化工类专业英语必备词汇2

Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. (2000) 64:794-803

? 2000 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

DOI: 10.1007/s001280000073

Comparison of Fluoride Ion-Selective Electrode Based Potentiometric Methods of Fluoride Determination in Human Urine

P. Konieczka, B. Zygmunt, J. Namiesnik

Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Technical University of

Gdansk, 1 11/12 G. Narutowicza Str., PL.-80-952 Gdansk, Poland

Received: 15 November 1999/Accepted: 6 April 2000

Small amounts of fluorine are vital for the human body; although larger quantities of it are toxic. The most characteristic symptoms of a small overdose of fluorine are nausea, vomiting, salivation, stomach-ache and diarrhoea (Clark 1981; Drozdz 1984). With larger doses convulsions, heart arrhythmia and coma (sleeping sickness) are common. The difference between fluorine need and a harmful dose for humans is very small. The lethal dose for adults is 0.20-0.35 g F- per kg body weight. A dose of above ca. 20 mg (for some people even less) causes severe toxic effects (Jedrzejczuk and Milewski 1996). Therefore fluoride content in humans should be accurately monitored. Urine, which is the main path of fluoride excretion from the human body, should be selected for monitoring.

Electroanalytical methods based on potentiometry with ion-selective electrodes seem to be the most popular and convenient methods of fluoride ion determination (Wen et al. 1996; Wen et al. 1998). Aqueous matrices are generally the easiest to analyse, since generally sample preparation is simple, or not required at ail. Typical applications include the determination of fluoride ion in drinking water (Ortiz et al. 1998) rain water (Hara and Huang 1997) aqueous solution (Papaefstathiou et al. 1995) serum (Torra et al. 1998) etc. The accuracy of the analysis depends, to some extent, on the calibration procedure (direct reading potentiometry, single or double standard addition, bracketing solutions, Gran’s method) (Cammann, 1977).

The aim of this work is to compare those quantitative potentiometric methods of fluoride determination in urine which are based on the application of the fluoride ion-selective electrode.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fluoride ion was determined potentiometrically with the use of a F-804 Detektor fluoride ion-selective electrode (Detektor S.C. Aparatura elektrochemiczna, Warsaw, Poland) and an Elmetron pH-meter,

model Cl-316 (Elmetron S.C., Zabrze, Poland) operated in the

Correspondence to: J. Namiesnik

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Figure 1. Characteristics of the F-804 fluoride selective electrode.

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Figure 3. Schematic diagram of a fluoride concentration measurement method by means of potentiometric techniques.

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Figure 4. continued

C - direct reading vs. bracketing solutions;

D - standard addition vs. double standard addition;

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Figure 4. continued

E - standard addition vs. bracketing solutions;

F - double standard addition vs. bracketing solutions.

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millivoltmeter mode (with an accuracy of 0.1 mV). A silver chloride reference electrode (DRJ 710 Detektor) was also manufactured by Detektor S.C.. The determination of fluoride in the urine was preceded by measuring the characteristics of the F- 804 Detektor indicator electrode and selecting the optimum calibration method (used as a reference method).The characteristics of the electrode are given in Figure 1.

To minimise the matrix effect, a total ionic strength adjustment buffer (TISAB) from Merck, Germany was used. This buffer (pH 5-6) contains sodium chloride (>58 g/L) and trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid (>3.6 g/L). Working standard fluoride solutions were prepared by diluting commercial standard F- solution of 1000 F- mg/L concentration (Merck, Germany) with deionized water.

Urine samples were collected from children attending kindergartens in selected districts of the Tricity (Gdansk, Gdynia, Sopot). The children from a given kindergarten generally lived within its vicinity. The location of the populations studied and the corresponding concentrations of fluoride in drinking water (Geschwind and Jurkiewicz 1952) are depicted in Figure 2. For sampling, typical polypropylene containers used for medical analysis were distributed among the children’s parents. The urine samples were collected in the morning and delivered to the analytical laboratory on the same day. The samples were stored at 4 °C. They were usually analysed on the day of delivery.

