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感悟非限定动词

江苏沛县湖西中学鹿俊先 221611

英语中动词的不定式、动名词、分词（包括现在分词、过去分词），由于不受句子主语的限定而没有人称和数的变化，所以被称作非限定动词。非限定动词常充当句子的谓语以外的其它成分，所以又被称作非谓语动词。

非限定动词的各种意义与其在合成谓语动词中的意义密切相关。

不定式形式与will, can, must, should等构成合成谓语，常表示将来或（和）带有情态意义，所以不定式作句子的其他成分时也往往带有类似意义。如：

I don’t know what to do. (=I don’t know what I should do.)

She has five children to look after. (=She has five children that she must look after.)

Will you attend the meeting to be held tomorrow? (=Will you attend the meeting which will be held tomorrow?)

不定式与do, did, does构成合成谓语的一般式形式，常表示状态的存在或动作的整个过程，所以不定式作句子的其他成分时也往往带有类似意义。如：

I saw him write a letter. (=He wrote a letter, and I saw the process.)

现在分词构成合成谓语的进行式，所以现在分词作句子的其他成分时也往往带有与进行式类似的意义。如：

I saw him writing a letter. (=When I saw him, he was writing a letter.)

过去分词构成合成谓语的完成式、被动式，所以过去分词作句子的其他成分时也往往带有被动或（和）完成意义。如：

Dressed in white, he looks like a cook. (He has dressed himself in white.)

要感悟这些联系，将知识系统化、网络化。

下面解释非限定动词作用：

1作名词用的非限定动词，充当主语、表语、宾语等，用不定式或动名词。

1.1作主语

不定式作主语可以直接放在句首，但更常用it作形式主语而将不定式放在谓语之后，常表示笼统的或具体的动作。如：

It takes a lot of courage as well as skill and concentration to ski downhill at about 100 km an hour.

It is difficult to sell that flat of yours.

如果句子的其他成分提于主语之前（如感叹句、疑问句中）则必须用it作形式主语，如：

What fun it is to take a dip in a pool in hot weather!

Whether及疑问词（除why外）只能与不定式合成名词性复合结构，意义相当于疑问词（或whether）引导的名词性从句。如：

What to do with the money hasn’t been decided yet.

动名词作主语常表示笼统的动作。有时也可以用it作形式主语。如：

Selling insurance is usually difficult.

It is very hard being in another country, especially if you don’t speak the language.

在It is nece ssary / essential / important … 之后只能用不定式。

1.2作表语

不定式作主语时，表语亦为不定式，动名词作主语时表语亦为动名词。如：To see is to believe.

Seeing is believing.

当主语中含有do或其变化形式时，作表语的不定式可以省略to。如：

The only thing he could do was (to) wait.

1.3作宾语

有些动词需要不定式作宾语。如：

afford, agree, apply, arrange, ask, choose, decide, desire, determine, expect, hope, manage, need, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, tend, wish, would like / prefer / love / hate 等。

有些动词需要动名词作宾语。如：

appreciate, acknowledge, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, give up, imagine, mind, miss, practice, suggest, resist, risk, keep (on), fee like等。

有些动词既可以用不定式又可以用动名词作宾语，意义差别不大。如：

begin, start, continue, attempt, intend, like, love, hate等。

有些动词既可以用不定式又可以用动名词作宾语，意义差别很大。如：

remember, forget, regret, mean, be used to, can't help, go on, stop, try, need, want, require等。（上述结构有的不定式实际属于目的状语）

不定式（有时动名词）作宾语如有补足语，需用it替代，将不定式置于补足语以后。如：

Do you think it necessary to remember so many facts by heart?

I find it a waste of time arguing with her.

1.4作介词宾语

介词宾语通常用动名词。如：

I’m looking forward to seeing you soon.

He left without telling his parents.

个别介词，如except, but等用不定式。如果except, but之前出现do的变化形式，则不定式往往省略to。如：

I had no choice but / except to give up the job.

I could do nothing but /except give up the job.

1.5不定式的逻辑主语由for引出，动名词的逻辑主语由名词所有格（或名词）、物主代词（或宾格-----充当作宾语时）、不定代词、指示代词充当。如：It is difficult for us to finish the task within two hours.

I really can’t understand you / your treating her like that.

Would you mind my / me smoking here?

Put into use in April 2000, the hotline was mean t for residents (’) reporting water and heat supply breakdowns.

The discovery of new evidence led to the thief (’s) being caught.

2 作名词修饰语用的非限定动词----- 不定式，分词。（动名词和名词连用，说明名词的用途，可以看作合成名词，故不在此节叙述。）

2.1现在分词充当定语

现在分词充当定语，常常表示正在进行中的动作、不考虑时间限制的状态。其主动形式与其修饰的名词或代词存在意义上的主谓关系，被动形式与其修饰

的名词或代词存在意义上的动宾关系如：

Do you know the lawyer questioning(=who is questioning) the man in connection with the robbery?

