 走向学校3)get out of 从…出来4)run away 跑开5)think about 考虑.

6)in silence 沉默7)take place 发生8)all over the world 全世界

Unit 4语法

本单元主要学习直接引语和间接引语

1.我们把引述别人的话语可归纳为两种方式:直接引语和间接引语

直接引述别人的话语,并置于引号之内的句子称为直接引语。

用自己的语言转述别人的话语,称为间接引语,间接一般构成宾语从句。..

Eg:The teacher as ked, “Do you like English? “老师问:“你喜欢英语吗?”(直接引语)The girl said that she liked English very much. 女孩说她非常喜欢英语。(间接引语)

2.直接引语变间接引语的变化形式

基本形式是:人称变,时态变,时间状语变。

人称变口诀:1随主,2看宾,3不变

时态变:引述动词如果用一般现在时或一般将来时,间接引语的时态不变。

引述动词如果用一般过去时,间接引语的时态要变成相应的过去时态的一种。

时态具体变化如下:

一般现在时→一般过去时一般过去时→过去完成时

现在进行时→过去进行时现在完成时→过去完成时

一般将来时→过去将来时过去进行时→不变

c an→could

时间状语的变化

now → then last month → the month before

today → that day three days ago → three days before

tonight → tha t night tomorrow → the next day

this week → that week next month → the next month

yesterday → the day before the day after tomorrow → in two days

3.注意如果出项以下词也要有相应的变化:

地点状语的变化here → there

指示代词的变化this→ that these → thos e

谓语动词的变化come → go

4.直接引语变为间接引语的情况

1). 直接引语为陈述句

(1) 将直接引语变为由that 引导的宾语从句,接在谓语动词之后(that 可以省略。)

例如:He said, “I forgot to call you yesterday.”

→He said that he had forgotten to call me the day before.

他说她前一天忘记给我打电话了。

(2) 如果引述动词是say to sb.,则通常改为tell sb. sth. 结构。例如:

He said to me, “Your bike is broken.” 她对我说:“你的自行车坏了。”

→He told me that my bike was broken. 他对我说我的自行车坏了。

2). 直接引语为一般疑问句

直接引语为一般疑问句,将直接引语变为由if /whether+陈述句引导的宾语从句,句中时态、人称、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要做相应的变化。若直接引语的引述动词为say ,应改为ask. 例如:

Mary asked me, “Is Helen from the United States?” 玛丽问我,“凯伦时美国人吗?”

→Mary asked me whether/if Helen w as from the United States. 玛丽问我海伦是否时美国人。

3).直接引语为特殊疑问句

直接引语为特殊疑问句,将直接引语变为由特殊疑问句+陈述语序的宾语从句。

例如:

John asked me, “W here does Zhou Xun come from?”

→John asked me where Zhou Xun came from. 约翰问我周迅时哪儿的人。

4).直接引语如果是祈使句其结构是:肯定句:ask\order\tell sb. to do sth.

否定句:ask\order\tell sb. not to do sth.

He said: “ Open the door. He asked me to open the doo r.

He said: “ Don’t open the door.” He asked me not to open the door.

5).如果直接引语是客观事实:不变

He said: “The sun is bigger than the moon.”

He said the sun is bigger than the moon.

在Section A必须掌握的短语:

1)happen on sth 在某事上发生2)have a surprise party 有一个惊喜的晚会3)on Friday night 在周五的晚上

4)come to my house to study 来我家学习5)be mad at sb=be angry with sb 对某人生气6)first of all 首先

7)pass on the passage 传递信息8)be supposed to do sth 应该做某事

本单元涉及到的语法:

1.be good at =do well in 在某方面擅长Eg: I am good at English.=I do well in English.

be better at= do better in

2.be sorry to do sth 抱歉,遗憾做某事I am sorry to hear you are ill.

3.finish: v. finish doing sth 完成做某事He finished reading the English book.

