实务答案
第五章
一．Key terms
sea transportation 海运containerization集装箱运输surcharge附加费
air transportation空运liners transportation班轮运输additional附属费
rail transportation铁路运输charter transportation租船运输basic freight
road transportation陆路运输freight rate运费率weight ton重量吨measurement ton 尺码lay day装卸天数sea waybill海运单
freight ton 运费吨demurrage滞期费air waybill空运单
ad valorem 从价运费clean B/L 清洁提单partial shipments分批装运
charter(tramp)不定期货船straight B/L记名提单transshipment转船
charter party 租船契约order B/L 指示提单time of delivery交货期
voyage charter程租船stale B/L过期提单port of shipment装运港
time charter 期租船ante-dated B/L 倒签提单port of destination目的港
liner/gross term班轮条件advanced B/L预签提单optional port选择港二．Multiple choices
1.In international cargo transportation , the most widely adopted bill of lading is
____D______
A.straight bill of lading
B. unclean bill of lading
C .bear bill of lading D. order bill of lading
2.In DES contracts, a reasonable order for time of shipment and time of delivery is
____B____
A.July 1 and June 1
B. June 1 and July 1
C June 1 and June 1 D. July 1 and July 1
3. A bill of lading is ___C___ when its date of shipment is indicated earlier than the
actual time of shipment.
A.stale B/L
B. confirmed B/L
C. ante-dated B/L
D. straight B/L
4 .A (An) _____D___ represents title to the cargo.
A.CTD
B. air waybill
C .road waybill D. bill of lading
5 .In the import and export business ，_____B___ can be made out to negotiable document.
A.a rail waybill
B. an ocean B/L
C .an air waybill D. a parcel post receipt
6. The bill of lading presented to the consignee or buyer or his bank after the stipulated expiry date of presentation or after the goods are due at the port of destination is a ___A_____.
A. stale B/L
B. confirmed B/L
C. ante-dated B/L
D. straight B/L
7. A “ freight to be collected” B/L is acceptable to the buyer when the contract is
based on ___A___ .
A. FOB
B. CFR
C. FCA
D.CPT
8. A ___C___ normally has regular schedule departures, specified routes and comparatively fixed freight rates.
A. time charter
B. voyage charter
C. conference liner
D. non-conference liner
9. An order B/L with blank endorsement is a B/L showing ____B______
A. neither the name of consignee nor the name of transferor
B. neither the name of consignee nor the name of transferee
C．both the name of consignee and the name of transferor
D．both the name of consignee nor the name of transferee
10.A（n）__A______ B/L refers to one that is made out to a designated consignee。
A. straight
B. order
C. specific order
D. bearer 三．True or false
1.___T___Liner freight has covered the loading and unloading fee.
2.___F___ When the ship-owner speeds up his trip and arrives at the destination at an
earlier date than stipulated ，he can obtain dispatch money from the
charterer.
3.__T___ When the charterer fails to load or unload the goods within the stipulated
period of time, he has to pay demurrage to the ship owner .
4.__F____Bills of lading ,air waybill and rail waybill are property documents
presenting title to cargoes，so they are all negotiable.
5___T___ Bills of lading are usually made out in a full set including several originals and copies.
6__F____Since straight B/ L bears higher risk than the open B/L，it is rarely used in international transportation。
7___F___A clean B/L is issued by the seller to the buyer to certify that the goods delivered are in apparent goods condition.
8___F___In international trade practice，the time of shipment is actually the time of delivery。
9___T___Sometimes when the buyer cannot determine a specific port of discharge during negotiation，he may require two or three ports to be written on the
contract as optional ports。
10.___T__UCP600 stipulates that partial shipment and transshipment are allowed
unless it is stipulated otherwise。
四．Case study
1.ABC co. signed a contract to export 200M/T of beans. The letter of credit
stipulated,“Partial
shipment not allowed”. When the shipment was being made, the exporter loaded 100M/T each on board the same vessel for the same voyage at the port of Shanghai and the port of Dalian .The shipment document was clearly marked with the ports of shipment .Did the exporter violate the terms of the L/C?
答案: NO. The exporter had not violate the terms“Partial shipment not allowed” in L/C
2.Dee co. signed a large export contract stipulating，“shipment will be made during
August of 2008”。But due to the problems with vessel，the shipment was not made until Septemb er13. Upon Dee’s request，the carrier ante-dated the B/L to August 31.
（1）What could be the consequence of ante-dating?
（2）What would be the right thing to do in case of a possible shipment delay?
答案:
(1)Antedated B / L is a serious fraud behavior，the carrier and the shipper has may
be investigated for legal responsibility . If the consignee suffered loss，the carrier and the shipper should be indemnify the loss to consignee.
(2)The carrier and the shipper can consult with the buyer to find a way for both
parties to be accepted.
3. A Chinese exporter signed a CIF contract with a foreign importer. Payment was to be made by irrevocable sight L/C. Both the contract and the L/C prohibited transshipment. Within the validity of the credit，the exporter shipped the cargo on board a liner sailing direct to the port of destination，and presented the direct B/L for negotiation. Later the foreign issuing bank also made payment against the direct B/L forwarded by the negotiation bank. However，in order to collect some other cargos，the carrying vessel unloaded the cargo at an intermediate port without authorization. The cargo was instead reloaded onto an old vessel，and thus arrived at the destination two months late. As a result，the buyer lodged a claim against the Chinese side for fraud，since the cargo was actually transshipped even though the direct B/L was issued .Finally the exporter accepted the claim and made compensation as requested，as he thought that he，as the person booking the vessel，should be liable for the carrier’s unauthorize d transshipment.
(1)Do you think the settlement of this case appropriate?
