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2010研究生考试英语(二)全文翻译及作文答案

2010研究生考试英语(二)全文翻译及作文答案
2010研究生考试英语(二)全文翻译及作文答案

2010研究生考试英语(二)全文翻译及作文答案

Section I Use of English

全文翻译

猪流感首先在墨西哥被发现,2009 年 6 月11 日它的爆发被宣布为全球性瘟疫。这是世界卫生组织41 年来指定的第一次世界性瘟疫。澳大利亚病例数的急剧增加以及英国、日本、智利和其他地方患病人数的不断增加使得流感专家齐聚日内瓦。在此紧急会议之后,各地的警戒级别也进一步提高。但是,在该组织总干事Margaret Chan 看来,这场瘟疫就严重度而言只是“温和”的,因为绝大多数患者只有轻微的症状,即使在没有任何医疗的情况下往往也会痊愈。

直到2009 年4 月末,该瘟疫的爆发才引起全球性的关注。当时,墨西哥政府注意到在健康的成年人中住院和死亡的人数非同寻常。随着墨西哥城很多地方在极度恐慌中大门紧闭,纽约、美国西南部以及世界各地也都开始出现同样病例。

在美国,随着天气转暖,新的病例数似乎逐渐减少。但是在2009 年9 月末,官方报道却说几乎每个州的流感发作都很显著,并且几乎所有的检测样本都是新的猪流感(也被称为H1N1),而非季节性流感。

在美国,已有100多万人感染了此种瘟疫,导致600 多人死亡和6000 多人住院治疗。

联邦政府的卫生官员从国家贮备中拨出Tamiflu 疫苗发放给儿童,并开始接受来自各州的有关新猪流感疫苗的订单。这种新疫苗不同于年度流感疫苗,它的投入使用时间比人们期待的还早。到2009 年10 月初,300 多万剂疫苗就能生产出来。然而,那些最初的疫苗大多是喷鼻型疫苗,不适合孕妇、50 岁以上人群、呼吸障碍患者、心脏病患者以及患有其他病症的人群。但是对其他高危人群接种该疫苗仍是可行的,如医护工作者、儿童护理人员以及

健康的年轻人。

Section II Reading Comprehension Part A

Text 1

全文翻译

在2008 年9 月15 日伦敦苏富比拍卖行举行的“我内心的美丽永存”拍卖会上,Demien Hirst 的56 件作品成功出售,随着这些作品的出售,艺术品市场一个世纪以来最长的牛市戏剧性的落幕了。所有作品中只有两件没有售出,销售额超过7000 万英镑,创造了单个艺术家的拍卖纪录。这是最后的胜利。因为,就在拍卖师喊出报价时,纽约华尔街上历史最悠久的银行之一雷曼兄弟申请破产。

世界艺术品市场在经历了自2003 年起的急剧上升后,一段时间以来其发展势头已经开始走下坡路。Clare McAndew 是一家名叫Arts Economics 研究公司的创始人,他估计,

在2007 年的高峰期世界艺术品市场的价值约为650 亿美元,是五年前的两倍。从那时起,艺术品市场的价值就开始下滑至500 亿。但艺术品市场产生的利益远远超出它本身的规模,因为它汇集了巨大的财富、膨胀的自我、贪婪、激情和争议。其方式几乎没有哪个产业能与之相提并论。在Hirst 作品拍卖后的几个星期和几个月里,任何此类的投资都变得很不合时宜。在艺术品领域,这意味着收藏家远离了画廊和销售店。当代艺术品的销售额下降了三分之二,而在最热门的领域,那一年的销售额截至到2008年11 月份下跌了近90%。几周之内,世界上两家最大的拍卖行,苏富比和佳士得,不得不支付近两亿美元给早已把作品交给他们出售的客户,以作为担保费用。当前艺术品市场的下滑是自1989 年底日本停止购买印象派作品以来最糟糕的一次。这一次,专家估计平均价位相对峰值下降了大约40%,尽管有些价格波动的幅度更大。但佳士得的首席执行官Edward Dolman 说:“我们现在已经处于低谷,对此我深信不疑。”他指出,与上一次暴跌不同的是目前市场上仍存在买家。几乎每位接受这个特别报道采访的人都说,当前最大的问题不是缺乏需求,而是没有好的作品销售。三D 因素——death(死亡)、debt(债务)和divorce(离婚)——依然会把艺术品推向市场。但那些不必卖他们作品的人就一直远离着市场,等待信心的回归。

