On the Translation of Chinese and English Color Words
On The Translation of Chinese and English Color Words
学院外国语学院
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080804031039 戴湘涛讲师
中国·珠海
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On The Translation of Chinese and English Color Words
Abstract
Comparison of color words in Chinese and English is a difficult and complex work, more and more researchers have realized that not only bilingual translation of the exchange, but also a cross-cultural exchange, the purpose of translation is to break through language barriers, to achieve and promote cultural exchange; translate the essence of cross-cultural transmission of information, which will be the ultimate direction of translation studies.
Keywords: Color Words Translation Connotation unction
中英颜色词语的翻译
摘要
中英颜色词语的对比是一项难且复杂的工作，越来越多的专家已经意识到不仅仅是双语翻译的交流，而且还有跨文化的交流，翻译的目的就是为了冲破语言的障碍以达到和促进文化的交流；翻译信息的跨文化传递内涵，将会是翻译研究的最终方向。
关键词：颜色词翻译内涵功能
CONTENTS Abstract (Ⅰ)
摘要 (Ⅱ)
Introduction (1)
1 Concepts of Color Words………………………………………………………. . 2
2 Classifications of Color Words (3)
2.1 Basic Color Words (3)
2.1.1 Red (3)
2.1.2 White (4)
2.1.3 Black (4)
2.1.4 Blue (5)
2.1.5 Yellow (5)
2.1.6 Green (6)
3 Function of Color Words (7)
4 Translation of Color Words (8)
4.1 Literal Translation (8)
4..2 Free Translation (8)
4.2.1 Converting color lexical (8)
4.2.2 Removing Color lexica l (9)
4.2.3 Supplement of Color lexical (9)
Conclusion (10)
Bibliography (11)
Acknowledgments (12)
Introduction
Color and human lives, is an important area of human understanding of the world. The color not only has the physical attributes, there is a rich cultural connotations. In both English and Chinese, there are a large number of color-related expressions, and expression of a specific cultural connotations. However, due to the English and Chinese belong to two different cultural languages, the two national associations of the same color in common, there are differences, sometimes completely contrary. Therefore, the translation of these expressions with color words, we must be cognizant of their actual meaning, because sometimes color word does not mean that color, but extended converted to other meanings. Therefore, the linguistic characteristics of the part of the paper will both English and Chinese color words, the cultural significance of the similarities and differences compared to deepen understanding of the premise, the vocabulary, translation explore.
.
1 Concepts of Color Words
The basic color term refers to the color words of those who can express the color of things. “Col or terms” indicates the word which is used to stand for a kind of color. This definition is well known throughout the word, but “color terms do not necessarily mean the same thing as colorful terms. Colorful English may appear as idioms or in figurative expressions, while color terms are words which simply show different colors. Like the onomatopoeic word, a color term has little merit in itself. Only when it suggests the image of the original, or fortifies the sense in the version, it has value in translation.”. (Xiao Junshi, P173, 1982) Obviously, as a part of words, color terms are used in writing to transmit information. In physics, it stands for the color reflected by objects.[1]
.
2 Classifications of Color Words
There are two main kinds of color terms: basic color terms and object color terms. Basic color terms mean “words used to describe the color of objects when they appear”. (Lu Hongmei, P135, 2006) Basic color terms come from the language of Anglo-Saxon, including seven kinds of colors. In Chinese, they are “赤、橙、黄、绿、青、蓝、紫”. In English, they are “red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet”. Although basic color terms contain only a few words, they can be used with other words to indicate more colors. They are very active. Object color terms mean “terms used to indicate colors which are the names of objects”. (Lu Hongmei, P135, 2006) Lots of these kinds of words exist in any kinds of languages, such as “gold, silver, orange” in English, and “金黄色、米色、银色” in Chinese.
.2.1 Basic Color Terms
In all languages, colors words have a very rich meaning. Color Words in English and Chinese is not only rich in meaning, and very wide range of applications. Although the color is a natural phenomenon, but thousands of years, different ethnic groups due to the natural environment, cultural traditions, customs, and the impact of national aesthetic psychology and cognitive emotional understanding of the color is different, sometimes the same color will produce different association, so that the same color words in different ethnic groups to form a different symbolic meaning, the idea of the meaning and cultural significance. I will select a large number of color words "red, white, black, blue, yellow, green" six basic color words for comparison.