The school being built (=which is being built) now is intended for children who are from boor families.

Women taking (=who take) care of children are well paid in cities.

The tower standing (=which stands) on the top of the hill dates from over 800 years ago.

2.2及物动词的过去分词充当定语

及物动词的过去分词充当定语与其修饰的名词或代词存在意义上的动宾关系，特定的可以完成的动作表示完成意义。如：

The repairs cost a lot, but it is money well spent (=which was well spent).

Prices of daily goods bought (=which are bought) through a computer can be lower than store prices.

Don’t use words, expressions or phrases known (=which were known) only to people with specific knowledge.

某些不及物动词的过去分词充当定语，仅表示动作完成后的状态。(对照现在分词所表示的进行意义)如：

fallen leaves 落下的叶子(falling leaves正下落的叶子), developed countries发达国家(developing countries发展中国家), boiled water开过的水(boiling water 沸水)等。

2.3不定式充当定语

不定式充当定语常表示将来的动作并含情态意义，主动形式与其修饰的名词或代词存在意义上的主谓关系，被动形式则与其修饰的名词或代词存在意义上的动宾关系。

Have you anything to cure(=that can cure) a bad cold?

I need a student to help (=who can help) me with the experiment.

Would you like to attend the lecture to be given (=which will be given) in the lecture hall tomorrow?

对照：the meeting being held -- 正在召开的会议

the meeting held -- 已经召开过的会议

the meeting to be held -- 将要召开的会议

用作定语的动词不定式有时虽然与其修饰的名词、代词存在意义上的动宾关系或（动+介）宾关系，但仍使用主动形式，这是因为:

（1）该不定式动作为句子中先出现的另一名词、代词所执行。例如：

The secretary telephoned her husband saying that she couldn't come home on time, because she had many papers to type.

对照：The secretary asked her boss if he had any papers to be typed.

Whether we stay here or go to your place, we'll first find something to eat.

She has five children to look after.

Please find me something to eat.

When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person to send it to.

这儿我们可以理解为由于动作的执行者已经出现于句子中，所以省略了以for

引起的不定式的意义上的主语。

（2）该不定式动作的执行者为无须明确指出的不言而喻的如people, everyone, we 等名词、代词。例如：

There is a lot of work to do. （着眼于工作的人。）

这儿我们可以理解为由于动作的发出者不言而喻，所以省略了以for引起的不定式的意义上的主语。

对照：There is a lot of work to be done.（着眼于工作本身。）

下列名词常与不定式形成固定搭配：

与介词有着固定搭配的名词，如time, place, turn, right, way等，当动词不定式修饰这些名词时，与名词搭配的很容易意会的介词往往省略。如：You have no right (by which) to treat me like this!

We are so busy working that we've got no time(during which) to go to the cinema.

Ways must be found (in which) to make the polluted rivers clean again.

与不定式固定搭配的某些动词、形容词所转化的名词，如decision, promise, plan, need, determination, anxiety, eagerness等，也往往与不定式形成固定搭配。如：

I have no wish to change.

对照：I don't wish to change.

He has got a remarkable ability to get things done.

对照：He is able to get things done.

序数词，形容词的最高级，last, next, only等修饰的名词。如：

He is always the first student to enter the classroom in the morning.

3 作状语用的非谓语动词

3.1不定式作状语

不定式作目的状语（可以直接用，也可以与in order, so as搭配）、结果状语（与so … as, such … as, … enough, too … 搭配，或表示与原来的意图、意料相悖的结果）、条件状语（非笼统的动作）、或修饰形容词。如：

To find out more about university courses, call (920) 7463789.

(In order) to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state run companies are striving to make their products more competitive.

He spoke at the top of his voice (so as) to be heard clearly.

He hurried to the station only to find the train gone.

Would you be so kind as / kind enough to tell me the time?

My mother is too old to travel.

She is easy (for us) to get along with.

3.2 分词作状语

分词作状语表时间、原因、条件、方式、让步、伴随情况、结果（上文之因所导致的结果）、补充说明等。

现在分词的主动形式与句子的主语存在意义上的主谓关系，其一般式多表示谓语动作发生于分词动作期间，或紧接着分词动作发生（这种分词往往属于一旦发生马上完成的动作）。如：

Not knowing his telephone number, I had some trouble getting in touch with Bill.

Putting down the newspaper, the headmaster walked over to the window and

looked out.

Living in the countryside, they had few amusements.

完成式表示谓语动作发生于分词动作完成之后（可以完成的动作），或分词动作延续一段时间（可以不断延续的状态，常有状语表明一段时间）之后。如：Having read all the letters, Jane had a drink and left.