Text 2

全文翻译

在弗吉尼亚的一个客厅里,我对来这里参加小型聚会的人发表了一篇演讲,这是个女性团体举办的聚会,但也邀请了男性一并参加。整个晚上,有一位男性表现的尤为健谈,他不时的表达自己的观点,并且滔滔不绝的讲述奇闻轶事,而他的妻子则安静的坐在沙发上,紧靠着他。就在聚会快要结束时,我评论说,女人经常抱怨丈夫不和她们讲话,这个男人迅速地点头表示同意。他向妻子做了个手势,说:“在我们家里,她可是个话匣子。”房间里顿时爆发出一阵大笑,他看起来有点迷惑还有些受伤。“这是真的,”他解释说,“我下班回家后就感觉无话可说,如果她也不说话的话,我们整个晚上都会保持沉默。”

这则小插曲清楚地描绘了一幅具有讽刺意味的画面,美国男人往往在公众场合比女人健谈但一回到家里他们就说的很少了。这种模式对婚姻会带来致命的危机。

上个世纪七十年代末政治家安德鲁?海克对此做了观察。社会学家凯瑟琳?科勒?里斯曼在她的新书《离婚对话》中谈到,她采访过的大多数女性,当然也有小部分男性,认为他们离婚的原因是缺少交流。考虑到当前离婚率接近50%,合计下来每年美国由此而导致的离婚案例约有上百万,不得不说目前的流行病就是交流不畅。

在我的研究中,女性对丈夫的抱怨并非与切实的不平等有关,比如放弃事业陪伴丈夫,同时这些抱怨也与做过多的家务无关,比如打扫卫生、做饭和社交安排。相反,他们关注的是交流:“他不听我说话”,“他不跟我讲话”。

我发现,就像海克很多年前观察到的那样,大多数的妻子首先都希望丈夫成为交流的伴侣,但是很少有丈夫对妻子寄予同样的期望。

总之,最能描绘目前危机的图画是一幅典型的卡通画,一个男人做在餐桌前吃早饭,手握一份报纸,基本遮住了他的脸,而他的妻子则在报纸背后盯着他,想与他讲话。

Text 3

全文翻译

在过去的十年中,许多公司完善了引导消费者无意识行为的艺术。在一系列精心设计的日常暗示影响下,消费者往往几乎不假思索地吃快餐或擦拭柜台,这些行为习惯已经帮助公

司赢得了数十亿美元的收益。

伦敦卫生与热带医学院卫生中心主任Curtis 博士说,“有一些基本的公共卫生问题,比如不用肥皂洗手的习惯,仍然威胁着人们的生命,这是因为我们还想不出办法去改变人们的行为习惯,我们想从私营企业那里学习如何创造新的无意识习惯行为。”

Curtis 博士所转向的公司——宝洁、高露洁和联合利华——已经投资数亿美元寻找消费者生活中的微妙线索,而企业可以利用这些线索来引入新的生活习惯。

如果仔细观察,你就会发现我们日常使用的很多产品都是“制造”出习惯的结果。如口香糖、润肤霜、消毒湿巾、空气清新剂、净水器、健康快餐、洁牙剂、织物柔软剂和维生素等。一个世纪以前,很少有人每天多次地刷牙。而今天,由于精明的广告宣传以及公共卫生运动,许多美国人每天会习惯性的刷两次他们珍珠白似的牙齿,以预防龋齿,经常使用的产品是高露洁,佳洁士或某种其它品牌。

几十年前,许多人不会在餐外时间喝水。后来,饮料公司开始对远处的泉水进行瓶装生产,现在办公室的工作人员会不假思索地整天喝着瓶装水。口香糖在从前主要是小男孩购买,而现在的商业广告宣传它是饭后清新口气和清洁牙齿的产品。润肤霜被广告宣称为早晨美容仪式的一部分,应在梳头之后化妆之前进行。

宝洁公司的汰渍、佳洁士以及其它品牌产品去年的销售额高达760 亿美元。最近刚从宝洁公司退休的消费心理学家Carol Berning 说:“我们的产品成为每日或每周的生活模式(习惯)时,我们的产品就成功了。创造良好的习惯是改善我们消费者生活的重要部分,同时它对于新产品能否在商业上获得成功也很重要。“

