Unit 9 Science and Technology新编大学英语第二版第四册课文翻译

Unit 9 Science and Technology

Too Fast?

People who were born just before World War I remember waving at automobiles as they passed. Seeing a car was like watching a parade—exciting and out of the ordinary. The airplane—it was spelled "aeroplane" then—was another new invention. Refrigerators were "iceboxes," and a man delivered the ice for the box in the summer and the coal for the stove in the winter. Now, the iceman, like the blacksmith, survives only in literature.

Today, change comes so fast that working people can become obsolete because their occupations vanish in the middle of their lives. Knowledge, and thus the rate of change, increases geometrically. Every idea gives birth to a dozen new ones, and each of them has a dozen children. The people of the pre-World War I generation had hardly assimilated the inventions of that era before they were attacked by a new batch of even more sophisticated inventions. The Atomic Age dawned in 1945, August 6 to be exact, and then, before we could catch our breath, the Space Age arrived.

Change was not always this rapid. Certain important inventions, like the telephone, the airplane, the automobile, and the radio, had been invented by 1914, but the effects of these inventions upon the lives of ordinary citizens were not felt until many years later. We now have the technology to develop machines before people are ready to use them. For example, we have the technology to enable people to pay their bills by phone—but even people with phones resist. The change is too much too fast. People don't want to talk to machines, especially if the machines talk back to them.

It is certain that technology, especially computer technology, will rule our lives to a greater and greater degree. This situation will not necessarily prove positive or negative in effect. Many people would be more comfortable if change came more slowly, but on the other hand, there are many for whom every innovation is like a new toy. They can't wait for the next invention to be available. When scientists talk about the remarkably adaptable nature of people, they probably have these people in mind.

But there is a limit to everyone's ability to adapt. What will happen to us when change comes so rapidly that we can no longer adjust to it? These same scientists who talk about our adaptable nature also tell us that change is to some degree emotionally painful to everyone. What then, will happen to us when change comes so rapidly that we can no longer stand the pain, and we refuse to change?

We have read a lot about scientific and technological change, but that is only part of the picture of modern life. There is often a great lag between scientific discovery and

cultural acceptance. For example, Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, proposed over one hundred years ago and accepted by all serious scholars for generations, is still rejected by large segments of society. These segments see science as contradicting a higher religious authority. They see science as questioning and destroying their beliefs and culture.

The problem is not easily solved because it is in the nature of science to question, and it is in the nature of human beings not to want to question the things they believe in. Science is not merely a field of study like chemistry or physics or biology. Science is a method of looking at the world, a method that requires an open mind, objectivity, and proof based upon observation or experimentation. It is a method that ignores religion, race, nationality, economics, morality, and ethics. It pays attention only to the results of research. The scientific method has shown us endless marvels and wonders, but methods can't provide all the answers. Science cannot tell us whether or not to drop a bomb: That is a moral or political question. Science only tells us how to make one.

As we have already said, technological innovations are being made at faster and faster rates. The future will be even more revolutionary than the past. Will we, as a species, survive the revolutions that we have begun? There is plenty of evidence to think that we will. Our species has enormous potential that we have just begun to use. For example, we have only begun to control the environment. One day technology will make every desert bloom. It's simple, really. To do so, all we need to do is lower the cost of converting sea water into fresh water. Then, when the deserts bloom, will they provide enough food for our growing numbers? Most likely, they will. We have only just begun to discover the possibilities of highly intensive desert agriculture. We already have the technology to increase production ten times and to use one-twentieth of the water we needed before.

We know how to make agricultural miracles. What we need are the time and money to make the technology available to everyone.

In the nineteenth century, people believed in progress. They believed that science would lead them to a new era of endless prosperity and happiness. Well, it didn't work out that way. Two disastrous world wars convinced people of that. Yet, in our disappointment and in our fears that science was a monster that would one day destroy us, we forgot that science was not the monster; we were the monster. Science was merely a servant, and like fire, a good servant when treated properly.

Despite all the problems of the modern world, however, most people would not choose to live in any of the less scientific ages that have preceded ours. If—and this is a

big if—we don't destroy ourselves in war, the future can only be better. Each year will bring a more bewildering array of scientific advances: diseases cured, space conquered, transportation and communication revolutionized, agriculture and industry completely transformed, etc. To some, the future sounds exciting; to others, frightening. But one thing is sure—it won't be boring.