(2)Who should bear the loss? Why?
(3)Who should be liable for the damage? Why?
(4)What should the seller do?
答案:
(1)NO. The seller should not accept the claim.
(2)The buyer. Under a CIF contract, the risk of the goods will be transferred from the
seller to the buyer when the goods pass over the ship’s rail.
(3)The carrier should liable for the damage.
(4)The seller can suggest and assist the buyer lodged a claim against the carrier.
第六章
一．Key Terms
actual total loss 实际全损claimant 索赔人combined certificate 联合凭证constructive total loss 推定全损contribution exclusions 除外责任external risks 外来风险
extraneous risks 外来风险fortuitous accidents 意外事故franchise 免陪率general average 共同海损general risks 一般外来风险indemnity 赔偿insurable interest 可保利益insurance certificate 保险凭证insurance claim 保险索赔insurance coverage 保险险别insurance policy 保险单insurance premium 保险费insurance rate保险费率natural calamity 自然灾害open policy 预约保单partial loss 部分损失particular average 单独海损perils of the sea 海上风险proximate cause 近因special risks 特殊外来风险subject matte r 保险标的subrogation 代位求偿sum insured 保险金额the insured /insurant 被保险人the insurer 保险人total loss 全部损失underwriter 承保人unexpected accidents 意外事故utmost good faith 最大诚信
二．Multiple choices
1. The main document adopted by the insured to make claims against the insurer is
_D__.
A .bill of lading
B .transportation
C .insurance certificate
D .insurance document
2 .Perils of the sea ，such as vessel being stranded or grounded covered in an insurance policy are one kind of _B_.
A .natural calamities
B .fortuitous accidents
C .general extraneous risks
D .special extraneous risks
3. According to "Ocean Marine Cargo Clause of the People 's Insurance Company of China ",the coverage which cannot be effected independently is _C_.
A . FPA
B .WPA
C .War Risk
D .All Risks
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a710112842.html,pany A exported 5 metric tons of tea .The tea suffered heavy storm in transit .The sea water in the ship 's hold led to the deterioration in the quality of part of the tea exported .This kind of loss is D__.
A .actual total loss
B .constructive total loss
C .general average
D .particular average
5. The insurance document that is acceptable mostly in Hong Kong of China ，Singapore and Malaysia is ___C__.
A insurance policy B. insurance certificate C. combined certificate D. open policy
6. The coverage of ICC(A) is equivalent to that of C ____of CIC.
A. FPA B .WPA C .All Risks D .Additional Risks
7. Risks such as "failure to delivery risk "or "rejection "fall within the category of B ____
A .general extraneous risks
B .special extraneous risks
C .natural calamities
D .fortuitous accidents
8. According to "Ocean Marine Cargo Clause of the People 's Insurance Company of China ",the basic coverage that is the least extensive is A ____
A .FPA
B .WPA
C .All Risks
D .War Risks
9. In the case of air freight ，if the subject matter insured failed to reach the warehouse at destination stipulated in the insurance policy ,the expiration of the insurance is B ____r completion of discharge overside from the overseas vessel at the final port of discharge .
A .15 days
B .30 days
C .60days
D .90 days
10. Under C _overage of London Institute Cargo Clause ，only major casualties are covered ,but not natural calamities .
A .ICC(A)
B .ICC(B)
C .ICC(C)
D .Institute War Clause-C argo 三．True or false
1. _F__ In marine cargo insurance ，general average is to be borne by the carrier ,who may ,upon presentation of evidence of loss ,recover the loss from the insurance underwriter
2. __F__ In Chinese insurance practice ，open police is the same as the insurance certificate .
3. _T__ Special additional coverage such as war risks，strikes and so on must be taken out together with FPA ,WPA or All Risks .
4. _F__ In ocean marine insurance, natural calamities include heavy weather , earthquake ,tsunami ,flood ,collision ,etc .
5. _T__ The coverage of Land Transportation Risk and Air Transportation Risk are almost equivalent to WPA in marine cargo insurance.
6. _F__ Subrogation Principal states that in the event of loss of or damage to the subject matter insured resulting from an insured peril，the insured is placed in the same position that he enjoyed immediately before the loss occurred .
7. __T__ The 10% markup rate of the commercial invoice value in an insurance policy is to cover an anticipated profit as well as other additional costs involved.
8. _T___ Under a deductible franchise，where the loss or damage exceeds the percentage allowed ,the insurance company needs merely indemnify the exceeding part to the insured .
9. _F___ Ocean marine insurance covers ships and their cargo only on the high seas and not on inland waterways.
10. _F___ The claimant is the party who suffers loss of or damage to the subject matter insured by himself .
四．Case study
1.X Company signed a CIF contract to export candies .The cargo was insured for "all risks ".Due to the long voyage ,candies absorbed sweating in the ship 's hold ,and thus softened degraded .Was the insurance company liable for the damage ?Why or why not ?
答案：No. Firstly，there is no "long voyage "insurance cover .Secondly ,the soft of the candies were in nature .Thirdly ,though there is "heating and sweating "cover included in the general additional insurance coverage ,it was not caused by the general extraneous risks .
2.A cargo was insured for "all risks ".On a straight voyage ,the ship had to sail without lights due to air attacks .As a result ,it collided with another ship and sank .Was the loss covered by the insurance policy ?Why or why not ?
答案：Yes .Because one point is that the ship collided with another ship ,the other is
that collision is included in the All Risks cover .
3.An exporter signed an FOB contract with a French co. and a CIF contract with a British Company .Both cargoes were insured for marine cargo insurance .But in transit from the exporter's factory to the port of shipment ,the goods were damaged .Under each deal ,who should obtain insurance ?Who should take the loss ? 答案：1）Under FOB terms ,the importer French co. effects insurance ;Under CIF terms ,the exporter .
