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剑7 Test2 Reading

剑7  Test2  Reading
剑7  Test2  Reading

雅思阅读目标对照

1. 熟练掌握必背词汇;

2. 能够分析并理解长难句;

3. 能够掌握文章的篇章结构;

4. 能够讲清楚做题依据。

学习课题

剑7 Test2 Reading 1

教学内容及重难点

Paragraph A

1. 必背词汇

sweep v. 横扫typhoon n. 台风

seemingly adv. 看起来似乎flimsy adj. 不结实的pagoda n. 塔collapse v. 坍塌

lightning n. 闪电disastrous adj. 灾难性的

topple v. 不稳而倒下elevated adj. 升高的

flatten v. 使变平devastate v. 摧毁magnificent adj. 壮观的unscathed adj. 未受损伤的

level v. 使变平

Paragraph B

scholar n. 学者mystify v. 使迷惑

slender adj. 细长的erect v. 竖立

reinforce v. 加固absorber n. 减震器

dampen v. 减弱

Paragraph C

peg n. 桩wedge n. 楔

majestic adj. 壮丽的soar v. 耸立

carpenter n. 木匠sway v. 摇摆

Paragraph D

Buddhism n. 佛教brick n. 砖

staircase n. 楼梯watchtower n. 瞭望台architecture n. 建筑设计be adapted to (经改动以)适应

(环境)

Be dispensed with 免除batter v. 击打

eave. n. 屋檐gush v. 涌出

overhang n. 外伸部分

Paragraph E

porcelain n. 瓷tile n. 瓦片earthenware n. 陶器

Paragraph F

resilience n. 快速恢复的能力pine tree 松树

trunk n. 树干pillar n. 柱子

flex v. 弯曲startling adj. 惊人的

suspend v. 吊loosely adv. 松弛地

Paragraph G

a series of 一系列enormous adj. 巨大的

stationary adj. 静止的pendulum n. 钟摆

craftsman n. 工匠Trail and

反复试验

error

grasp v. 领会stack v. 堆,垛

slither v. 滑行to and fro 来回地

consecutive adj. 连续的constrain v. 约束

bang v. 猛撞transmit v. 传送,传导

Paragraph H

taper v. 逐渐减少successive adj. 连续的

corresponding adj. 相应的counterpart n. 相似之物

Paragraph I

tightrope n. 钢丝pole n. 杆

jolt n. 摇动abrupt adj. 突然的

anticipate v. 预料

2. 长难句分析及理解

1)Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years. Those that have disappeared were destroyed by fire as a result of lightning or civil war.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

2) The disastrous Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6400 people, toppled elevated highways, flattened office blocks and devastated the port area of Kobe. Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto unscathed, though it levelled a number of buildings in the neighborhood.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3) It was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors. With its special shock absorbers to dampen the effect of sudden sideways movements from an earthquake, the thirty-six-storey Kasumigaseki building in central Tokyo--Japan?s first skyscraper—was considered a masterpiece of modern engineering when it was built in 1968.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

_______

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 4) The multi-storey pag0da came to Japan from China in the six century. As in China, they were first introduced with

Buddhism and were attached to important temples. The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers. When the pagoda reached Japan, however, its architecture was freely adapted to local conditions—they were built less high, typically five rather than nine storeys, made mainly of wood and the staircase was dispensed with because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but became more of an art object. Because of the typhoons that batter Japan in the summer, Japanese builders learned to extend the eaves of buildings further beyond the walls. This prevents rainwater gushing down the walls. Pagodas in China and Korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in Japan.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 5) The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty percent or more of the building?s overall width. For the same reason, the builders of Japanese pagodas seem to have further increased their weight by choosing to cover these extended eaves not with the porcelain tiles of many Chinese pagodas but with much heavier earthenware tiles.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 6). In fact, in some pagoda designs, it does not even rest on the ground, but is suspended from the top of the pagoda—hanging loosely down through the middle of the building. The weight of the building is supported entirely by twelve outer and four inner columns.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

7). The shinbashira, running up through a hole in the centre of the building, constrained individual storeys from moving too far because, after moving a certain distance, they banged into it, transmitting energy away along the colum.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 8)Mr Ishida, known to his students as …Professor Pagoda? because of his passion to understand the pagoda, has built a series of models and tested them on a …shaketable?in his laboratory. In short, the shinbashira was acting like an enormous stationary pendulum.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 9) More surprising is the fact that the individual storeys of a Japanese pagoda, unlike their counterparts elsewhere, are not actually connected to each other. They are simply stacked one on top of another like a pile of hats.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. 本段主题

Reading 2

1.必背词汇

Paragraph A

collateral damage附带损害destruction n. 破坏;毁灭enervation n. 削弱;衰弱

Paragraph B

fertiliser n. 肥料;受精媒介

skylark, partridge,

lapwing, corn bunting

均为鸟名

pesti c ide n. 杀虫剂vanish v. 消失;突然不见monoculture n. 单一栽培hedgerow n. 灌木篱墙battery rearing笼养landscape n. 风景;地形livestock n. 家畜;牲畜faecal filth 排泄物;污秽

genetic engineering 基因工程;遗传工程salmon

n. 鲑鱼;三文鱼;

大马哈鱼

colossal a. 巨大的;庞大的loch n. 湖;(狭长的)