Berning 博士等社会学家通过实验与观察已经了解到:通过大量无休止的广告产生的力量会把行为习惯的暗示转化为特定的行为。随着这一新的行为科学的兴起,许多广告策略被用来推销受到质疑的美容产品或是不健康的食品,众多争议也随之出现。

Text 4

全文翻译

许多美国人把陪审团制度视为基本民主价值观的具体体现,其包括以下原则:所有符合最低年龄和受教育程度资格要求的公民都能平等的担当陪审员;陪审员应随机的从代表社会各个阶层的人中选拔;不应该因种族、宗教、性别、或民族血统等原因而剥夺任何公民担当陪审员的权利;被告有权接受同龄人的审判;判决应能代表公众的良知而不仅仅是法律条文。陪审制度也是一直存在的最好的直接民主而不是代表民主的例子。在直接民主中,公民可以轮流自治,而不是选举代表替他们执政。

但是直到1968 年,陪审团选拔程序仍然与这些民主理想相冲突。例如,在某些州,陪审员职务只限定在一些智力、教育和道德品质都很优秀的人身上。尽管美国的最高法院已经早在1880 年的Strauder v. West Virginia 一案中就禁止在陪审员选拔中出现故意的种族歧视,选拔所谓的精英或一流的陪审团给这种或其他反歧视法提供了方便

之路。直到20 世纪中叶这项制度才开始定期的将女性吸纳到陪审团中来。尽管在犹他州,女性已于1898 年第一次在州陪审团中担当陪审员,但直到20 世纪40 年代,大多数州的女性才有资格当选陪审员。即使在那时,有些州也会自动免除女性在陪审团的职责,除非她们亲自要求把她们的名字加入到陪审员的名单中。这种做法的解释是,家里需要女性,于是,陪审团没有女性代表的状况在整个二十世纪六十年代都在持续。

1968 年,美国国会通过了“陪审团遴选和服务法案”,开创了陪审团体制民主改革的新时代。该法案废除了对联邦陪审员的特殊教育要求,规定必须从整个社会的典型成员中随机挑选。1975 年Taylor v. Louisiana 案件的裁决是一座里程碑,根据该裁决,最高法院把陪

审团成员应该代表社会的各个阶层这一要求延伸到州的级别。泰勒裁决还宣布在遴选陪审团成员过程中的性别歧视违反宪法,并命令各州在遴选男女陪审员时须使用同样的程序。

Part B

全文翻译

仿效鸟类飞行可节省航空燃油波音和空客都在吹嘘自己最新型飞机787 和A350 的性能,巧妙的设计与轻质的材料当然使它们与众不同。但在斯坦福大学,由Han Kroo 领导的研究小组提出,飞机的飞行路线可以采用更具仿生效应的路径来节省燃油,并不需要购买新飞机。

Kroo 博士称这个设想是受到鸟类的启发。1914 年以来,科学家们了解到,鸟类在编队飞行时排成V 字型会节省体力。气流在划过鸟类双翼时会在其后弯曲向上,这是一种被称为上流的现象。在上升流中飞行的其余的鸟儿所遇阻力会减小,从而可以节省飞行体力。航空专家Peter Lissaman 先前在加州理工学院和南加州大学工作过,他认为由25 只鸟组成的队伍会将飞行距离提升71﹪。

讲鸟类的这一原理应用到飞机上,也相差无几。Kroo 博士和他的团队模拟了三架喷气式客机的飞行状况:三架飞机分别从洛杉矶,旧金山和拉斯维加斯起飞,最后在犹他州集合,沿途采用反V 字形状编队飞行,并偶尔换一下位置以便所有飞机可以轮流利用最有利位置,最后飞向伦敦。他们发现这些飞机节省了多大15﹪的燃油(同时也减少了二氧化碳的排放量)。在巡航期间排放的氮氧化物量减少了大约四分之一。

当然,也有难题需要解决。其中之一就是要考虑安全问题,至少是在感觉上的安全问题。乘客在飞机编队飞行时会舒服么?Kroo 博士指出飞机间可以相隔几海里,而不会像红箭等飞机表演队喜欢的那样间距很密地组织飞行。

乘客向窗外看时也许都看不到其他飞机。有关飞机间距是否符合空中管制条例是另一个问题,尽管如此,国际民航组织的一个工作组已经考虑在操作方针蓝图中列入编队飞行的可能性。