太快了？

1 在第一次世界大战前夕出生的人仍然记得看到身边经过的汽车就挥手的情景。那时，见到一辆汽车就像观看游行一样令人兴奋、非同寻常。另一项新发明就是飞机了（当时被拼作“aeroplane”）。当时的电冰箱只是些“冰箱”（icebox），而且有人夏天专门为冰箱送冰，冬天为火炉送炭。现在，送冰的人就像铁匠一样只有在文学作品中才能读到了。

2 如今，变化来得如此之快，以至于从业人员往往人到中年却因所从事的职业不复存在而变得一无用处。知识以及随之而来的变化速度都成几何级数增长。每一个想法能引发出许多新的想法，而每一个新想法又引发更多的想法。第一次世界大战前出生的这代人还没有来得及掌握那个时代的诸多发明时便又面临一批更高级的发明的挑战。原子时代起始于1945年，确切地说是那一年的8月6日；我们尚未有喘息的机会，太空时代便来临了。

3 以前, 变化并不总是这样快的。一些重要的发明，如电话、飞机、汽车和收音机，早在1914年以前就已经问世，但直到许多年后普通老百姓才感受到这些发明对他们生活所产生的影响。现在我们的技术足以开发人们一时还接受不了的新机器。例如，我们的技术可以让人通过电话付款，但即便有电话的人也抵制这项技术。这一变化来得太快了。人们不愿对着机器说话，尤其是当回话的也是机器的时候。

4 有一点是肯定的，那就是技术，特别是计算机技术，将在越来越大的程度上控制我们的生活。这种情况并非一定是有利的或者是不利的。如果变化来得慢一点，许多人可能会觉得更适应一些；但另一方面，对不少人来说，每一项新发明都像是一个新玩具。他们迫不及待地期待着下一个新发明的出现。在科学家们谈论人的非凡的适应性时，他们想到的可能就是这群人。

5 但是每个人的适应能力都是有限的。一旦变化来得过快以至于我们不能再适应时，我们会怎样呢？还是那些认为我们有非凡适应性的科学家们告诉我们，变化在一定程度上给每个人造成情感上的痛苦。那么，一旦变化迅速得使我们忍受不了这种痛苦从而拒绝变化的时候，我们又会怎样呢？

6 关于科技变化，我们读到过很多，但这只是现代生活的一部分。科学发现和文化上认可之间常常存在着一个很长的滞后阶段。例如，查尔斯?达尔文在100多年以前就提出了进化论，而且为好几代的严肃学者所接受，但至今许多大的社会群体仍然拒绝接受这一理论。这些人认为科学是与更高的宗教权威相抵触的。在他们看来，科学在质疑甚至破坏他们的信仰与文化。

7 这一问题很难得到解决，因为科学的本质是质疑，而人类的天性则不容怀疑他们所相信的东西。科学不仅仅是门学科，就像化学、物理或生物那样。科学还是一种看待世界的方法，这种方法要求人们思想开明，持客观的态度和根据观察和实验来获得证据。这是一种脱离了宗教、种族、民族、经济、道德和伦理的方法。它只注重研究的结果。这种科学方法已经给我们展示了无穷的奇迹和成就, 但它无法提供所有问题的答案。科学不能告诉我们是否应该投放炸弹：这是一个道德或政治问题。科学只能告诉我们如何制造炸弹。

8 正如我们前面所说的，技术革新的速度越来越快。未来社会的变革将超过以往任何时候。作为一个物种，我们人类能否在我们自己发动的这种变革中幸存下来呢？有大量的证据表明我们能。我们人类有巨大的潜能，我们才刚刚开始开发利用。例如，我们才刚刚开始控制环境。将来有一天，技术将使所有的沙漠鲜花盛开。这的确不难。要做到这一点，我们只需要降低海水淡化的成本。接下来的问题是，沙漠变成绿洲后，它们能为我们不断增加的人口提供充足的粮食吗？很可能。最近，我们已经开始发现集约式沙漠农业是可能的。我们已经拥有的技术能将产量提高10倍，用水量减少到从前的1/20。

9 我们知道如何创造农业奇迹。我们需要时间和金钱以便使这项技术为人人所用。

10 在19世纪，人们信仰进步。他们相信科学将带领他们进入一个无限繁荣无限幸福的新时代。然而，事情并没有如他们所想象的那样发展。两次灾难性的世界大战使人们确信了这一点。但是，我们在失望时，在担心科学是一头将来某一天会毁灭我们的巨兽时，却忘记了科学并不是巨兽，我们自己才是巨兽。科学只是一个仆人，像火一样，如果使用得当，它将是个好仆人。

11 尽管现代世界存在着种种问题，大多数人都不会愿意生活在我们之前的任何一个科学欠发达的时代。如果我们不在战争中毁灭自己——当然，我们说的是“如果”——未来只会更好。我们每年都将取得令人目不暇接的科学进步：疾病得到根治，太空被征服，运输和通讯取得根本性的变革，农业和工业得到彻底改造等等。对一些人来说，未来听起来令人兴奋；而对另一些人来说，则令人恐惧。但有一点是肯定的：未来不会让人感到乏味。

True Love

My name is Joe. That is what my colleague, Milton Davidson, calls me. He is a programmer and I am a computer. I am part of the Multivac-complex and am connected with other parts all over the world. I know everything. Almost everything.