海湾

algae n. 藻类;海藻run-off n. 流失物

1) First mechanisation, then mass use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, then monocultures, then battery rearing of livestock, and now genetic engineering—the onward march of intensive farming has seemed unstoppable in the last half-century, as yields of produce have soared. But the damage it has caused has been colossal.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2) Natural soil fertility is dropping in many areas because of continuous industrial fertiliser and pesticide use, while the growth of algae is increasing in lakes because of the fertilizer run-off.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

3) In Britain, for example, many of our best-loved farmland birds, such as the skylark, the grey partridge, the lapwing and the corn bunting, have vanished from huge stretches of countryside, as have even more wild flowers and insects.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

Paragraph C

externality n. 外部因素aesthetic a. 美学的;审美

transaction n. 办理;交易

4) This is mainly because the costs of all this damage are what economists refer to as externalities: they are outside the main transaction , which is for example producing and selling a field of wheat, and are borne directly by neither producers nor consumers.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

5) To many, the costs may not appear to be financial at all, but merely aesthetic—a terrible shame, but nothing to do with money. And anyway they, as consumers of food, certainly aren?t paying for it, are they?

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ Paragraph D

quantif y v. 确定数量;量化arable a. 可耕的;适于耕种的

staggering a. 蹒跚的;摇晃的;

令人惊讶的

pasture n. 牧地;草原;牧场

equivalent a. 相当的;相等的

n. 等价物

conservative

a. 保守的;守旧的n.

保守派

Paragraph E

nitrate n. 硝酸盐organic a. 器官的;有机的;

组织的

phosphate n. 磷肥;磷酸盐threefold adv. 三倍

cryptosporidium [植]小孢子, 小芽胞,

芽体

purify v. 使...纯净;净化

organic a. 器官的;有机的;

组织的

deteriorate v. (使)恶化

6) The costs included: €23m for the removal of the bug cryptosporidium from drinking water by water companies; €125m for damage to wildlife habitats, hedgerows and dry stone walls; €1113m from emissions of gases likely to contribute to climate change; €106m from soil erosion and organic carbon losses; €169m from food poisoning; and €607m from cattle disease.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

7) Professor Pretty draws a simple but memorable conclusion from all this: our food bills are actually threefold.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

Paragraph F

8) Breaking away from industrial agriculture as the solution to hunger may be very hard for some countries, but in Britain, where the immediate need to supply food is less urgent, and the costs and the damage of intensive farming have been clearly seen, it may be more feasibly.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Paragraph G

9) Professor Pretty feels that organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices for many farmers. Furthermore, the price premium would put the produce out of reach of many poorer consumers. He is recommending the immediate introduction of a …Greener Food Standard?, which would push the market towards more sustainable environmental practices than the current norm, while not requiring the full commitment to organic production.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________

10) Such a standard would comprise agreed practices for different kinds of farming, covering agrochemical use, soil health, land management, water and energy use, food safety and animal health. It could go a long way, he says, to shifting consumers as well as farmers towards a more sustainable system of agriculture.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

本段主题

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Reading 3

inaccessible a. 无法接近的;不能

达到的

affordable

a. 花费的起的;经

受的住的

expenditure n. 支出;花费hindered a. 妨碍的;阻碍的

Section A

1) The concept of …integrated rural transport? was adopted in the task of examing the transport needs of the rural households in the district. The objective was to reduce the time and effort needed to obtain assess to essential goods and services through an improved rural transport system. The underlying assumption was that the time saved would be used instead for activities that would improve the social and economic development of the communities.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________

Section B

slippery a. 滑的;光滑的

2) When the project began, Makete District was virtually totally isolated during the rainy seasons. The original road was in such a bad shape that access to the main towns was impossible for about three months of the year.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

3) The socio-economic survey of more than 400 households in the district indicated that a household in Makete spent, on average, seven hours a day on transporting themselves and their goods, a figure which seemed extreme but which has also been obtained in surveys in other rural areas in Africa. Interesting facts regarding transport were found: 95% was on foot; 80% was within the locality; and 70% was related to the collection of water and firewood and travelling to grinding mills.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________

Section C

handrail n. 栏杆;扶手footbridge n. 人行桥

4)Having determined the main transport needs, possible solutions were identified which might reduce the time and burden. During Phase II, from January to February 1991, a number of approaches were implemented in an effort to

improve mobility and access to transport.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

5) Most goods were transported along the paths that provide short-cuts up and down the hillsides, but the paths were

a real safety risk and made the journey on foot even more arduous. It made sense to improve the paths by building steps, handrails and footbridges.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________

Section D

institutionalisation n. 体制化;制度化break down损坏;倒塌;瓦解

fluctuate v. 波动;上下起伏wheelbarrow n. 独轮手推车

motorised vehicle机动车

6) The efforts to improve the efficiency of the existing transport services were not very successful because most of the motorised vehicles in the district broke down and there were no resources to repair them.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________

7) Paths and secondary roads were improved only at the request of communities who were willing to participate in construction and maintenance.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Section E

8) It would have been easy to criticise the MIRTP for using in the early phases a “top-down” approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of the district.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Section F

9)The concept of integrated rural transport is now well established in Tanzania, where a major program of rural transport is just about to start. The experiences from Makete will help in this initiative, and Makete District will act as a reference for future work.

a.分析句子结构

b.句子翻译:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________

3. 本段主题

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