4.surprise: v be surprised to do sth 很惊讶做某事

I am surprised to hear the good news.

be surprised at sth 在某事上惊讶

n. to one’s surprise 使某人惊讶的是…

To my surprise ,he passed the math test.

adj. surprised 主语是人surprising 主语是物

5.be mad at sb = be angry with sb 和某人生气Don’t be mad at me.不要和我生气。

在Section B和阅读中必须掌握的短语:

1)end-of-year exam 期末考试2)report card 成绩单3)get nervous 紧张4)have a big fight 打架5)copy my homework 抄袭我的作业6)be sure 确信7)get over it 克服它

8)sound like fun听起来好9) one’s own sth 某人自己的东西

10)open up one’s eyes to the outside 打开外面的视野

6.be sorry to do sth 很抱歉,遗憾做某事I am sorry to hear you have a cold.

Unit5语法

本单元学习条件状语从句

1.条件状语从句:

结构:If+一般现在时态,将来时态或将来时态+if+一般现在时。

If it doesn’t rain, I will go shopping.=I will go shopping if it doesn’t rain.

2.happen: 1)当“发生”含义时主语只能是物,不能是人。This happened in 1988.

2)表示某人发生了什么事用happen to sb A car accident happened to LiMing.

3) happen是不及物动词London happened this story. (错)

This story happened in London.(对)

4)当表示“碰巧”的含义时,主语可以是人。

公式是Sb happens\happened to do sth 主语碰巧做某事=It happens\happened that…

Eg:He happened to meet his old friends.= It happened that he met his friends.

3.help: v.1) help sb do sth 帮助某人做某事He helped me study better.

2) help sb with sth 在某方面帮助某人He helped me with math.

3) help sb with doing sth He helped me with studying math.

4) can’t help doing sth 禁不住做某事He can’t help crying.

n. 不可数I need your help.

4. When is a good time to do sth? 什么时候是做某事的好时间?

When is a good time to have a party?

5. the rules for … … 的规定I want you to remember the rules for school parties.

6. let sb in 让某人进入Let sb out 让某人出去

If you do that , the teacher won’t let you in.

7. ask: ask sb to do sth 让某人做某事The teachers will ask them to leave.

ask sb not to do sth 让某人不做某事The teacher will ask them not to leave.

8. have\has to do sth 不得不做某事I have to finish the work.

9. Me too. 我也是. 也可以用So+助动词/ 情态动词/ be 动词+主语也是表达某人也如此的含义Eg:Tom studies well, so did LiMing. Tom学习好,李明也如此。

She will fly to Shanghai, so will my teacher.

Mary is a good girl, so is Jenny.

为什么不做某事?Why not have lunch? 为什么不吃午餐呢?

在Section A必须掌握的短语:

1) have a great/good/nice/wonderful time 玩得高兴=have fun = enjoy oneself

2) at the party 在晚会上3) end of year party 年终晚会4)take …away拿走,取走

5)all the time=always一直,始终,总是6)ID card 身份证7)the rules for ..的规定

8)the old people’s home 老年之家

11.be able to do sth 能够做某事I am able to make a kite.

12.make a living( by) doing sth 通过某种方式谋生

He makes a living by sell the newspaper. 他通过卖报纸谋生。

13.get\ be injured 受伤I fall down from the tree, I was injured.

14.decide: decide to do sth

= make up one’s mind to do sth

= make a decision to do sth

decide on sth

在Section B必须掌握的短语:

1)make money 赚钱2)round the world = all over the world 全世界,世界各地

3)go to college上大学4)work hard 努力工作(学习)5)a professional athlete 职业运动员6)a dream job 理想的职业7)make a living谋生8)play sports 进行体育运动= get/do exercise 9)get injured 受伤10)in fact事实上,实际上11)mobile phone 移动电话

12)too much 太多13)laugh at嘲笑,因……而发笑

Unit6语法

本单元主要学习现在完成进行时

1.现在完成进行:表示现在以前这一段时间里一直在进行的动作,这动作可能仍在进行,也可能

已停止。

其肯定结构是:主语+have\has been doing sth

否定结构是:主语+have\has +not+been doing sth

疑问结构是:Have\Has +主语+been doing sth?

Yes, 主语+have\has. No,主语+have\has+not.

