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圆锥曲线焦点弦的斜率与焦点分该弦的定比定理

圆锥曲线焦点弦的斜率与焦点分该弦的定比定理

我们把圆锥曲线焦点弦的斜率确定下来,这时,焦点分该弦的定比也随着确定.那么,它们之间有何关系呢?本文给出一个定理和四个推论.
引理:若经过圆锥曲线 EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 的焦点 EMBED Equation.3 的弦 EMBED Equation.3 的倾斜角为 EMBED Equation.3 , EMBED Equation.3 分 EMBED Equation.3 的定比为 EMBED Equation.3 ,则 EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 ,(其中 EMBED Equation.3 为圆锥曲线的离心率).
证明:(1)若0< EMBED Equation.3 <1,此圆锥曲线为椭圆(如图1),
EMBED Equation.3 为 EMBED Equation.3 的内分点( EMBED Equation.3 >0).则 EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 .

(2)若 EMBED Equation.3 =1,此圆锥曲线为抛物线(如图2),
EMBED Equation.3 为 EMBED Equation.3 的内分点( EMBED Equation.3 >0).同理有 EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 .

(3)若 EMBED Equation.3 >1,此圆锥曲线为双曲线(如图3,4).
(ⅰ)当 EMBED Equation.3 < EMBED Equation.3 < EMBED Equation.3 - EMBED Equation.3 时,
EMBED Equation.3 为 EMBED Equation.3 的内分点( EMBED Equation.3 >0).同理有 EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 .
(ⅱ)当0 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 < EMBED Equation.3 或
EMBED Equation.3 - EMBED Equation.3 < EMBED Equation.3 < EMBED Equation.3 时,有 EMBED Equation.3 <0, EMBED Equation.3 >0.
EMBED Equation.3 为 EMBED Equation.3 的外分点( EMBED Equation.3 <0). EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 = - EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 .
由(1),(2),(3)知 EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 .
而 EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 , EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 .
故 EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 , EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 .
EMBED Equation.3 + EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 + EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 ,
EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 .
故引理得证.
定理:若经过圆锥曲线 EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 的焦点 EMBED Equation.3 的弦 EMBED Equation.3 的斜率为 EMBED Equation.3 , EMBED Equation.3 分 EMBED Equation.3 的定比为 EMBED Equation.3 ,则 EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 -1,(其中 EMBED Equation.3 为圆锥曲线的离心率).
证明:由引理知, EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 .而 EM

BED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 ,( EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 90o).
EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 -1= EMBED Equation.3 -1.
故定理得证.
对于定理,补充三点说明:
(1)当 EMBED Equation.3 =90o时,斜率 EMBED Equation.3 不存在,而 EMBED Equation.3 =1.
(2)只要圆锥曲线的焦点在 EMBED Equation.3 轴上,不论是左焦点,还是右焦点,定理的结论仍成立.
(3)如果圆锥曲线的焦点在 EMBED Equation.3 轴上,可得类似的结论: EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 -1,(特别当 EMBED Equation.3 =0时, EMBED Equation.3 =1).
推论1 设椭圆 EMBED Equation.3 =1( EMBED Equation.3 > EMBED Equation.3 >0)的左焦点 EMBED Equation.3 分该焦点弦 EMBED Equation.3 的定比为 EMBED Equation.3 ,则 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 ,(其中 EMBED Equation.3 为圆锥曲线的离心率).
证明:设焦点弦 EMBED Equation.3 的斜率为 EMBED Equation.3 ,由定理知, EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 -1.
EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 0, EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 -1 EMBED Equation.3 0,
化简得 (1- EMBED Equation.3 ) EMBED Equation.3 -2(1+ EMBED Equation.3 ) EMBED Equation.3 +1- EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 0.
EMBED Equation.3 0< EMBED Equation.3 <1, EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 .
此推论1说明了,当 EMBED Equation.3 =0时, EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 , EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 .即表明椭圆的焦点把长轴分成两段的比为 EMBED Equation.3 或 EMBED Equation.3 .
推论2 设双曲线 EMBED Equation.3 =1的右焦点 EMBED Equation.3 分该焦点弦 EMBED Equation.3 的定比为 EMBED Equation.3 ,则 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 或 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 ,且 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 0,(其中 EMBED Equation.3 为圆锥曲线的离心率).
利用定理及 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 0且 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 ,即可推得.
推论3 设抛物线 EMBED Equation.3 =2 EMBED Equation.3 ( EMBED Equation.3 >0)的焦点 EMBED Equation.3 分该焦点弦 EMBED Equation.3 的定比为 EMBED Equation.3 ,则 EMBED Equation.3 >0.
利用定理及 EMBED Equation.3