2) Under FOB terms ，the exporter take the loss ;Under CIF terms ,the exporter should take the loss ,but if the risk under the insurance covers ,the exporter can claim to the insurance company .
4. On a voyage the cargo ship had an accidental fire .To save the ship, the captain ordered to have water poured into the compartment .The fire was put out.
(1)For party X ，her goods burnt amounted to 10% of USD 0.5 million cargo ;
(2)For party Y ，his goods damaged due to water poured accounted for 20% of USD 1 million cargo ;
(3)For the carrier ，engine damages due to the fire equaled 10% of USD 50 million ship ;
(4)Extra wages for the seaman totaled USD 50,000.
Based on the information above ，indicate
(1)Which is P.A.?
(2)Which is G.A.?
(3)What is the G.A. contribution for each party?
答案：
1）：Party X和carrier的损失。
2)：Party Y 的损失和海员的拯救费用。
3)：GA Total loss =20%×1+0.05=USD 0.25m
GA Total Benefit =0.5×90%+50×90%+1=USD 46.45m
GA contribution rate= [GA Total loss/GA Total Benefit] ×100% = (0.25/46.45) ×100%=0.0054
GA contribution by X =0.5×90%×0.0054 ≈USD 2430
GA contribution by Y =1×0.0054=0.0054m ≈USD 5400
GA contribution by Carrier =50×90%×0.0054=0.243m ≈USD 24300
5.An importer signed an FOB contract with an Australian company ,importing a batch of woolen blanket .The contract required that goods carried by containers .The goods were packed as follows :each blanket in a plastic bag ,four blankets to a large polyethylene bag .The importer effected insurance against WPA and War Risks .When goods arrived at the destination ,the goods were found wet to different extends .Upon careful investigation ,finally the importer found that there were several holes on the top of container ,the biggest of which was as big as 4cm in diameter .The importer faxed the exporter ,asking for compensation .However ,the exporter suggested the importer lodge a claim against the insurer for compensation .Comment on this case and work out the solution .
答案:
Under FOB terms ，once the cargo is loaded over the rail ,the buyer will take the responsibility and loss .Another point is that the carrier ,the container should take the responsibility and loss .
第七章
一．Key terms
acceptance承兑anticipatory credit预支信用证back-to-back credit 背对背信用证beneficiary受益人bill of exchange汇票check支票clean bill光票clean collection光票托收clean credit光票信用证confirmed L/C保兑信用证deferred payment延期付款
discount折扣，贴现documentary bill跟单汇票documentary L/C跟单信用证endorsement 背书factoring保理业务forfeiting福费庭，包买票据irrevocable L/C不可撤销信用证paying instrument支付工具payment by installments分期付款payment in advance预付payment term支付方式presentation提示promissory note本票reciprocal credit对开信用证red clause credit红色条款信用证remittance汇付revocable L/C可撤销信用证revolving credit循环信用证sight draft即期汇票sight L/C即期信用证standby L/C备用信用证tenor汇票期限time/usance draft远期汇票transferable L/C可转让信用证
二．Multiple choices
1. If there is no specific provision，the draft under a letter of credit should draw on the __B __.
A. advising bank
B. issuing bank
C. negotiating bank
D. applicant
2. The draft used in collection is __D___.
A. a banker’s draft，based on bank credit
B. a commercial draft，based on bank credit
C. a banker’s draft，based on commercial credit
D. a commercial draft，based on commercial credit
3. A standby credit _B____.
A. is a documentary credit
B. is a special clean credit
C. can be a documentary credit as well as a clean credit
D. is not a real letter of credit，but a letter of guarantee
4. Under collection once the importer refuses to pay，the _C____ will be responsible for the cargo release，customs clearance，warehousing，and reselling in the importing country.
A. drawee
B. collecting bank
C. principal
D. presenting bank
5. The bill of exchange used in D/A must be a __D____.
A. sight bill
B. bank bill
C. bank accepted bill
D. usance bill
6. If a bank other than the issuing bank guarantees the payment under an L/C，this L/C is __A_____.
A. a confirmed credit
B. an irrevocable credit
C. non-transferable credit
D. a negotiable credit
7. A _C___ credit is normally used in processing trade.
A. back-to-back
B. revolving
C. reciprocal
D. red clause
8. Which of the following statements is NOT true about remittance？___A____
A.It provides highest security to the buyer but not the seller.
B.It is cheaper to use than the other terms of payment.
C.It is based on commercial credit，not bank credit.
D.It may impose high risk either to the buyer or to the seller.
9. ___B____ is a L/C based financing which will provide the exporter funds before the goods are produced.
10. If the exporter finds out mistakes on a received L/C，he should contact the ____B___ at the first place.
A. advising bank
B. importer
C. negotiating bank
D. issuing bank
三．True or false
1.___F___ If the remittance is made by a banker’s demand draft, this payment is
based on bank credit.
2.___T___ For a confirmed credit, the confirming bank holds the same liability as
the issuing bank.
3.___T___A letter of credit which does not indicate whether it is revocable or not is
regarded as irrevocable.
4.___F___A letter of credit not mentioning it is non-transferable will be seen as
transferable.
5.___F___ Using a third currency in collecting payment is the best protection
against currency risk for the seller.
6.___T___ Since under L/C the seller gets payment from a party independent of the
buyer，it is the safest mode for him.
7.___T___ Open account and payment in advance indicate the minimum and
maximum risk for the importer.
8.___F___ Dishonor only refers to the rejection to the presentation for payment，but
not rejection to the presentation for acceptance.