如:It has been raining since last Sunday. 自上周星期日以来就一直在下雨。

He’s been watching television all day. 他看了一天电视了。

在Section A必须掌握的短语:

1)how long 多长,多久2)a skating marathon 滑冰马拉松

3)a pair of 一双,一副,一把,一条4)raise money (for charity)(为慈善机构)募捐,筹钱5)the whole five hours 整整五个小时6)three and a half years 三年半= three years and a half

在Section B和阅读中必须掌握的短语:

1)thanks for 因……而表示感谢2)run out of 用完,用尽

3)by the way 顺便说一下,顺便问一下4)in Russian style 以俄罗斯的风格

5)fly kites 放风筝6)a talent show 才艺表演7)finish doing sth. 结束做某事

8)be interested in 对…感兴趣9)Chinese dynasty 中国的王朝10)famous characters 著名人物11)think of 考虑,想起12)in Russian style 俄罗斯的风格

13). tell sb. about sth. 把……的情况告诉某人14). enjoy doing sth. 喜爱做某事

15). the Olympic Games 奥运会= the Olympics 16)far away 在远处

Unit7语法

本单元学习表示委婉句子的表达

1.Would you mind doing sth? 你介意做…?

否定:Would you mind not doing sth?

= Could you please do sth?

否定:Could you please not do sth?

其答语通常是:Sorry, I’ll do it right now.\ No, not at all. 等.注意不用yes回答。

在Section A必须掌握的短语:

1)turn down (音量)放小,(光线)调暗turn up (音量)放大,(光线)调亮turn on 打开(开关、按钮)turn off 关(开关、按钮)

2)not at all 一点也不3)right away = in a minute 立刻,马上

4)do/wash the dishes 洗碗5)put on 穿上(动作)

6)help sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事7)make posters 制作海报

2.try: 1)try to do sth 努力做某事try not to do sth

2)try doing sth 尝试做某事

3)try one’s best to do sth 尽某人最大努力做某事

3.the way to +地点通向…的路Can you tell me the way to the hospital?

在SectionB和阅读中必须掌握的短语:

1)have a long telephone conversation 煲电话粥2)wait in line 排队3)cut in line 插队

4)follow sb. around 跟在某人周围5)get mad = get annoy = get angry 生气,感到恼火

6)try (not) to do sth. 尽力(不去)做某事7)seem like 看上去像……

8)even if/though 尽管、即使9) take care = be careful 小心10) in public places 在公众场合11)in public 公开地,当众地12)break the rule 不遵守规则13)put out 熄灭

14)pick up 捡起、拾起

Unit8语法

本单元学习表示建议的句子

1.Why don’t you do sth?= Why not do sth?= What\How about +doing sth?

Eg: Why don’t you give your mother a scarf?

Why not give your mother a scarf?

How \What about giving your mother a scarf?

2.too: too放在句子中修饰形容词表示“太”Eg :He is too thin.

too 放在句子末尾表示“也”。Nice to meet you , too.

3. enough: 1) 修饰名词放前放后均可enough money \ money enough

2)修饰形容词放在后面He is old enough.

3) adj/adv.+enough to do sth He is old enough to go to school.

4) enough+n. to do sth I have enough time to do homework.

4. get sb sth=get sth for sb. get= buy

He gets me a scarf.= He get a scarf for me .

在Section A.B和阅读中必须掌握的短语:

1)photo album 相册2)leave school 毕业离校3)take care of = look after 照顾,照看

4)too… to…太……而不能…… 5)these days 目前,现在6)a pot-bellied pig 大肚猪

7)not … at all根本不,一点也不8)fall asleep 入睡9)give away 分发,赠送

10)pay for 付……的款11)rather than 而不是12)in different ways 以不同的方式

13.)as … as与……一样…… 14)native speakers 说本族语的人

15)encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事16)make progress 取得进步

17)the Olympic Committee 奥委会18)have fun with sth. 做某事有乐趣= have fun doing sth. 19)hear of 听说20)take an interest in = be interested in 对……感兴趣

21)make friends with 和……交朋友

Unit9 语法

本单元学习现在完成时态:其肯定构成:主语+have (has) +过去分词+其他

否定构成:主语+have (has)+not +过去分词+其他

疑问构成:Have \Has+主语+过去分词+其他?

回答:Yes, 主语+have\has. No,主语+have\has+not.