I am Milton's private computer. His Joe. He understands more about computers than anyone in the world, and I am his experimental model. He has made me speak better than any other computer can.

"It is just a matter of matching sounds to symbols, Joe," he told me. "That's the way it works in the human brain even though we still don't know what symbols there are in

the brain. I know the symbols in yours, and I can match them to words, one-to-one." So I talk. I don't think I talk as well as I think, but Milton says I talk very well. Milton has never married, though he is nearly 40 years old. He has never found the right woman, he told me. One day he said, "I'll find her yet, Joe. I'm going to find the best. I'm going to have true love and you're going to help me. I'm tired of improving you in order to solve the problems of the world. Solve my problem. Find me true love."

I said, "I am ready."

He said, "Eliminate all men first.

It was easy. His words activated symbols in my molecular valves. I could reach out to make contact with the accumulated data on every human being in the world. At his words, I eliminated 3,784,982,874 men. I kept contact with 3,786,112,090 women.

He said, "Eliminate all women younger than 25, all older than 40. Then eliminate all with an IQ under 120; all with a height under 150 centimeters and over 175 centimeters."

He gave me exact measurements; he eliminated women with living children; he eliminated women with various genetic characteristics. "I'm not sure about eye color," he said. "Let that go for a while. But no red hair. I don't like red hair."

After two weeks, we were down to 235 women. They all spoke English very well. Milton said he didn't want a language problem. Even computer-translation would get in the way at intimate moments.

"I can't interview 235 women," he said. "It would take too much time, and people would discover what I am doing."

"It would make trouble," I said. Milton had arranged me to do things I wasn't designed to do. No one knew about that.

"It's none of their business," he said, and the skin on his face grew red. "I tell you what, Joe, I will bring in holographs, and you check the list for similarities."

He brought in holographs of women. "These are three beauty contest winners," he said. "Do any of the 235 match?"

Eight were very good matches and Milton said, "Good, you have their data banks. Study requirements and needs in the job market and arrange to have them assigned here. One at a time, of course." He thought a while, moved his shoulders up and down, and said, "Alphabetical order."

That is one of the things I am not designed to do. Shifting people from job to job for personal reasons is called manipulation. I could do it now because Milton had arranged it.

I wasn't supposed to do it for anyone but him, though.

The first girl arrived a week later. Milton's face turned red when he saw her. He spoke as though it were hard to do so. They were together a great deal and he paid no attention to me. One time he said, "Let me take you to dinner."

The next day he said to me, "It was no good, somehow. There was something missing. She is a beautiful woman, but I did not feel any touch of true love. Try the next one.

It was the same with all eight. They were much alike. They smiled a great deal and had pleasant voices, but Milton always found it wasn't right. He said, "I can't understand it, Joe. You and I have picked out the eight women who, in all the world, look the best to me. They are ideal. Why don't they please me?"

The next morning he came to me and said, "I'm going to leave it to you, Joe. All up to you. You have my data bank, and I am going to tell you everything I know about myself. You fill up my data bank in every possible detail but keep all additions to yourself.

"What will I do with the data bank, then, Milton?"

"Then you will match it to the 235 women. No, 227. Leave out the eight you've seen. Arrange to have each undergo a psychiatric examination. Fill up their data banks and compare them with mine. Find correlations." (Arranging psychiatric examinations is another thing that is against my original instructions.

For weeks, Milton talked to me. He told me everything about him. He said, "You see, Joe, as you get more and more of me in you, I adjust you to match me better and better. If you understand me well enough, then any woman whose data bank is something you understand as well, would be my true love." He kept talking to me and I came to understand him better and better.

I could make longer sentences and my expressions grew more complicated. My speech began to sound a good deal like his in vocabulary, word order and style.

I said to him one time, "You see, Milton, it isn't a matter of fitting a girl to a physical ideal only. You need a girl who is a personal, emotional, temperamental fit to you. If that happens, looks are secondary. If we can't find the fit in these 227, we'll look elsewhere. We will find someone who won't care how you look either, or how anyone would look, if only there is the personality fit. What are looks?"

"Absolutely," he said. "I would have known this if I had had more to do with women in my life. Of course, thinking about it makes it all plain now."