9.___T___ Under collection though the seller collects payment through banks，it is
not guaranteed that he will receive the money as collection is still based on commercial credit.
10.___F___ In international trade clean collection is more frequently used than
documentary collection.
四．Case study
1.On September 1，X Company signed a contract to export goods to the U.S. On
September 30，City Bank sent an irrevocable L/C with an amount of
USD30,000.The L/C stipulated shipment during October，and Bank of Tokyo to be the reimbursing bank. On October 2, Bank of China advised X of the L/C. But ten days later，X learnt that the importer was near bankruptcy. How should X deal with the situation?
答案：Because the letter of credit is an irrevocable L/C，so the X company fulfills all the terms in the L/C，he can get the payment from the issuing bank or the specified bank but doesn’t consider the importer. In order to ensure the benefit of own company，the X company must meet all the requirements of the L/C to get the payment.
2.F, a state-owned enterprise，signed a contract to import 1000 M/T of galvanized
steel sheets from a H.K. company. On March 1, a Shanghai bank issued the L/C for USD200，000. On March 24, container shipment was made. On March 25, the negotiating bank in H.K. negotiated the draft along with the shipping documents.
On March 26, the opening bank received the “clean B/L”while the sealed container arrived at Shanghai. On March 30，it was found that inside the container were rusted iron drums，rather than the ordered steel sheets. The issuing bank was immediately notified of the fraud，but it could not refuse to take up the documents.
In April 5, F co. uncovered that the commodity specified on the B/L was 50 mm，inconsistent with 50 cm required by the L/C. On April 14，the issuing bank requested the HK bank to exercise the right of recourse. (a) Would there be any problem with the recourse? (b) What were the lessons?
答案：(a)Yes. According to the UCP600, the issuing bank executes the negotiation，the negotiation is “a negotiation of non-recourse.”
(b)In this case，the issuing bank is the party who was suffered the loss. The
issuing bank undertakes to pay if the documents which the negotiating bank submitted conform to the credit’s stipulation. Because under the L/C，both parties’operations are only based on the documents，not involved the actual goods. The importer found the documents was not consistent with the contract, so he refused to pay. But the issuing bank has paid to the negotiating bank，so it is the party who was suffered the loss. To avoid the similar situation, the issuing bank can adopt the usance credit.
3. FF Company signed a contract to export goods to AA company in Africa. In September FF was notified of the L/C，but the money of account was different from that required by the sales contract. Besides，the goods were not ready for shipment. In November，AA urged FF to deliver the goods. FF requested an L/C amendment and an extension of the shipment date. The next day ，AA cabled back, “L/C amended.” FF shipped the goods. However, the amended L/C never arrived，and the opening bank refused to pay against the shipping documents. The goods were stored in the warehouse at the port of destination. FF had to pay much rent and insurance. At this
time ，AA requested DP-TR. Should FF accept it? Is there any lesson to be learnt from this case?
答案：In this case AA company requests the DP-TR : Documents against payment against a trust receipt by single. This mode is a compromise to the document against payment after sight. Document against payment after sight，this can’t provide the enough time for financing for importer. Because waiting for the usance draft’s date of maturity，the importer can not take the document from the bank to withdraw the funds. DP-TR is the principal or collecting bank of collection Allow the importer to use a trust receipt to lend the documents ，such as the bill of lading, and before the maturity of the draft repay the payment. If the DP-TR is allowed，the principal or collecting bank must take the risk of the importer not repayment.
3. A Chinese bank issued standby L/Cs totaling millions of U.S. dollars, in favor of
an U.S. company. These were irrevocable ，transferable standby L/Cs valid for one year. When questioned by the supervising agency，the bank stated that these were merely evidence of absorbed foreign investment,，“It has no obligation to repay principal and interest，and bears no responsibility，economic or legal，for the funds.”Was there any risk for the bank？
答案：Yes.
第八章
一．Key terms
bill of exchange 汇票consular invoices 领事发票letter of credit 信用证
bill of lading 提单correctness正确性packing list 装箱单
booking note托运单customs declaration 报关单pro forma invoices 形式发票certificates of origin原产地证明书customs invoices 海关发票promptness及时
cleanness清洁export license 出进口许可证sales contract 销售合同commercial invoice商业发票inspection certificate检验证书shipping advice装船通知completeness完整insurance policy 保险单shipping order装货单conciseness简洁
二．Multiple choices
1.Under a __D__ contract with payment by L/C，the exporter has to go through the
comparatively more complicated procedure of documentation.
A. EXW
B. FOB/FCA
C. CFR/CPT
D. CIF/CIP
2. If a transaction is concluded on __D___ term，the exporter is obliged to obtain an insurance policy or certificate.
A. EXW
B. FOB/FCA
C. CFR/CPT
D. CIF/CIP
3. For all export transactions，documents required need to be prepared largely on the basis of the __A____.
A. sales contract
B. letter of credit
C. commercial invoice
D. packing list
4. A (An) ___B___ is the first document a seller has to prepare when he intends to export commodities that are under export control of his country.
A. commercial invoice
B. export license
C. pro forma invoice
D. customs invoice
5. A (An) __C____ is issued by the seller as a response to an inquiry from the potential buyer.
A. commercial invoice
B. export license
C. pro forma invoice
D. customs invoice
6. To clear the export commodity for export customs，the seller should fill out a (an) __C____ as an application which will be submitted to the Customs or relative authorized institutions.
A. commercial invoice
B. export license
C. customs declaration
D. customs invoice
7. A (An) __D____ is a document made out by the seller as a supplementary document to the commercial invoice to make up the deficiency of an invoice by giving all the necessary particulars of the goods.