Fluoride was quantified using direct reading potentiometry, single and double standard addition methods (Cammann 1977) and a method of bracketing solutions. In the single standard addition, the standard F-solution was added to the samples in such amounts so as to change an electrochemical cell potential by about 30 mV. In the bracketing solution method two standard fluoride solutions were used: one of a fluoride concentration lower and the second of a fluoride concentration higher than that in the sample studied. To use this approach, the approximate concentration of fluoride ion in the sample was first measured by means of the direct reading method. To minimise analytical errors the working standard fluoride solutions used as bracketing solutions were prepared to differ as little as possible from the fluoride concentration in the real sample. The schematic diagram of the analysis is presented in Figure 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Monocrystalline fluoride electrode based potentiometry can be used to determine fluoride concentration in drinking water as well as in urine due to its high sensitivity, specificity (low response to interfering ions), wide linear range (over 4 decades) and low detection limits (2·10-6 mol F-·dm-3). The advantages of this approach include: a short analysis time (less than 5

801

min), elimination of sample pretreatment in the majority of cases, easy reduction of possible matrix effects (TISAB addition), simplicity of the measuring system and relatively low instrument costs.

The concentration of fluoride ion was determined in 226 urine samples. All the samples were analysed with use of the direct reading and single and double standard addition methods. The bracketing solutions method was used for 96 real samples only.

The results of fluoride determination in urine given by the quantitative analytical methods (direct reading, standard addition, double standard addition, bracketing solutions) were paired, and for each pair one was plotted as a function of the other (Figure 4), showing the comparative accuracy. In all cases, the correlation was good (linear regression coefficients were higher than 0.94).

For the plots of direct reading vs. bracketing solutions, direct reading vs. standard addition and standard addition vs. bracketing solutions, slopes were not significantly far from 1 and intercepts were not significantly far from 0, at the significance level of 0.05 (Table 1). This indicates that these three methods did not differ in accuracy, at the significance level of 0.05. It is therefore highly probable that they gave accurate results. This is not the case with the double standard addition method, which gave fluoride concentration statistically significantly lower than that obtained by any of the three other methods.

Monocrystalline fluoride electrode potentiometry with either a direct reading or standard addition or bracketing solutions method of calibration is appropriate to determine low content of fluoride ion in drinking water and

urine.

Acknowledgements.We thank Ms. A.Banach, Ms. M. Dowgiallo and Ms. K. Warszycka-Szancer for help in carrying out the experimental part of the work.

REFERENCES

Cammann K (1977) Application of ion selective electrodes. Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Techniczne (Scientific Publishers) Warsaw

Clark RA (1981) Neutrophil lodintion Reaction Induced by Fluoride: Implications for Degranulation and Metabolic Activation. Blood 57:913-921

Drozdz M et. al (1984) Studies on the Influence of Fluoride Compounds upon Connective Tissue Metabolism in Growing Rats. J Toxicol Med 4:151-157

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Geschwind Z, Jurkiewicz J (1952) Fluor w wodach województwa gdanskiego (Fluorine in water of Gdansk District). Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna 4: 116-121

Hara H, Huang CC (1997) Buffer composition suitable for determining very low fluoride using fluoride ion-selective electrode and its application to the continuous analysis of rain water. Anal Chim Acta 338: 141-147 Jedrzejczuk D, Milewski A (1996) Fluoride toxicology. Bromatol Chem Toksycol 29:205-211

Ortiz D, Castro L, Turrubiartes F, Milan J, Diaz-Barriga F (1998) Assessment of the exposure to fluoride from drinking water in Durango, Mexico, using a geographic information system. Fluoride 31:183-187 Papaefstathiou I, Tema MT, Luque de Castro MD (1995) On-line pervaporation separation process for the potentiometric determination of fluoride in “dirty” samples. Anal Chim Acta 308:246-252

Torra M, Rodamilans M, Corbella J (1998) Serum and urine fluoride concentration: relationships to age, sex and renal function in a non-fluoridated population. Sci Total Environ 220:81-85

Wen MI, Li QC, Wang CY (1996) Developments in the analysis of fluoride 1993-1995. Fluoride 29:82-88

Wen MI, Shi NH, Qin Y, Wang CY (1998) Developments in the analysis of fluoride 1995-1997. Fluoride 31:74-78