Having lived in the United States for many years, he speaks English quite well / he still can’t speak English well.

现在分词的被动式及过去分词与句子主语存在意义上的动宾关系，二者意义相似。如：

(Being) used economically, one tin will last at least six weeks.

(Having been) lost in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.

Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

为明确语义关系而带有相应意义的连词的分词用作状语时，与句子主语的意义关系不变。如：

When completed, the museum will be open to the public next year.

Though lacking money, his parents managed to send him to university.

Unless invited to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.

While shopping, people sometimes can’t help being persuaded into buying something they don’t need.

Taking this kind of medicine, if continued, will possibly do harm to people.

The research is so designed that once begun nothing can be done to change it

在不至于引起误解的情况下分词作状语时，其意义上的主语可以不是句子的主语。这常出现于科技语体或报刊中，并且上下文暗示了其意义上的主语时。如：Having suffered such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.

Going up the hill, the statue of Lincoln struck my eyes.

3.3 分词及不定式之前可以加名词或代词为其意义上的主语，构成独立结构，表示时间、原因、条件、方式、让步、伴随情况、结果、补充说明等，意义相当于with + 名词/代词+ 分词/不定式。如：

I send you 100 dollars now, the rest to follow in a year.

Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed.

All the money (having been) spent, we started looking for work.

It being now pretty late, we said goodbye and separated.

3.4修饰整个句子的非谓语动词状语

generally speaking

considering …

taking … into cosideration

judging from / by …

to tell (you) the truth

to make matters worse

to begin with

given …(=considering…)

4 作宾语补足语用的非谓语动词

作宾语补足语用的非谓语动词形式取决于不同谓语动词句型的要求，宾语为其意义上的主语。大致区别如下：

4.1不定式表示可以完成的动作的全过程。如：

If anybody calls, tell them I’m out, and ask them to leave their name and address.

As you've never been there before, I'll have someone show you the way.

The emperor ordered the cloth to be woven for him at once.

4.2现在分词表示动作的进行。如：

We'll soon have you walking again.

When I passed I saw a new bridge being built there.

4.3过去分词表示动作的全过程或动作完成后的状态。如：

We'll have to get the car repaired before Tuesday.

The managers discussed the plan they would like to see carried out the next year.

The Hanks should keep the dog either in the house or tied up.

4.4上述各句型转变为被动语态时，原宾语转变为主语，原宾语补足语转变为主语补足语。如：

The missing boy was last seen playing near the West Lake.

A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen.

An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered to issue clear warnings before firing any shots.

Paul doesn't have to be made to learn. He always works hard.

4.5某些介词，如：with, like ，宾语可以带有补足语，构成复合结构。

with复合结构常用作状语，补充说明动作的原因、结果、方式、伴随情况，等，与去掉with后形成的独立结构意义类似。该复合结构有时也用作定语,补充说明名词的情况。例如：

The murderer was brought in, (with) his hands tied behind the back.

The storm died away at last, (with) the golden waves beating the shore in peace.

The tree was still there, like a huge umbrella covering the entrance to the valley.

After the Arab states won their independence, much attention was paid to developing education, (with) girls as well as boys being encouraged to go to school.

I wasn't able to prepare the speech well (with) t he meeting date fixed so soon.

The prize of the game is $30 000 and an all expenses paid vacation to China (and a vacation to China with all expenses paid).

5非谓语动词用作表语

具有形容词的意义非谓语动词用作表语与主语的关系相当于宾语补足语与宾语的关系。例如：

The match was very exciting, and we were all excited.

You may be worried if the problem you have is worrying.

The gardener is frightening, and every child feels frightened at the sight of him.

初中英语语法—限定动词与非限定动词

初中英语语法—限定动词与非限定动词 1. 限定动词限定动词在句子当中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制 e.g. He can speak both English and French. 2. 非限定动词非限定动词在句中不可单独用作谓语，不受主语的人称和数的限制；它在句中可以用作其他句子成分。非限定动词有三种，即不定式、动名词和分词 1) 不定式一般由“to+动词原形”构成，在句中可担任各种成分 e.g. I hope to see you soon. 2) 动名词有些动词的ing形式可起名词的作用，在句中也可但人很多成分e.g. Seeing is believing. 3) 分词分词有两种，现在分词和过去分词，这两种分词可构成谓语外，还可用作句子的很多成分 e.g. She seemed surprised. 3. 动词不定式动词不定式是一种非限定动词，分为带to的不定式（to+动词原形）和不带to的不定式。动词不定式不能单独用作谓语动词，不受主语的人称和数的限制，但保留动词的性质，可以有自己的宾语和状语，并且有进行时、完成时，被动语态的变化；同时又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。 1) 动词不定式的完成式、进行式和被动语态动词不定式有一般式、完成式、进行式、主动语态、被动语态。下面以动词do为例，列表如下：