A. consular invoice
B. pro forma invoice
C. customs invoice
D. packing list
8. A (An) __D____ is dispatched by the carrier or the agent to inform the exporter of the particulars of shipment arrangement after shipping space is booked.
A. booking note
B. bill of lading
C. shipping advice
D. shipping order
9. A (An) __A___ is a document indicating the results of the inspection of the goods in terms of the quality，quantity or any other element that has been specified.
A. inspection certificate
B. inspection application
C. certificate of origin
D. inspection certificate of quality
10. In international trade practice，stipulations concerning documents are an indispensable part of __B___.
A. the sales contract
B. the documentary L/C
C. either the sales contract or the documentary L/C
D. both the sales contract and the documentary L/C
三．True or false
1.__F____Since stipulations concerning documents may not appear in every contract，
documents are not so important in an international trade transaction.
2.__F____Export documents should be made out based on the information of either the sales contract or the L/C.
3. __T___ The commercial invoice serves as a record of the essential details of a transaction.
4.__F____ Export of commodities are possible only after they have been inspected.
5.__T____ Commodities are not allowed to be loaded on the ocean vessel until they have been cleared for customs.
6.__F____- A booking note is a form which is to be filled out by the carrier providing all the necessary particulars about the shipment to facilitate booking shipping space or chartering.
7.__T____The amount in a bill of exchange（draft）must be exactly the same as the amount shown in relevant commercial invoice.
8.__F____ If there is a discrepancy between the amount in a draft and that in the L/C ，this draft is not acceptable to the issuing bank.
9.__T____According to UCP600 Art18，a commercial invoice must be issued by the beneficiary named in the L/C.
10.__F____ A certificate of origin can be used to prove the time when the export commodities were produced.
第九章
一．Key terms
Arbitration 仲裁arbitration agreement 仲裁协议arbitration award 仲裁裁决arbitration body 仲裁机构arbitration tribunal 仲裁法庭arbitration hearing 仲裁审理arbitrator 仲裁者breach of contract 违约claim 索赔claimant 被索赔人claimee 索赔文件dispute 纠纷force majeure 不可抗力inspection 检验inspection certificate 检验证书inspection body 检验机构litigation 诉讼mediation 调停negotiation 谈判non -statutory inspection 非法定检验panel of arbitration 仲裁组penalty clause 罚金条款statutory inspection 法定检验
二．Multiple choices
1.The disagreement resulted from one party of a transaction totally or partially
unable to perform the obligation and liability stipulated in the contract is __B_____.
A. claim
B. dispute
C. breach of contract
D. settlement of disputes
2.Which of the following may possibly resulted in disputes? __A____.
A. breakage of the package
B. rising of price
C. fluctuation of exchange rate
D. quota
3.Which of the following is a clause in a contract and meanwhile a law itself?
__D____
A. arbitration
B. claim
C. dispute
D. force majeure
4.The main arbitration body in China is __C____.
A. MOFTEC
B. CCPIT
C. CIETAC
D. ICC
5.According to usual practice，the penalty of a contract shall not exceed __C_____
of the total value of the goods.
A. 3%
B.4%
C.5%
D. 5.5%
6.Force majeure clause is a clause that __C_____.
A.protects the right of the seller
B.protects the right or the buyer
C.enables the seller to avoid his contractual obligation
D.enables the buyer to avoid his contractual obligation
7.After a dispute，in case that the parties concerned are unable to reach an
agreement，they can ask a third party to help settle the dispute. This action is called ___B____.
A. negotiation
B. mediation
C. arbitration
D. litigation
8.Before going for arbitration，both parties involved in a dispute needs to make an
arbitration agreement in written form，in which they agree to refer the subject in dispute to a third party. This indicates the __D___ nature of arbitration.
A. flexible
B. simplified
C. compulsory
D. voluntary
9.The award of arbitration is final and binding on both parties. This shows the
__C____ nature of arbitration.
A. flexible
B. swift
C. compulsory
D. voluntary
10.The best way to stipulate the place and time of inspection is __D____.
A.inspection at the factory
B.inspection at the port of shipment
C.inspection at the port of destination
D.inspection at the port of shipment and re-inspection at the port of destination 三．True or false
1. T ___Reasons resulting in disputes in international trade can be classified into three categories ：breach of contract by the seller ,breach of contract by the buyer and breach of contract by both the seller and the buyer .
2. F ___One of the ways to stipulate period for claim is ："Claim should be filed after within 90 days after shipment ".
3. T __-The best way to stipulate force majeure events in the force majeure clause of a contract is to stipulate them in a synthesized way .
4. F ___The arbitration award is final and binding on both parties ，therefore should be executed without any doubt .
5 .F ___There are two main types of arbitration body ：governmental and non -governmental .
6. T ___Inspection on import and export commodities in China falls into two
categories ：statutory inspection and non -statutory inspection .
7. F ___If a claim is well supported ，the claimant shall pay a fine ,a certain percentage of total contract value .
8. T ___The main ways to settle disputes in international trade are negotiation mediation ，arbitration and litigation .
9. F ____When a force majeure event take place ，the party concerned has no choice but to terminate the contract .
10. F ___The arbitration tribunal has the power to decide that the losing party shall pay the winning party the arbitration fee incurred in dealing with the case .