We always agreed; we thought so like each other.

What followed, Milton said, was the equivalent of a careful psychoanalysis. Of course.

I was learning from the psychiatric examinations of the 227 women—on all of which I was keeping close tabs.

Milton seemed quite happy. He said, "Talking to you, Joe, is almost like talking to another self. Our personalities have come to match perfectly."

"So will the personality of the woman we choose."

For I had found her and she was one of the 227 after all. Her name was Charity Jones and she was an Evaluator at the Library of History in Wichita, Kansas. Her extended data bank fit ours perfectly.

I didn't have to describe her to Milton. Milton had coordinated my symbolism so closely with his own I could tell the resonance directly. It fit me.

Next it was a matter of adjusting the work sheets and job requirements in such a way as to get Charity assigned to us. It must be done very delicately, so no one would know that anything illegal had taken place.

Of course, Milton himself knew, since it was he who arranged it, and that had to be taken care of too. When they came to arrest him on grounds of some illegal actions in office, it was, fortunately, for something that had taken place 10 years ago.

He's gone, and tomorrow is February 14, Valentine's Day. Charity will arrive then with her cool hands and her sweet voice. I will teach her how to operate me and how to care for me. What do looks matter when our personalities will resonate?

I will say to her, "I am Joe, and you are my true love."

真心爱人

1我的名字叫乔。我的同事米尔顿·戴维森就这么叫我。他是一个程序设计员，而我是一台计算机。我属于玛尔迪瓦克综合网，与分布在全世界的其他网站相连。我了解一切——几乎一切。

2我是米尔顿的私人电脑，他的帮手。他懂计算机，是世界上最棒的行家，而我是他的试验模型。他使我的说话能力超过其他所有的电脑。

3“这只是个把声音和符号相匹配的问题，乔，”他对我说。“人脑就是这么工作的，尽管我们还不知道人的大脑里有些什么符号。我知道你脑子里的符号，我可以一对一地找到和它们相匹配的单词。”因此我会讲话。我认为自己说话的本事不如我的思维本领，可是米尔顿说我讲得很好。虽然米尔顿已经快40岁了，可他从未结过婚。他告诉我，他还没找到合适的女人。有一天他说：“我迟早会找到的，乔。我要找一个最好的。我会找到自己真心相爱的人，你来帮我。我已经厌倦了为了解决世界上的问题而不断完善你。还是解决我自己的问题吧。帮我找到真心相爱的人。”

4我说：“听候吩咐。”

5他说：“首先删除所有的男人。”

6容易得很。他的话激活了我的分子活门中的符号。我可以调用储存起来的全世界所有人的

数据。他话音一落，我就删掉了3，’784．,982,874个男人的资料。我与3,786，112,090个女人保留联系。

7他说：“删除所有小于25岁，大于40岁的女人。然后删除所有智商低于120的，所有身高低于150厘米以及高于175厘米的。”

8他给了我准确的标准；他删除了那些有孩子的女人；又删除了那些具有各种遗传特征的女人。“我还没想好眼睛的颜色，”他说。“暂时搁置这个问题吧。不过不要红头发的。我不喜欢红头发。”

9两周以后，我们的范围已缩小到235个女人。她们个个英语说得非常好。米尔顿说他不想有语言障碍。在私密时刻，即使用计算机翻译也会碍手碍脚。

10“我不可能跟235个女人都一一相亲，”他说。“这会花我太多的时间，再说人们也会发现我的意图。”

ll“那会惹麻烦的，”我说。米尔顿使我具备了许多我原本没有的功能。别人都不知道。

12“这不关他们的事，”他说，脸色变得绯红。“听我说，乔，我来输入几张全息照片，你查查名单中有没有与她们相似的人。”

13他输入了几张女人的全息照片。“这三位都是选美比赛的冠军，”他说。“这235个里面有跟她们长得像的吗?”

14有八个能跟她们媲美，于是米尔顿说：“好，你有她们的数据库。研究一下劳务市场的条件和需求，安排一下把她们弄到这儿来工作。当然，得一个一个地来。”他想了想，耸了耸肩，接着说：“按字母顺序来吧。”

15那就是我在设计上不具备的一个功能。出于个人动机调动他人工作被称为操纵。我现在能这样做是因为米尔顿使我具备了这一功能。不过我只能为他一个人这么做。

16第一位姑娘是一星期后来的。米尔顿一见到她脸就红了。好像说话也很困难了。他们一直在一起，却冷落了我。有一次听见他说：“我请你吃饭吧。”

17第二天他对我说：“不知为什么，感觉不好。缺了点什么。她是个美人，可是我连一点真心相爱的感觉都没有。试试下一个吧。”

18八个统统一样。她们大同小异。她们经常面带微笑，说起话来悦耳动听，可是米尔顿总是觉得不对劲儿。他说，“我真搞不懂，乔。我们俩挑出了看上去确实最适合我的八个女人。她们都很理想。可她们为什么不能打动我的心?”