. 2.2.1 Red
Both Chinese and English languages, the cultural connotation of the “red” has a significant difference. The most symbolic meaning of the Chinese "red" is happy, smooth, successful, valued or welcome. Red is advocating color in Chinese culture, which embodies the Chinese people in the pursuit of spiritual and material. In ancient times, in the traditional wedding, the bride draped red lid, the new home to hang red lanterns; lively. "Dream of Red Mansions" is a tragedy, but the metaphor of the "Red House" is a prosperous and happy. The same as Chinese, the English "red" for the extension of abstraction, a metaphor for things attribute concept closely linked with the red. Such as "to paint the town red", "red" refers to the carnival celebration, but contains noise mean; Again "red
carpet treatment", said "the kind of courtesy or deference shown to persons of high station" ..Red symbolizes the revolution and socialism, in both English and Chinese, "red" has this meaning of the word. The difference is that the Chinese "revolution" with a compliment, and English often contain derogatory. Chinese symbol of revolution and progress, such as the first Chinese Communist regime called the "red regime", the first armed called the "Red Army", red guard, translated as "Red Guards", the English Red (capital R), the word itself is commonly used as synonymous with "communist" ,but also derogatory, such as the red hot political campaign refers to the intense political movement. In some respects, the "red" not only gives happiness, and will bring the "sadness, disgust, and shame" Of course, this is mainly used in English-speaking countries. For example: the red light district refers to a city brothel, people should not go to the place. Such as running a business in the red, said business at a loss, said the budget deficit in the red, this expression from the accounting commonly used red to record losses. In traffic terms, the "red light" warning sign, danger signal, extended the metaphor to life "dangerous, you must stop".
. 2.1.2 White
White in the associative meaning in Chinese and English have the meaning of purity and innocence, but there are also different sometimes. Chinese culture, white more than death, the funeral linked. For example: the Chinese "weddings and funerals," one said, "white" refers to the funeral and the mourning family members dressed in white, wearing a white hat and white flower to express condolences. In English culture, white is advocating color which is pure and innocent, happy and auspicious. In Westerners wedding, the bride always wear white clothing, representing the purity of love and happiness of the wedding. White and funeral cause Westerners objectionable; and funerals as happy occasions, Westerners will be surprised. In Chinese culture, this argument reflects a philosophical attitude towards death in China, most Chinese people think that the death of eighty several elderly is a relief.
. 2.1.3 Black
Black is roughly the same associative meaning in both language and culture in English and Chinese which means death, suffering and grief. Chinese people's traditional psychological always link “black”as "bad, dark, evil, treacherous". For example: in Chinese gangs, underworld usually refers to acts of criminal.
"Black shops" people often think of "murder and robbery inn in the early Chinese vernacular novel. Almost associations and Chinese people "black" in English. For example: the “black market” (refers to the illegal trade), the “black hand” (refers to mafia). In the Bible, the black symbol of the devil, evil, suffering and misfortune, so black, also known as "dead color". English misfortune, disaster, disgust, anger, melancholy, gloomy, meaning Friday in religion refers to the Friday before Easter, the crucifixion of Jesus in this day in black said. According to the national and cultural background and traditions, the English-speaking countries the “black Friday”, refers to a catastrophic disaster, dangerous and ominous day.
. 2.1.4 Blue
The blue and the associations of blue in English and Chinese culture is different, Chinese blue extended meaning small, while in English blue is a very rich meaning of color words. Blue is the color of the sky and the sea, the blue in Chinese culture gives the "tranquil and quiet, far-reaching implication, relaxed and happy," the association, such as: blue dream refers to a wonderful dream, the stuff of dreams. In English blue usually indicates unhappy, depressed mood, such as in a blue mood (low mood) ,blue Monday (unlucky Monday), the blue also express a similar meaning - happy. Such as: It was blue Monday and he just did not feel like going back to school (it is bad luck Monday, the school, he can really do not want to.) Blue is also used to indicate high social status, power or the origin of nobility or royalty. Such as: He's a real blue blood (he is truly noble.) In American English blue book (Blue Book) published in celebrities, especially senior government officials the name of the book. In English, sometimes blue also make pornographic solutions, such as a blue film does not refer to a sad movie, but the containing pornographic content, implied or description of sexual behavior, which is equivalent to the Chinese "yellow movie".[2]
. 2.1.5 Yellow
In Chinese culture, yellow is considered to respect the color, the logo is a symbol of monarchical Huang Wei, occupies an important position in the hearts of the Chinese people. In Chinese "full glory" one said, referring to the man on top of the emperor. Therefore, in addition to the emperor, the common people did not dare to meddle in yellow. "Yellow robe", "Huang List", etc., are all the same honor and glory associated with. But in English, yellow no such meaning. In
modern Chinese, the word "yellow" often appear in some of the derogatory term, said dirty, degenerate, while the yellow and the other terms together constitute the new vocabulary and widely used. For example: "yellow movie", "erotica", most of these sex-related yellow concept. In Western culture, yellow on behalf of justice, wisdom and honor. Western art in St. Peter's is yellow clothes. In addition, the yellow will make people think of the color of the Judas betrayed Jesus wore clothes, yellow with a bad symbolism, can be "cowardly, unreliable, jealous, (newspapers, etc.) using scare tactics to do low-level rendering"
. 2.1.6 Green
Green in Chinese and English culture associations are different. In Chinese culture, people often link green with spring and the symbol of life, hope, harmony, etc., such as: "Greenpeace" and "green belt". In modern Chinese, green has been given a new meaning of idioms such as "cuckold", means the wife of adultery with others. In Western culture, green is a symbol of spring and life. The famous poet Lord Byron's poem "vernal breezes green the Thames with a kiss (Spring kiss the Taihe green)" and the Chinese writer Wang Anshi "spring green river Nanan" has the same purpose. Green also said that "jealous" in English, such as green with envy. In addition, the English green fresh, no experience, such as green hand (novices), green goods (fresh goods).As the dollar bill is green, so green in the United States also refers to the generation of "money, economic strength," and other means, such as the green back (U.S. dollars).