2018一建建筑实务真题及解答
精心整理 一、单项选择题 1.住宅建筑室内疏散楼梯的最小净宽度为（）。 答案：B 2.直接接触土体浇筑的普通钢筋混凝土构件,其混凝上保护层厚度不应小于()。 3. A. B. C. D. 4. A.水化热较小 B.抗冻性好 C.干缩性较大 D.早期强度高 答案：A
5.HRB400E钢筋应满足最大力下总伸长率不小于（）。 A.6% B.7% C.8% D.9% 6. 7. A. B. C. D. 8.为设计提供依据的试验桩检测,主要确定()。 A.单桩承载力 B.桩身混凝土强度 C.桩身完整性 D.单桩极限承载力
答案：D 9.关于大体积混凝土浇筑的说法,正确的是()。 A.宜沿短边方向进行 B.可多点同时浇筑 C.宜从高处开始 D. 10. A. B. C. D. 11. A. B. C. D. 答案：C 12.下列属于产生焊缝固体夹渣缺陷主要原因的是（）。 A.焊缝布置不当 B.焊前未预热 C.焊接电流太小
D.焊条未烘烤 答案：C 13.预制混凝土板水平运输时，叠放不宜超过（）。 A.3层 B.4层 C.5 D.6 14. A. B. C. D. 15. A. B. C. D.热熔型防水涂料宜选用喷涂施工 答案：B 16.下列板材内隔墙施工工艺顺序中,正确的是（）。 A.基层处理→放线→安装卡件→安装隔墙板→板缝处理 B.放线→基层处理→安装卡件→安装隔墙板→板缝处理
C.基层处理→放线→安装隔墙板→安装卡件→板缝处理 D.放线→基层处理→安装隔墙板→安装卡件→板缝处理答案：A 17.关于施工现场临时用电管理的说法,正确的是（） A.现场电工必须经相关部门考核合格后,持证上岗 B. C. D. 18. A. B. C. D. 19. A. B.监理单位 C.总承包单位 D.项目经理部 答案：C 20.建筑节能工程应按照（）进行验收。
2019年一建建筑实务真题及答案(完整版)
2019年一级建筑实务真题及答案 一、单项选择题 （共20分，每题1分。每题的备选项中，只有1个最符合题意）页码2019版教材 1.有效控制城市发展的重要手段是()。 A.建筑设计 B.结构设计 C.规划设计 D.功能设计 答案：C控制城市发展，基本常识；P3 2.影响钢筋与混凝土之间粘结强度的因素有()。 A.混凝土强度 B.混凝土抗拉强度 C.混凝土抗压强度 D.钢筋屈服强度 答案：A基本专业知识；P23 3.水泥的初凝时间指()。 A.从水泥加水拌合起至水泥浆失去可塑性所需的时间 B.从水泥加水拌合起至水泥浆开始失去可塑性所需的时间 C.从水泥加水拌合起至水泥浆完全失去可塑性所需的时间 D.从水泥加水拌合起至水泥浆开始产生强度所需的时间 答案：B建筑材料基本概念；P34
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D.降水管井 答案：D；管井降水，水量大适合碎石土；实践性；P87 8.直接承受动力荷载的结构构件中,直径为20mm纵向受力钢筋的连接宜选用( )。 A.绑扎连接 B.直螺纹套筒连接 C.帮条焊 D.搭接焊 宋协清版答案：B；基本专业知识；P107；P403 9.高强度螺栓广泛采用的连接形式是()。 A.平接连接 B.T形连接 C.搭接连接 D.摩擦连接 答案：D；基本专业知识；P120 10.关于装配式混凝土结构工程施工的说法,正确的是()。 A.预制构件生产宜建立首件验收制度 B.外墙板宜采用立式运输,外饰面层应朝内 C.预制楼板、阳台板宜立放 D.吊索水平夹角不应小于30° 答案：A;专业基本知识；应试技巧：反义词；数字；P127
初级会计实务试题及答案
《初级会计实务》试题及答案 一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共20分） 1.企业接受的现金捐赠，应计入（）。 A.营业外收入 B.盈余公积 C.资本公积 D.未分配利润 2.东方公司是由A、B、C三方各出资400万元设立的，2008年末该公司所有者权益项目的余额为：实收资本为1200万元，资本公积为300万元。盈余公积为120万元，未分配利 润为120万元。为扩大经营规模AB.C三方决定重组公司，吸收D投资者加入，且四方投资比例均为25%。则D投资者至少应投入资本总额为（）万元。 A.200 B.250 C.270 D.580 3.下列各项中，不属于产品成本构成比率的有（）。 A.制造费用比率 B.直接材料成本比率 C.直接人工成本比率 D.产值成本率 4.下列资产负债表项目，可直接根据某个总账余额填列的是（）。 A.货币资金 B.交易性金融资产 C.其他应收款 D.长期借款 5.甲企业2007年10月份发生的费用有：计提车间用固定资产折旧60万元，发生管理部门人员工资50万元，支付广告费用40万元，计提应付票据利息30万元，支付管理部门的劳动保险费20万元。则该企业当期的期间费用总额为（）万元。 A.90 B.110 C.140 D.200 6.企业2005年5月售出的产品2006年6月被退回时，其冲减的销售收入应在退回当期计入（）科目的借方。A.以前年度损益调整 B.营业外支出 C.利润分配 D.主营业务收入 7.在手续费代销方式下，委托方确认销售收入的时间是（）。 A.发出商品时 B.签订代销协议时 C.收到代销款时 D.收到代销清单时 8.采用分期收款结算方式销售商品时，确认收入的时间是（）。A.合同约定的收款日期 B.产品发出时 C.开出销售发票时 D.全部货款收到后 9.