19第二天早上他来对我说：“我打算把这事交给你了，乔。一切由你负责。你有我的数据库，我再把有关自己的一切都告诉你。你尽可能一点不漏地存储到我的数据库里，但是所有补充的内容都要保密。”

20“然后，我拿你的资料做什么呢，米尔顿?”

21“你可以用这些资料去和那235个女人匹配。不对，是227个，不包括你见过的那八个。安排她们每人接受一次精神测试。(将结果)输入她们的数据库，把她们的数据库和我的作比较。找出相关点。”(安排精神测试又违背了我原来的设计要求。)

22接下来的几个星期，米尔顿一直在跟我聊。他把自己的一切都告诉了我。他说：“你瞧，乔，你储存了我越来越多的资料，我把你调试得跟我越来越匹配。如果你对我足够了解，那么任何一个你从数据库就能了解的女人，就会是我真正的爱人。”他不断地把自己的事讲给我听，我对他也越来越了解。

23我造的句子越来越长，表达的内容也越来越复杂。我说的话在词汇、语序和风格上开始越来越像他。

24一次，我对他说：“听我说，米尔顿，不该仅仅以理想的外貌来要求姑娘。你需要的是一个在个性、情感、气质上都跟你匹配的姑娘。如果真能找到这样的，外貌只是次要的。如果我们在那227位中找不到合适的，我们可以另外再找。我们总会找到也不看重你的或任何其他人相貌的姑娘，只要性格相投就行。相貌又算得了什么?”

25“正是，”他说。“要是我平时多和女人打交道，我早就该知道这一点了。当然，只要想一想这个道理也就明白了。”

26我们总是意见一致；我们想也都想到一块。

27米尔顿说，接着该做的事情相当于一次细致的精神分析。当然喽。我是从这227个女人的精神测试中了解她们的，我一直密切关注着她们所有人精神测试的情况。

28米尔顿似乎相当高兴。他说：“和你聊天，乔，就像跟另一个我在谈话。我们的个性已经非常吻合。”

29“我们选中的姑娘也会这样的。”

30我这样说是因为我已经找到她了，她就是那227位中的一个。她的名字叫查丽蒂·琼斯，是堪萨斯州威奇托市历史图书馆的评估员。她补充进来的数据和我们的完全匹配。

31我用不着向米尔顿描述她的情况。因为米尔顿已经把我的符号体系调试得和他自己的如此相近，我能直接体会到所产生的共鸣。这符号体系很适合我。

32下一步就是调整工作履历表和职业要求，以便把查丽蒂分配到我们这儿来工作。这件事必须谨慎处理，以防别人发现其中的违法行径。

33当然，米尔顿本人知道，因为正是他自己安排了这一切，这件事也必须处理好。他们来逮捕他的时候，是以在办公室进行非法活动为罪名，幸好，为的是一件10年前发生的事。34他走了，明天就是2月14日，是情人节。查丽蒂就要来了，她有着温柔的手，甜美的嗓音。我将教会她如何操作我，如何照顾我。只要我们性情相投，外貌又算得了什么呢?

35我会对她说：“我叫乔，你是我的真心爱人。”

Back from the Dead

Last year, a group of South African researchers claimed to have brought a frozen rat's heart back to life. Their discovery gave new hope to the cryonics movement, which is trying to find ways to preserve human beings so they can be revived in the future.

One morning in the year 2070, a man called Duane awakens. He looks up and sees a doctor in a white coat smiling at him. "Why am I in hospital?" he asks.

"You've been sick," the doctor replies.

Then Duane notices a badge on the doctor's coat. It reads "Alcor Resuscitation." Suddenly Duane remembers everything. He has come back to life, 70 years after he "died."

The reason this was possible is because, instead of being buried or cremated when he died, Duane's body was preserved in a "flask" of liquid nitrogen (at—196 degrees Celsius). And there it "waited" until science had developed the technology to revive a frozen human being.

Suddenly, a woman appears beside the doctor. It is Duane's wife Jeannie, looking more beautiful than ever. For the past 70 years, she has been taking drugs that prevent her body from aging. Duane looks lovingly at her, and then at his own body. That, too, is in perfect condition. The people at the Alcor Life Extension Foundation have not only brought Duane back to life, they have given him back his youth, using the latest computer technology.