时态语态主动语态被动语态一般式to do to be done 完成式to have done to have been done 进行式to be doing ①动词不定式的一般式表示动词不定式的动作与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或之后发生。 e.g. You must help me to do the cooking this afternoon.(help和do两个动作同时发生) I hope to see you again.(to see这个动作发生在hope之后) ②动词不定式的完成式强调不定式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 e.g. I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.(谓语动词之前发生) ③动词不定式的进行式强调在谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行。 e.g. I was pleased to be talking with them. ④动词不定式的被动语态表示不定式的动作与它逻辑主语或中心词是被动关系（动宾关系）。 e.g. She was the first one to be asked to speak. ⑤动词不定式的否定在不定式to前加not构成 e.g. Try not to be late. 2) 动词不定式的作用

不定代词和动词不定式用法小结

不定代词的用法 1.代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词 2.some与any的区别 1）some多用于肯定句，表示“一些，几个”，可修饰不可数名词和可数名词的复数形式。any 多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中，表示“一些”，可修饰不可数名词和可数名词的复数形式 2）在反问句、疑问句中，表示请求、建议和希望对方得到肯定回答时，多用some. Would you like some beer？你要不要来点啤酒吗？ Why didn’t you buy some sweets？你怎么没买点糖果？ 3）any 用于肯定句时,表示是“任何的” Come any day you like.你哪天来都行。 3）some还有表示“某个”的意思 I’ll catch up with you some day有一天我会赶上你的。 3.复合不定代词：something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(没事),nobody(没有人), no one(没有人), everything(一切), everyone(每个人), everybody(每个人). A：作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Is there anything wrong with your watch?”“No, nothing is wrong with it B：修饰复合不定代词的形容词或不定式一定要位于它们的后面。 This is something special. 这是种特别的东西。 Haven’t you got anything to do? 你无事可干吗？ C：一般来说，当主语是指人的复合代词，如everybody, nobody, anybody 等时，其反意疑问句后面的主语通常用代词they；当前面句子中的复合代词指物，如everything, something, anything, nothing 等时，其反意疑问句后面的主语通常用代词it。如：Everyone is here, aren’t they? 人都到了，是吗？ Everything is ready, isn’t it? 一切准备好了，是吗？ Somebody is waiting for me at the gate, aren’t they? 有人在门口等我，是吗？ 3.few, a few, little, a little在用法上的区别 1）few、little意思是“很少几个”、“几乎没有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有几个”、“有些”,有肯定的意思；few、a few修饰可数名词或代替可数的事物, little、a little修饰不可数名词连用或代替不可数的事物。 He is very poor and he has little money. 他很穷,几乎没有什么钱 Don’t worry. There is st ill a little time left. 别着急,还有一点儿时间呢 In that polar region there live few people. 在那个极地地区几乎不住人 You can get a few sweets from him. 你可以从他那儿弄到一些糖果 2）a little和little也可以用作副词，a little表示“有点，稍微”，little表示“很少”。 I'm a little hungry. Let him sleep a little. 3）quite a few (相当多)only a few (只有几个，几乎没有) 4、all和both, either的用法 1）all 指三者或三者以上的人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词或不可数名词。both指两个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词 All the food is delicious.所有的食物都很好吃。 Her parents are both doctors.她父母都是医生

非限定动词汇总

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英语中动词的非限定形式

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英语动词不定式的完成式用法小结

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11.4功用不定式可以用做主语、表语、宾语、同位语、状语和补语。例如： 1．To see is to believe. 2．It’s always pays to tell the truth. 3．They demanded to be shown the authentic documents. 4．I need a pen to write with. 5．He gave the order to start the attack. 6．I stayed there to see what would happen. 11.5 动名词动名词由动词原形加-ING而成, 其构成法如下: 11.6 动名词的功用动名词在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语补语等。例子如316-318页。

1．Seeing is believing. 2．It’s no use crying. 3．The main thing is getting there in time. 4. Have you finished reading the book? 5.He meant to go hunting. 6. I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul. 7. I hate People being unhappy. 8. Pardon me saying it. 11.7 动名词与不定式的比较 1)而言一般地说,动名词着重进程,不定式着重结果. 2)动名词表示一般或抽象的多次性行为,而不定式则往往表示具体的或一次性的动词. 3)在某些动词之后只能用动名词, 而另一些动词之后能用不定式。常后接动名词的动词有acknowledge, admit, advocate, avoid, consider, contemplate, deter, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, evade, fancy, finish, grudge, imagine include, recall repeat risk resist stop suggest等；

动词不定式用法经典例句总结知识分享

动词不定式用法例句总结

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