对董事会提议分配的现金股利，正确的处理是（）。 A.计入“应付股利”科目核算 B.计入“应收股利”科目核算 C.备查登记 D.不进行会计处理，在会计报表附注中披露 10.应付票据计提的应计未付的票据利息贷方通过（）科目核算。A.财务费用 B.应付票据 C.应付利息 D.管理费用 11.下列经济业务，一般纳税企业要计入“应交税费——应交增值税（进项税额转出）”的有（）。 A.以自产产品对外投资 B.将自产产品对外捐赠 C.将自产产品用于集体福利设施建设 D.外购的原材料发生非正常损失 12.某企业应收账款总账科目借方余额为200万元，其中应收A公司借方余额160万元，应收B公司借方余额80万元，预收C公司借方余额20万元，预收D公司贷方余额20万元，则应在资产负债表“应收账款”项目中列示的金额为（）万元。
2018一建建筑实务真题及解答
一、单项选择题 1.住宅建筑室内疏散楼梯的最小净宽度为（）。 A.1.0m B.1.1m C.1.2m D.1.3m 答案：B 2.直接接触土体浇筑的普通钢筋混凝土构件,其混凝上保护层厚度不应小于()。 A.50mm B.60mm C.70mn D.80mm 答案：C 3.装饰施工中,需在承重结构上开洞凿孔,应经相关单位书面许可,其单位是（） A.原建设单位 B.原设计单位 C.原监理单位 D.原施工单位 答案：B 4.关于粉煤灰水泥主要特征的说法,正确的是()。 A.水化热较小 B.抗冻性好 C.干缩性较大 D.早期强度高 答案：A 5.HRB400E钢筋应满足最大力下总伸长率不小于（）。 A.6% B.7% C.8% D.9% 答案：D 6.用于承重的双排孔轻集料混凝土砌块砌体的孔洞率不应大于（）。 A.25% B.30% C.35% D.40% 答案：C 7.木材的变形在各个方向不同,下列表述中正确的是()。 A.顺纹方向最小,径向较大,弦向最大 B.顺纹方向最小,弦向较大,径向最大 C.径向最小,顺纹方向较大,弦向最大 D.径向最小,弦向较大,顺纹方向最大 答案：A 8.为设计提供依据的试验桩检测,主要确定()。
A.单桩承载力 B.桩身混凝土强度 C.桩身完整性 D.单桩极限承载力 答案：D 9.关于大体积混凝土浇筑的说法,正确的是()。 A.宜沿短边方向进行 B.可多点同时浇筑 C.宜从高处开始 D.应采用平板振捣器振捣 答案：B 10.关于预应力工程施工的说法，正确的是（）。 A.都使用台座 B.都预留预应力孔道 C.都采用放张工艺 D.都使用张拉设备 答案：D 11.关于砌体结构施工的说法，正确的是（）。 A.在干热条件砌筑时，应选用较小稠度值的砂浆 B.机械搅拌砂浆时，搅拌时间自开始投料时算起 C.砖柱不得采用包心砌法砌筑 D.先砌砖墙，后绑构造柱钢筋，最后浇筑混凝土 答案：C 12.下列属于产生焊缝固体夹渣缺陷主要原因的是（）。 A.焊缝布置不当 B.焊前未预热 C.焊接电流太小 D.焊条未烘烤 答案：C 13.预制混凝土板水平运输时，叠放不宜超过（）。 A.3层 B.4层 C.5层 D.6层 答案：D 14.地下室外墙卷材防水层施工做法中,正确的是（） A.卷材防水层铺设在外墙的迎水面上 B.卷材防水层铺设在外墙的背水面上 C.外墙外侧卷材采用空铺法 D.铺贴双层卷材时,两层卷材相互垂直 答案：A 15.关于屋面涂膜防水层施工工艺的说法,正确的是（） A.水乳型防水涂料宜选用刮涂施工 B.反应固化型防水涂料宜选用喷涂施工
习题05答案
第5章 热力学第二定律 5-1 当某一夏日室温为30℃时，冰箱冷藏室要维持在-20℃。冷藏室和周围环境有温差，因此有热量导入，为了使冷藏室内温度维持在-20℃，需要以1350J/s 的速度从中取走热量。冰箱最大的制冷系数是多少？供给冰箱的最小功率是多少？ 解： 制冷系数：22 253 5.0650 Q T W T T ε= ===? 5-4 有一卡诺机工作于500℃和30℃的两个热源之间，该卡诺热机每分钟从高温热源 V
吸收1000kJ ，求：（1）卡诺机的热效率；（2）卡诺机的功率（kW ）。 解：1211 50030470 0.608273500733T T W Q T η??= ====+ 11000 0.60810.1360 W Q η=?= ×= kw 5-5 利用一逆向卡诺机作热泵来给房间供暖，室外温度（即低温热源）为-5℃，为使室内（即高温热源）经常保持20℃，每小时需供给30000kJ 热量，试求：（1）逆向卡 110000100006894.413105.59C W Q =?=?=kJ 热泵侧： 'C10C C Q W T T T =? ' 10 3333105.5922981.3745C C C T Q W T T =?=×=? 暖气得到的热量：' 1C16894.4122981.3729875.78C Q Q Q =+=+=总kJ 5-7 有人声称设计出了一热机，工作于T 1=400K 和T 2=250K 之间，当工质从高温热源
吸收了104750kJ 热量，对外作功20kW.h ，这种热机可能吗？ 解： max 1211400250150 0.375400400 C W T T Q T η??= ==== max 11047500.375 10.913600 C W Q η×=?= =kW h ?＜20kW h ? ∴ 这种热机不可能 5-8 有一台换热器，热水由200℃降温到120℃，流量15kg/s ；冷水进口温度35℃， 11p 烟气熵变为： 2 21 1 1213731.46 6.41800T T p p n n T T Q T dT S c m c mL L T T T ?====××=?∫ ∫kJ /K 热机熵变为0 2．环境熵变为： 图5-13 习题5-9