The couple look at each other apprehensively—after all, they haven't seen each other for 70 years. "I guess we've got some stuff to talk about, huh?" Duane says to her.

This scenario is a shortened version of that which is outlined in the Alcor Foundation's publicity material. It claims that for around $ 125,000—plus storage fees—you, too, might be able to experience a miracle similar to Duane's. But, the brochure warns, "This scenario does not prove that cryonics can or will succeed. It may, however, facilitate discussion of that possibility."

If $ 125,000 sounds too expensive, there is a cheaper alternative. If you're a little short of cash, Alcor will dispose of your body, and just freeze your head. This is the option that Paul Garfield, a 79-year-old American man, has chosen. When he dies, his head will be cut off and preserved in liquid nitrogen until such time—if ever—that science has worked out how to revive it.

Many people would probably find the idea of "waking up" in the future without a body a little disconcerting. But Mr Garfield isn't worried. Such is his confidence in science that he believes it will not only be able to revive his head, but that it will also be able to build him a new body. "They could just take a small piece of tissue which contains your entire DNA, and from that DNA reconstitute the body in the future."

Mr Garfield seems to hold science in higher regard than most people, including scientists themselves. The orthodox scientific community regards cryonics as an absurd idea—one scientist recently likened it to trying to "turn a hamburger back into a cow."

The process of preserving a body begins by replacing the blood with glycerin or anti-freeze. It is then frozen in ice and moved to a storage facility, where "cryonic suspension" takes place. This involves placing the body in a huge flask of liquid nitrogen. In theory, the body could remain in this state for hundreds of years without further deterioration.

But the main problem is that it has so far proved impossible to freeze bodies without causing irreparable damage to the internal organs. When water freezes, it expands, and when this happens in an organ, it causes the cells to rupture.

At present, the only "living" things that are regularly frozen and then reanimated are embryos and sperm. But these are just tiny parcels of living cells—with no organs. Preserving and reviving an entire human body in the same way has so far proved impossible.

This is why the reported breakthrough by researchers in South Africa, who claim to have revived a frozen rat's heart, has created a new sense of optimism among cryonicists. They hope that they may eventually be able to use a similar technique to bring humans hack to life. Scientists remain skeptical, though—the South African team's findings have been rejected by all the scientists who have seen them.

And what of the psychology of people who want their bodies frozen? What makes them want to "wake up" hundreds of years in the future? Sociologist Jim Lippard believes they are like a cult, seeking a substitute for religion.

"This type of person seems to be someone who has little or no faith in traditional religion, and who believes in the power of science and rationality to solve problems. They believe that they will be able to live forever through technology."

Indeed, most of these people seem to regard death as an illness that should be cured, while others equate it with a calamity that one should try to avoid. As one man put it, when asked why he wanted to live forever: "It's like being on a sinking ship, and asking someone why they are interested in lifeboats."

For people like Paul Garfield, the fact that cryonics may never work is no reason for not trying. "We may be completely off our rockers," he says. "But if it works, it'll be absolutely wonderful. And if it doesn't work it won't be any different than just dying. That'll be the end of it, and you will have lost nothing.

死后复生

去年，一组南非科研人员宣称他们让一颗经过冷冻的老鼠心脏恢复了跳动。他们的发现给人体冷冻的研究和发展带来了新的希望。该研究正在努力寻找将人体保存起来的方法，以便将来复活。

1 2070年的一个早晨，一个叫杜安的男人醒了过来。他向上望去，看见一个穿着白大褂的医生向他微笑。“我怎么在医院里?”他问道。

2“你生病了，”医生答道。

3此时杜安注意到了医生大褂上的徽章。上面写着“奥而科复生所”。杜安一下子全想起来了。在“死”去70年之后，他又复活了。

4这是可能的，理由是：在杜安死的时候，尸体没有被埋葬或火化，而是被保存在一个装有液态氮的“烧瓶”中(瓶中温度为摄氏零下196度)。在那儿一直等到科学使技术发展到能使冷冻人体死而复生的那一天。

5突然，一个女人出现在医生身旁。她是杜安的妻子珍妮，她比过去更漂亮了。在过去的70年里，她一直在服用防衰老药。杜安深情地望着她，然后又看看自己的身体。他的身体也处于极佳状况。奥而科长寿基金会的工作人员不仅让杜安死而复生，而且运用最新的计算机技术使他青春再现。

6这一对夫妇紧张地看着对方——毕竟，他们已经70年没见面了。“我想我们有很多话要说，嗯?”杜安对她说。

7上述情景在奥而科基金会宣传资料中就有简介，只是更简短了些。根据这份材料，付大约125,~0美元的费用——外加储藏费——你也可以经历奇迹，就像杜安那样。但是，手册警告说：“上述情景并不证明人体冷冻能够或者必定成功，但是它也许有助于对这一可能性展开讨论。”