现在仍需了解的是天气情况对气流的影响,这会关系到编队飞行的效率。在气流增多的区域,飞机尾部的气流会消失得更快,其作用亦会减弱。Kroo 博士称,在这方面他的团队将要做更深入的研究。此外,协调客机的起飞时间与目的地以使它们编队飞行也是一个难题。相反,货机就像日常空军飞行一样,或许更容易协调安排。

事实上,美军已经着手进行这项研究。今年早些时候,美国国防高级研究规划局宣布出资让波音公司对编队飞行进行研究,尽管该项目到现在尚未启动。有报道称二战时就有一些战机在燃油不足的情况下编队飞行,但Lissaman博士称这些报道都是未经证实的,他说:“我父亲当时是皇家空军飞行员,我堂兄是一架在柏林坠毁的兰卡斯特式

飞机的机长”。因此他应该清楚此事。

Section III Translation

全文翻译

近来,“承受力”成为了一个流行词,但对特德?宁而言,他对其却有自己亲身的体会。在经历了一段无法承受的痛苦生活后,他清楚地认识到,旨在提高承受力的价值观必须体现在日常行为和抉择中。宁回忆起20 世纪90 年代后期销售保险那困惑的一年。在经历了网络泡沫的膨胀和破灭后,他急需找到一份工作,因此就与博德代理公司签了约。

但工作进展并不顺利。“这的确是糟糕的一步,因为它不是我的热情所在,”宁说。不出

所料,工作上的进退维谷造成了他销售业绩不佳。“我很痛苦,愁绪万千,常常在半夜惊醒,望着天花板发愣。我身无分文,急需这份工作。大家都说‘耐心点,情况会好转的。’”

Section III Writing

Part A

【参考范文】

Dear xxx,

I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks to you for your kindness to receive me when I participated in the

exchange program in USA.

Your generous help made it possible that I had a very pleasant stay and a chance to know American cultures better.

Besides, I think it is an honor for me to make friends with you and I will cherish the goodwill you showed to me wherever I

go. I do hope that you will visit China one day, so that I could have the opportunity to repay your kindness and refresh our

friendship.

I feel obliged to thank you again.

Sincerely yours,

Zhang Wei

【参考译文】

亲爱的xxx:

在此表达我由衷的谢意,谢谢你当我在美国参加交流活动期间对我的友好接待。

你的热情帮助让我度过了一个愉快的旅程并有机会更好地了解了美国文化。很荣幸能与你成为朋友,无论到哪

里,我都会珍惜你对我的友好情谊。真心希望有一天,你会来到中国,这样的话我就有机会报答你,也因此加深我

们之间的友谊。

再次感谢!

你诚挚的,

张威

Part B

【参考范文】

From the information given in the above column chart, it can be seen that the subscription number of mobile phones in

developed countries had a steady but slight increase from 2000 to 2007 and remained unchanged in 2008, while there was a

dramatic increase from 0.4 to 4 billion mobile phone subscriptions in developing countries.

As far as I am concerned, the reasons leading to this phenomenon are as follows. Firstly, the

developed countries have a limited number of population and therefore, the spreading of the mobile phone service is efficient and soon the market is saturated. Secondly, the extremely advanced civilization of developed countries means less potential in such areas as private telecommunication tools and their demand for further enlargement of such tools tend to saturate. Finally, developing countries have been enjoying strong economic growth in recent years. As a result, people in most developing countries are richer and richer, especially in China. So they can afford to buy such necessities as mobile-phones, as the prices continued to drop greatly in the past years.

In short, now more and more people own mobile-phone, which makes it more convenient for people. And I firmly believe that this established trend will continue for quite a while in the forthcoming years.

【参考译文】

从上面的图表可以看出,2000 年到2007 年,发达国家的手机订阅的用户数量稍有提升并在2008 年保持平稳状态。然而,发展中国家的用户数量已从4 亿飞升至40 亿。

我认为这种现象与以下几个因素有关。首先,发达国家的人口数量有限,因此随着手机服务的快速发展,发达国家的市场已趋于饱和。其次,高度发达的文明使得发达国家在私人通讯工具等方面不再有太大的发展空间,因此人们对此工具的需求趋于饱和。最后,由于近年来发展中国家经济的飞速增长,以中国为首的发展中国家的人们越来越富有。并且随着手机价格的不断下降,越来越多的人们可以负担起这一开销。

2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析

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