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一、单选题 部分题解： 1. 质子数和中子数均为偶数的核I=0，无NMR信号 2. 时刻应该记住NMR中，1H核外电子云密度越大，屏蔽常数σ越大，越处于高磁场（扫场模式），低频率（扫频模式），化学位移越小（因为内标物的1H屏蔽常数很大，且定义其化学位移为0） 3. C的电负性大于H，可产生诱导效应。 6. 19F的I=1/2且丰度大，可与相邻1H发生自旋耦合产生峰裂分，裂分出的峰数目遵循n+1规则。（I=1/2的31P也有类似效应；13C、15N因自身天然丰度太低，对1H的自旋耦合效应在1H NMR中体现不出；I>1/2的核对1H无明显的耦合效应） 8. 通常认为I=1/2的核（1H、13C、19F、31P）之间（一般相隔2、3个化学键）才发生自旋耦合。但13C的丰度太低，因此观测不到其对1H等的耦合效应。1H对13C的耦合则很强。 9. 乙烷的6的H磁等价，故呈现单峰 10. 如题要求NMR只能出现两个单峰，说明该化合物中只能有两组H且彼此不能发生自旋耦合作用，只有C符合。 11. 物质A中含H a、H b的CH2与手性C相连，因此H a和H b化学不等价；物质B中H a和 H b化学等价，但与任一F的耦合常数不同（夹角不同），因此磁不等价；物质C中存在5个质子，Ha和Hb是化学等价，但是磁不等价（如和Ha相邻的1H与Ha和Hb的耦合常数不同），因此物质D的Ha和Hb才是磁等价。 12.单峰对应的是甲基，二重峰对应的甲基间位的2个H，三重峰对应的是甲基对位的H 14. I M+1/1.1=24/1.1≈22（近似等于该物质含碳数）。使用该公式时，对应M峰的相对强度为100。若M峰的相对强度为100，公式应该为I M+1/0.011。 16. 81Br的丰度为0.98（79Br的丰度定义为1），若不考虑其他同位素的影响（实际可能影响的只有Cl、或者较多数目的S、C），可由I M+1/0.98求出化合物含Br的可能数目。如果化合物不含Br，类似的可由I M+1/0.33求出化合物含Cl的可能数目。 18. 就题论题，本题已经指明为酯，暂定只含C、H、O三种元素，经计算选项C和D的不饱和度Ω=0而脂的Ω=1，因此只剩余选项A和B。如果为B，酯的分子式为C4H8O2，分子量为88，若形成71的碎片峰，丢掉的质量数为17的中性碎片无法解释，因此只能为A，暂定其为正丁酸甲酯，碎裂机理如下和标准质谱图：
专业实务试题50题(含答案
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在脑血管疾病诊断方面CT能够做出早期诊断，准确的鉴别诊断，并能直接显示出病变部位、范围和出血数量。脑出血在CT图像上呈高密度影，脑缺血造成脑组织水肿和坏死，在CT图像上呈低密度影。MRI检查能进一步明确诊断。 单选题 5、开放性脑损伤的主要表现不包括 A硬脑膜破裂 B头皮裂伤 C脑积水 D脑脊液漏 E颅骨骨折 答案：C 此题属于识记类考题，比较简单。外伤后脑组织与外界相通的颅脑损伤称为开放性脑损伤。硬脑膜破裂、头皮裂伤、脑脊液漏都为开放性损伤的表现。颅骨骨折可为开放性损伤，也可为闭合性损伤。脑积水是脑脊液循环通路障碍引起的，不是开放性脑损伤的表现。 单选题 6、患者女，35岁。已婚，近3周来无明显诱因出现情绪低落，兴趣缺乏，动作缓慢，自觉“脑子笨，没有以前聪明，好像一块木头”，给予百忧解等治疗。护士需要向患者说明该药物的常见不良反应是 A抑郁心境评估 B自杀行为评估 C认知行为评估 D意志活动评估
一建建筑工程管理与实务真题及答案完整版
一建建筑工程管理与实务真题及答案完整版集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]
2017 一建《建筑工程管理与实务》真题及答案（完整版） 一、单选题 1.海洋环境下，引起混凝土内钢筋锈蚀的主要 ( )。 A.混凝土硬化 B.反复冻融 C.氯盐 D.硫酸盐 答案：C 简 单 2.砌筑砂 浆强度等 级不包括 ( )。 答案：A 简单 3.不利于提高框架结构抗震性能的措施
是( ) 。A.加强角柱 B.强梁弱柱 C.加长钢筋锚固 D.增强梁柱节点 答案：B 简单 4.第一类人造软木地板最适合用于 ( ) 。A.商店 B.图书馆 C.走廊 D.家庭居室 答案：D 简单；容易猜到 5.强夯法处理地基土的有效加固深度的起算标高面是( )
。A.终夯后地面B.原始地面
C.最初起夯面 D.锤顶面 答案：C 超教材有难度 6.当回填土含水量测试样本质量为142g、烘干后质量为121g 时， 其含水量是( )。答案：D 基本概念简单 7.拆除跨度为7m 的现浇钢筋混凝土量的底模及支架时，其混凝土强度至少是混凝土设计抗压强度标准值的( )。 %% %% 答案：B 简单 8.受力钢筋代换应征得( ) 同意。A.监理单位 B.施工单位 C.设计单位 D.勘察单位 答案：C 简单
9.下列与盈利损失中，属于长期损失的 是( ) 。A.孔道摩擦损失 B.弹性压缩损失 C.锚固损失 D.预应力筋应力松弛 损失答案：D 有一定 难度 10.在大体积混凝土养护的温控过程中，其降温速率一般不宜大于( )。