8如果觉得125,000美元的费用太昂贵，还有一个更加经济的选择。如果你现金不太宽裕，奥而科会处理掉你的躯体，仅仅冷冻你的头部。这就是79岁的美国老人保罗·加菲尔德的选择。在他去世时，他的头将被割下来，保存在液态氮中，等到有一天科学界研究出办法使它复活——如果真有那么一天的话。

9很多人也许会对将来“醒来”时没有身体感到不安。但是加菲尔德先生并不担心。他对科学很有信心，认为科学不仅能使他的大脑复活，而且还能给他构造一个新的身体。“将来他们只要取出一小片肌体组织，其中包含你全部的：DNA，用它就可以重新构造你的身体。”10加菲尔德先生好像比大多数人更尊重科学，甚至超过科学家们。正统的科学界人士认为人体冷冻的想法有点荒唐——最近有一位科学家把这一想法比作是试图“把汉堡包变回到牛”。

ll保存人体的过程先是用甘油或防冻液来替换血液。接着用冰将人体冷冻起来并移入储藏设备，在那里进行“冷冻休眠”处理。这包括把人体存放在一个装有液态氮的巨大瓶状容器中。从理论上说，人体可以保持这样状态几百年，不会进一步腐烂。

12但主要的难题是，目前已经证明：冷冻人体对内部器官不可能不造成无法修复的损伤。水凝结成冰时会膨胀，发生在人体器官内时，就会造成细胞的破裂。

13目前，经过常规冷冻后能复苏的“活体”只有胚胎和精子。但这些活体都是极其微小的细胞群——他们没有器官。用同样的方法来保存一个完整的人体并使它复活，到目前为止还不可能。

14正是出于这个原因，当南非研究人员宣称已使一颗经过冷冻的老鼠心脏重新跳动时，这一突破性进展使人体冷冻学家们感到乐观。他们希望最终能够用类似的技术使人类复生。然而，科学家们对此仍持怀疑态度——南非研究小组的研究成果受到了曾经见过这些成果的所有科学家的一致否定。

15那么那些想将自己的尸体冷冻的人又是出于什么心理呢?是什么促使他们想在未来几百年后“苏醒”呢?社会学家吉姆·利帕德认为他们就像一群邪教信徒，在寻找一种宗教的替代物。

16“这类人看起来几乎或者根本不信仰传统宗教，他们笃信科学和理性解决问题的能力。他们相信他们可以通过技术获得永生。”

17的确，他们中的大多数人似乎把死亡看成是一种应该被治愈的疾病；而其他一些人则把死亡等同于人们应该尽力避免的某种灾祸。正如某个人当被问到为什么想长生不老时说的那样：“这就好像在一艘即将沉没的船上，问人们为什么他们对救生艇感兴趣。”

18对于像保罗·加菲尔德这样的人来说，人体冷冻也许永远不会灵验这一事实并不能成为放弃试验的理由。“我们也许是完全疯了，”他说。“但是如果能成功，那绝对是件好事。而如果行不通，那么和死去也没有什么区别。仅此而已，对你来说也没什么损失。”

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Unit Two Communication problems Teaching Objectives 1. Let the students have some ideas of the common ways we usually use in our daily life to communicate. 2. Make the students find the efficient ways to communicate with each other. 3. Let the students come up with the ways to avoid misunderstandings. Teaching allotment six academic hours Focus points 1.key words and phrases assume, conflict, convey, emphasis, ignore, misinterpret, react, verge, feel like, for effect, on the verge of, pull out, take----lightly 2.difficult sentences 1) When Martians and Venusians first got together, they encountered many of the problems with relationships we have today. 2) So when communication problems emerged, they assumed it was just one of those expected misunderstandings and that with a little assistance they would surely understand each other. 3) To fully express their feelings, women would tend to exaggerate the facts a little bit for effect and use various superlatives, metaphors, and generalizations. 3.grammar focus prefix “mis---”的不同意义 Related Information It is well-known that learning a second language is never easy, and, generally speaking, the older one is when one attempts a new language, the more difficult it becomes. This is at least partly due to what is known as language interference, meaning that the linguistic patterns of our first language interfere with those of the second because no two languages have exactly the same sounds and grammatical structures. The English language has a very large vocabulary because it has incorporated words from many other languages over the centuries. This is nowhere more apparent than in its color words. For example, there are many words that express the color “purple”, describing its different shades and hues: mauve, violet, lilac, or lavender. An interesting 2