过去分词是动词的一种变化形式,其变化规则同动词过去式,某些动词的过去分词和动词过去式一致,但有一些是特殊的形式:如:eat---- eaten be---been see----seen go----gone 等等,需要特殊记忆。

(一)表示过去发生或完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

如:Have you read that story?

你读过那个故事吗?

(“读”这一动作发生在过去,对现在造成的影响是:是否知道故事的内容。)

I have bought two apples.

我买了两个苹果。

(“买”这一动作发生在过去,对现在造成的结果是:拥有两个苹果。)

在学习这一概念的同时,还应注意常与现在完成时连用的几个副词:already,just,ever,yet,never等。already,just多用于肯定句中,ever,yet,never多用于疑问句和否定句中。其位置是放于have\has 和过去分词之间。

如:I have already finished my homework.我已经做完家庭作业了。

He has just had his meal.他刚吃过饭。

Have you ever sung this English song?你曾唱过这首英文歌吗?

They haven't started yet.他们还没有动身。

We have never heard of it.我们从来没有听说过这件事。

(二)表示过去已经开始,一直持续到现在的动作或状态。

1、因为表示的是持续的动作或状态,所以使用的动词通常是延续性动词:be, stay, study, wait, keep, have… 等;

2、使用的时间状语通常由for或since 引导,但二者后接的词有所不同:

for后常跟一个时间段,指某个动作到现在为止已持续了多长时间。如:for three years, for half an hour等。

since 作介词,后面可以接一个时间点,如since 1980,也可以接“一段时间+ago”,如: since three years ago,

since two months ago等。

since 还可用作连词,引导一个过去时态的时间状语从句。

如:We have known each other since we went to college.

3、非延续性动词不能直接和for 或since 连用,但我们可以找一个相应的延续性动词或动词短

语来替换这些非延续性动词,

如: come—be, come to—be in / at, go out—be out, leave—be away,

begin—be on, stop—be over,buy— have, borrow—keep,

open—be open, close→be closed, join—be a member of,

die—be dead, catch a cold→have a cold, get to know—know,

become a teacher —be a teacher, fall asleep—be asleep, fall ill—be ill等。

4、句型It is the first (second, third...) time that...的that从句中,谓语动词须用现在完成时,表示

到说话时为止动作发生过几次。

如:It is the first time that I have been here.

(三)现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较

1、一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在

于陈述一件过去的事情,不强调对"现在"产生的影响。

如:He visited Guilin in 1998. 他1998年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间)

2、现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。

如:Jill has bought a new computer. 吉尔买了一台新电脑。(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑)

3、两种时态的区分

(1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式,而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是"助动词have /has +过去分词"。

(2)一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等;

而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week, since..., for...等表示一段时间的状语连用。

(3)看看以下的几组句子,有什么区别?

① Have you seen the film?(A) Did you see the film?(B)

[说明] 你看过这部电影吗?(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解;(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过,并不强调是否知道其内容。

② How has he done it?(A) How did he do it?(B)

[说明]他是怎么做的这件事?(A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响;(B)句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。

③ He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A) He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)

[说明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年,可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年,现在不在北京了。

二、现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别

1. 现在完成时可以表示一个已经完成的动作,而现在完成进行时则表示一个正在进行的动作。如:I have read the book. 我读过这本书。

I have been reading the book. 我一直在读这本书。

【注】有少数动词(如work, study, live, teach, stay等)在表示持续一时间时用这两种时态含义差不多(只是用现在完成进行进更强调动作的持续性)。

如:How long have you worked [been working] here? 你在这儿工作多久了?