>0,即可推得.
推论4 若过任一抛物线 EMBED Equation.3 =2 EMBED Equation.3 ( EMBED Equation.3 >0)的焦点 EMBED Equation.3 的弦的斜率 EMBED Equation.3 为定值,则 EMBED Equation.3 分该焦点弦的定比 EMBED Equation.3 与焦参数 EMBED Equation.3 无关.
证明:抛物线 EMBED Equation.3 =2 EMBED Equation.3 ( EMBED Equation.3 >0)的离心率为1,由定理知, EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 -1.
EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 .
EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 为定值, EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 为与焦参数 EMBED Equation.3 无关的定值.
作为定理的应用举以下几个例题:
例1 直线 EMBED Equation.3 经过椭圆 EMBED Equation.3 =1的左焦点 EMBED Equation.3 ,且 EMBED Equation.3 被该椭圆截得线段长|| EMBED Equation.3 |是| EMBED Equation.3 |的5倍,求直线 EMBED Equation.3 的方程.
解:由 EMBED Equation.3 =1,知 EMBED Equation.3 =5, EMBED Equation.3 =3, EMBED Equation.3 =4, EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 .设 EMBED Equation.3 分 EMBED Equation.3 的定比为 EMBED Equation.3 ,则
EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 ,( EMBED Equation.3 | EMBED Equation.3 |=5| EMBED Equation.3 |).由定理知,直线 EMBED Equation.3 的斜率
EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 .
EMBED Equation.3 直线 EMBED Equation.3 的方程为: EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 ( EMBED Equation.3 +4).
例2 如图5,斜率为 - EMBED Equation.3 的直线 EMBED Equation.3 过双曲线 EMBED Equation.3 =1的右焦点 EMBED Equation.3 且交双曲线右支于 EMBED Equation.3 ,左支于 EMBED Equation.3 ,求过 EMBED Equation.3 且平行于 EMBED Equation.3 的直线 EMBED Equation.3 在 EMBED Equation.3 轴上的截距.
解:由 EMBED Equation.3 =1知,
EMBED Equation.3 =4, EMBED Equation.3 =3, EMBED Equation.3 =5, EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 .
EMBED Equation.3 (5,0),设过 EMBED Equation.3 且平行于 EMBED Equation.3
的直线 EMBED Equation.3 与 EMBED Equation.3 轴的交点为 EMBED Equation.3 ,
则有 EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 ,又设 EMBED Equation.3 分 EMBED Equation.3 的定比为 EMBED Equation.3 ( EMBED Equation.3 <0).
则 EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 = - EMBED Equation.3 = - EMBED Equation.3 .由定理知
EMBED Equation.3 =( EMBED Equation.3

) EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 -1,解得 EMBED Equation.3 =4 EMBED Equation.3 -9或 EMBED Equation.3 = -4 EMBED Equation.3 -9(舍).
EMBED Equation.3 - EMBED Equation.3 =4 EMBED Equation.3 -9.
也即 EMBED Equation.3 分 EMBED Equation.3 的定比 EMBED Equation.3 ′=4 EMBED Equation.3 -9.
由定比分点坐标公式,得 5= EMBED Equation.3 ,解得 EMBED Equation.3 =20( EMBED Equation.3 -2).
所以过 EMBED Equation.3 且平行于 EMBED Equation.3 的直线 EMBED Equation.3 在 EMBED Equation.3 轴上的截距为20( EMBED Equation.3 -2).
例3 如图6,已知抛物线 EMBED Equation.3 =2 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 的焦点弦 EMBED Equation.3 的端点 EMBED Equation.3 的纵坐标为2,过焦点 EMBED Equation.3 的直线 EMBED Equation.3 把△ EMBED Equation.3 分成面积相等的两部分(其中 EMBED Equation.3 为直角坐标系的原点),求直线 EMBED Equation.3 的方程.
解:由抛物线 EMBED Equation.3 =2 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 知,焦点 EMBED Equation.3 ( EMBED Equation.3 ,0),
EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 点在抛物线上, EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 ( EMBED Equation.3 ,2).
EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 =2 EMBED Equation.3 .
设 EMBED Equation.3 分 EMBED Equation.3 的定比为 EMBED Equation.3 ,则由定理知, EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 -1,
EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 =2 EMBED Equation.3 , EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 =9.
解得, EMBED Equation.3 =2,或 EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 (舍).
即 | EMBED Equation.3 |=2| EMBED Equation.3 |,也即| EMBED Equation.3 |= EMBED Equation.3 | EMBED Equation.3 |.
又设过 EMBED Equation.3 的直线 EMBED Equation.3 交 EMBED Equation.3 于 EMBED Equation.3 ,且 EMBED Equation.3 分 EMBED Equation.3 的定比为 EMBED Equation.3 ′( EMBED Equation.3 ′>0).由题意知
EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 , EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 , EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 .
即 EMBED Equation.3 ′= EMBED Equation.3 =3, EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 点坐标为( EMBED Equation.3 , EMBED Equation.3 ).
由两点式得,直线 EMBED Equation.3 的方程为: EMBED Equation.3 = EMBED Equation.3 ,
即 EMBED Equation.3 EMBED Equation.3 + EMBED Equation.3 -1=0.
从以上例题的解题过程中,看到

使用本文定理可以避免在解直线方程与圆锥曲线方程联立方程组时,求交点的繁琐计算,简化解题过程.事实上,这个定理把焦点弦的斜率 EMBED Equation.3 与焦点分该弦的定比 EMBED Equation.3 紧密地联系在一起,充分体现出焦点弦的一个重要的性质.
(鲍德法 《教学月刊》中学理科版,1996年11月.1997年1月在中国人民大学书报资料中心《中学数学》上全文刊录)

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3 (O)

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

图1

图2

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3 (O)

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

图3

EMBED Equation.3

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B

F(O)

x

EMBED Equation.3

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B

F(O)

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图4

E

l1

l

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O

A

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图5

图6

l

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

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