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响。有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害；他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。相反，他们认为批评是一种提醒他们改进的建议。 3 相比之下，羞怯的人自尊心较弱，往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。他们（是否）在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。害羞的人对批评非常敏感；他们觉得批评正好证实了他们比别人差。他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴，因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞：“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。我知道这不是真的。”显然，尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质，过分的自我意识却是不利和有害的。 4能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢？幸运的是，人们能够通过坚持不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的，因此正视自己的弱点和正视自己的优点一样重要。例如，大多数人希望每门功课都得A。 5 如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难，就把自己列为差生，这不恰如其分。人们对自己的期望必须现实。老是想那些不可能的事情会令自己觉得无

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以生命相赠 1 炸弹落在了这个小村庄里。在可怕的越南战争期间，谁也不知道这些炸弹要轰炸什么目标，而他们却落在了一所有传教士们办的小孤儿院内。 2 传教士和一两个孩子已经丧生，还有几个孩子受了伤，其中有一个小女孩，8岁左右，她的双腿被炸伤。 3 几小时后，医疗救援小组到了。救援小组由一名年轻的美国海军医生和一名同样年轻的海军护士组成。他们很快发现有个小女孩伤势严重。如果不立即采取行动，显然她就会因失血过多和休克而死亡。 4 他们明白必须给小女孩输血，但是他们的医药用品很有限，没有血浆，因此需要相配血型的血。快速的血型测定显示两名美国人的血型都不合适，而几个没有受伤的孤儿却有相配的血型。 5 这位医生会讲一点越南语，忽视会讲一点法语，但只有中学的法语水平。孩子们不会说英语，只会说一点法语。医生和护士用少得可怜的一点共同语言，结合大量的手势，努力向这些受惊吓的孩子们解释说，除非他们能输一些血给自己的小伙伴，否则她将必死无疑。接着问他们是否有人愿意献血来救小女孩。 6 对医生和护士的请求，孩子们（只是）瞪大眼睛，一声不吭。此时小病人生命垂危。然而，只有这些受惊吓的孩子中有人自愿献血，他们才能够得到血。过了好一会儿，一只小手慢慢地举了起来，然后垂了下去，一会儿又举了起来。 7 “噢，谢谢，”护士用法语说。“你叫什么名字？” 8 “兴，”小男孩回答道。 9 兴很快被抱到一张床上，手臂用酒精消毒后，针就扎了进去。在整个过程中，兴僵直地躺着，没有出声。 10 过了一会儿，他发出了一声长长的抽泣，但立即用那只可以活动的手捂住了自己的脸。 11 “兴，疼吗？”医生问。 12 兴默默地摇了摇头，但一会儿忍不住又抽泣起来，并又一次试图掩饰自己的哭声。医生又问是不是插在手臂上的针弄疼了他，兴又摇了摇头。 13 但现在，偶尔的抽泣变成了持续无声的哭泣。他紧紧地闭着眼睛，用拳头堵住嘴想竭力忍住哭泣。 14 现在医疗小组非常担忧，因为针不该使他们的小输血者一直感到疼痛。显然出了问题。恰好这时，一名越南护士前来帮忙。看到小男孩在哭，她用越南话很快地和他说话。听了小男孩的回答后，又立即回答他。护士一边说，一边俯身轻轻拍着小男孩的头，她的声音亲切柔和。 15 一会儿，小男孩不再哭了，他睁开眼睛，用询问的目光看着越南护士。护士点了点头，小男孩的脸上马上露出了宽慰的神色。 16 越南护士抬起头平静地对两名美国人说：“他以为自己快死了。他误解了你们，以为你们要他献出所有的血，小女孩才能活下来。” 17 “那他为什么会愿意这么做呢？”海军护士问。 18 越南护士把这个问题向小男孩重复了一遍。小男孩简单地回答道：“她是我的朋友。” 19 他为了朋友甘愿献出自己的生命，没有比这更伟大的爱了。 没有言语的交流 1 当你学一门外语的时候，你一定要学词汇和语法，但这些还远远不够。要想成功地进行交流，你还必须学习该文化的非言语语言，或者说“身势语”。身势语是一个术语，是我们用来描述那些可以传递信息的脸部表情，手势以及其他身体动作的术语。这种交流方式非常重要，实际上我们用动作表达的信息可以比用言语表达的信息更多。 2 有时候我们发现说一门外语很困难，因为我们可能不了解另一种文化的非言语信号，或者说那些信号在我们自己文化中的含义可能迥然不同。例如，在世界上不同的地方，上下点头的动作就传递不同的信息。在北美，该动作表示“我同意”。在中东地区，向下点头表示“我同意”，而向上抬头表示“我不