I’ve lived [been living] here since 1988. 自1988年以来我就一直住在这儿。

2. 现在完成时通常只陈述事实,而现在完成进行时还可表示一种感情色彩。

如:I have waited for two hours. 我等了两小时。(陈述事实)

I have been waiting for two hours. 我等了两个小时。(等得好辛苦)

3. 现在完成进行时通常用来谈论较短暂的动作或情况,若要谈论时间延续较长的动作或情况或永久性情况,则通常用现在完成时。

如:He has lived in Paris. 他(一直)住在巴黎。

He has been living in Paris. 他(目前)住在巴黎。(表暂时性)

4. 不用于进行时态的动词通常也不用于现在完成进行时,但它们可以用于现在完成时。

如:I’ve only known her for two day. 我认识她刚刚两天。

They’ve been married for twenty years. 他们结婚已二十年了。

The war has lasted for a long time. 这场战争持续了很长时间。

5. 现在完成进行时不用于被动语态,若要用可用现在完成时的被动语态代替。

如:The house has been painted for a month. 这房子已漆了一个月。

The problem has been studied for five days. 这个问题已研究了五天。

在Section A、B和阅读中必须掌握的短语:

1)have been to 到过某处2) an amusement park 游乐园3)a water park 水上公园

4)a roller coaster 过山车5)see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在做某事see sb. do sth. 看见某人做了某事6)walk around 四处走动7)take a ride 兜风8)on board 在船上

9)take different routes 走不同的路线10)end up 结束11)argue with sb. 与某人争吵

12)an English-speaking country 说英语的国家13)an exchange student 交换生

14)a flight attendant 一名机组乘务员15)a tour guide 导游16)such as 例如

17)listening skills 听力技能18)in Southeast Asia 在东南亚19)take a holiday 度假

20)three quarters 四分之三21)have problems (in) doing sth. 做某事很费劲

22)during the daytime = in the day 在白天23)all year round 全年,一年到头

24)wake up 醒来,唤醒,叫醒

Unit10语法

本单元主要学习反义疑问句

反义疑问句的构成:前肯后否,前否后肯,前陈后疑

Eg:He is a good boy, isn’t he?Yes, he is . No, he isn’t .

He isn’t a good boy, is he?Yes, he is. No,he is n’t.(注意在这里yes和no 的翻译)

特殊的反义疑问句:

1) 陈述部分的主语是I,疑问部分要用aren't I.

I'm as tall as your sister,aren't I?

2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may +主语。

I wish to have a word with you, may I?

3) 陈述部分用no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。

The Swede made no answer, did he / she?

Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?

4) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.),疑问部分常用don't +主语(didn't +主语)。

We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?

5) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?

You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?

6) 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。

You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?

7) 感叹句中,疑问部分用be +主语。

What colours, aren't they?

What a smell, isn't it?

8) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。Everything is ready, isn't it?

9) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情况:

a. 并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。

Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?

b. 带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定:

He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?

He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?

c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。

I don't think he is bright, is he?

We believe she can do it better, can't she?

10) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等,疑问部分常用复数they,有时也用单数he。

Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (does he?)

Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)

11) 带情态动词need的反意疑问句,疑问部分常用need +主语。

We need not do it again, need we ?

He dare not say so, dare you?

当need 为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。

She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?

12) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用will you。

Don't do that again, will you?

Go with me, will you / won't you ?

13)Let's 开头的祈使句,后用shall we?

Let us 开头的祈使句,后用will you?

Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?

Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?

14) 陈述部分是"there be"结构的,疑问部分用there省略主语代词。

There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?

There will not be any trouble, will there?

15) 否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。

It is impossible, isn't it?

He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?

本单元需要掌握的短语

1)small talk 闲聊2)look through 浏览,快速查看3)a thank-you note 一封感谢信4)be friendly to sb. 对某人友好5)feel like (doing) sth. 想要(做)……

6)have a hard/difficult time doing sth 费了很大的劲做某事

7)come along 到达,出现,跟着来,赶快8)get along/ on 相处9)at least 至少

初中英语语法——三大从句汇总(重点笔记)

初中英语语法——三大从句汇总 在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即 状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。以 下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点 A、定语从句专项讲解与训练 一、定语从句概念 定语从句(attributive clause),顾名思义,就是一个句子作定语从属 于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当,所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外, 定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的,故又称作关系从句。 定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后,这种名词或代词被称作先 行词。请看示例: The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行词定语从句 在所有的从句中,算定语从句最难掌握,因为汉语里没有定语从句,汉语 里只有定语,而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词,并且在定语从句中充当句子成分,可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有:who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示: 先行词主格宾格所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that — (一)关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法 who代替人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语。例如: An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。 I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first

八年级下册英语语法知识点

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