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生物科学、生物技术专业英语词汇手册

生物专业英语词汇——词素（词根）部分 一、表示数量的词素 1. haplo,mono,uni ：单，一，独haploid 单倍体monoxide一氧化碳monoatomi c单原子的 2. bi,di,dipl,twi,du :：二，双，两，偶biocolor 双色,dichromatic 双色的,diplobacillus 双杆菌dikaryon 双核体 twin ：孪生dual 双重的 3. tri :三，丙triangle三角triacylglycerol三酰甘油tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环 4. quadri,quadru,quart,tetr,tetra：四quadrilateral四边的quadrivalent 四价的quadruped四足动物tetrode四极管tetracycline四环素 5. pent,penta,quique五pentose戊糖pentagon五角形pentane戊烷quintuple 五倍的pentose戊糖pentomer五邻粒 6. hex,hexa,sex 六hexose已糖hexapod六足动物hexapoda昆虫纲hexamer六聚体 7. hepta,sept(i) 七heptane 庚烷heptose 庚糖heptoglobin七珠蛋白 8. oct八octpus 章鱼octagon八角形octane 辛烷octase 辛糖 9. enne,nona九nonapeptide 九肽enneahedron 九面体 10. deca,deka 十:decapod 十足目动物decahedron 十面体decagram 十克 11. hecto, 百hectometer百米hectoliter百升hectowatt 百瓦 12. kilo,千kilodalton (KD) 千道尔顿kilobase 千碱基kiloelectron

会计专业专业术语中英文对照

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第二章科技英语构词法 词是构成句子的要素，对词意理解的好坏直接关系到翻译的质量。 所谓构词法即词的构成方法，即词在结构上的规律。科技英语构词特点是外来语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）；第二个特点是构词方法多，除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外，还普遍采用压缩法、混成法、符号法和字母象形法。 2.1转化法（Conversion） 由一种词类转化成另一种词类，叫转化法。例如： water(n.水)→water(v.浇水) charge(n.电荷) →charge(v.充电) yield(n.产率) →yield(v.生成) dry(a.干的) →dry（v.烘干） slow(a.慢的) →slow(v.减慢) back(ad.在后、向后) →back（v.使后退、倒车） square(n.正方形) →square(a.正方形的) 2.2派生法（Derivation） 通过加前、后缀构成一新词。派生法是化工类科技英语中最常用的构词法。 例如“烷烃”就是用前缀（如拉丁或希腊前缀）表示分子中碳原子数再加上“-ane”作词尾构成的。若将词尾变成“-ane”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl”，则分别表示“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“醛”、“基”、等。依此类推，从而构成千成种化学物质名词。常遇到这样的情况，许多化学化工名词在字典上查不到，全若掌握这种构词法，能过其前、后缀分别代表的意思，合在一起即是该词的意义。下面通过表1举例说明。需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。 本书附录为化学化工专业常用词根及前后缀。此外还可参阅《英汉化学化工词汇》（第三版）附录中的“英汉对照有机基名表”、“西文化学名词中常用的数止词头”及“英汉对照有机词尾表”。 据估计，知道一个前缀可帮助人们认识450个英语单词。一名科技工作者至少要知道近50个前缀和30个后缀。这对扩大科技词汇量，增强自由阅读能力，提高翻译质量和加快翻译速度都是大有裨益的。 2．3合成法（Composition） 由两个或更多的词合成一个词，叫合成法。有时需加连字符。 如副词+过去分词well-known 著名的 名词+名词carbon steel 碳钢 rust-resistance 防锈 名词+过去分词computer-oriented 研制计算机的 介词+名词by-product 副产物 动词+副词makeup 化妆品 check-up 检查 形容词+名词atomic weight 原子量 periodic table 周期表 动词+代词+副词pick-me-up 兴奋剂 副词+介词+名词out-of-door 户外 2．4压缩法（Shortening） (1)只取词头字母 这种方法在科技英语中较常用。

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Returns inwards 销货退回 Returns outwards 购货退出 Sales 销货 4 The effect of profit or loss on capital and the double entry system for expenses and revenues Drawings 提取 Expenses 费用 Profit 利润 Revenues 收入 5 Balancing off accounts Balancing the account 平帐 6 The trial balance Trial balance 试算表 7 Trading and profit and loss account: an introduction Gross loss 毛损 Gross profit 毛利润 Net loss 纯损 Net profit 纯利

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