As can be seen from the comparison of the above six basic color words in English and Chinese cultural connotation and extended figurative meaning, with a color passed contained in different languages and cultural information may also likely to vary considerably. In practical use, the meaning of each color word is more flexible, especially in cultural exchanges increasingly convenient both English and Chinese mutual penetration, fusion and Reference, richer color usage of the word, so Communication is the process of applying, according to different cultural background and language differences, learning and understanding.
Generally speaking, color terms have all the functions which words have. In source language, the author always uses the color terms to express the image of the text. This is the first function of color terms, that is, informative function. For example, the color terms used in the follow text form the landscape of an autumn evening.
“The ground was a carpet of deep reddish brown in the glow of an autumn evening sun, tempered by the trees. Yong birches sprang up, caught light on one side, and were sparkling green there; the shadowy sides of the stems were warm, deep black-green. Behind the saplings, behind the brownish red soil was a very delicate sky, bluish grey, warm, hardly blue, all a glow. Against it were a hazy border of green and a net work of little stems and yellowish leaves. A few figures of wood gathers were wandering around like dark masses of mysterious shadow.” (Irving stone: Lust of life, Book Three)
The second function of color terms is emotive function. It is accepted that different colors give people different feelings. Experiences show that color terms are the best way to describe one’s emotion. An example is quoted below.
“Then the morning clouds in the east turned deep red and sky above showed blue, the red clouds were pierced by golden rays, interweaving to spin a majestic, glittering web in the southeastern sky with the clouds as weft, the rays as warp. Fields, trees and wild grass changed their colors from dark green to bright emerald”. (Bao Huinan, P124, 2003)
This paragraph was translated from The Rickshaw Boy written by Lao She. The color terms describe Xiang Zi’s feeling specifically after he had escaped from danger. Obviously, without color terms, the original images can hardly be reproduced in the version.
The so-called translation, is conveyed through a language in another language and cultural information, and therefore can be said that any translation can not be separated from culture.[3] The essence of translation is to help people speaking different languages to understand each other's customs, in order to eliminate the barriers caused by cultural differences, when the faithful on the meaning and form of the faithful in conflict, it should be in line with the significance of the principle of flexible handling of the color words in the original language.[4] Under normal circumstances, the color meaning of the word no more than two aspects: the basic meaning and extended meaning. An accurate understanding of the meaning of color words is the basis of faithful and fluent translation of color words. Generally speaking, the translation of color words can be roughly divided into two types: literal translation and free translation.
· 4.1 Literal translation
The so-called literal (literary translation) is to convey the original meaning of the expressions and syntactic structure of the translation as far as possible, consistent with the original, fully peer entirely, not entirely but also generally of.[5]It is mainly used for cultural commonalities between the original and target language, gives people in the same associations in Translation color words, and some can be found in the target language corresponds to the color word to translate its corresponding color words in the target language, and some have a similar culture extended meaning, can also be used to translate the literal translation. For example: the black market (black market), blacklist (black list), the White House (White House), Yellow (yellow pages), green (green light).
· 4.2 Free translation
T he so-called free translation is biased towards the target language, target language readers for the translation method. [5] In other words, is to break through the shell of the language, digging out their real means. When the Chinese color words is just an extended meaning, color words in Chinese-English only about its meaning, avoiding their color, here introduces three:
· 4.2.1 Converting color lexical
Due to differences in cultural connotation of Chinese Color Words is also
reflected in a different color words to express the same cultural connotations, can be used to convert the color words in the translation process. Based on the habits of the target language, the reader is familiar with the color words to change the color of the original word. Such as: the black of tea (black tea, Chinese is not called "blac k tea"), but "brown sugar”instead of red sugar, chemical; brown bread (rye bread), the purple wine, (red wine, not a "purple wine"), blue films (yellow film, not "blue movies"), green-eyed (red eye, not eye green "), with red eyes refers to the" eyes crying red”.
· 4.2.2 Removing Color Words
When the cultural connotations implied by the Chinese Color Words that do not correspond, can be taken to remove the color word. For example: the singer is now red, purple, translated as "This pop star is now at the height the popularity of her".
· 4.2.3 Supplement of color lexical
When the color terms and the implication cultural connotation of each other vacancies or vice versa, can be taken to supplement the color word, that is, keeping the color words in the original language, and its supplement, and express the primitive cultural connotations of color words. For example: the powers consumed by the White goods consume 80 percent of the electricity in his apartment. His home white goods (refrigerators, washing machines category) accounted for 80%.
·Conclusion
In summary, English language and customs, different customs, said the method and terms of color are not the same, that is, on the understanding and use of the same color. With the continuous development of human civilization, and a corresponding color vocabulary development, its meaning is also derived many new meaning, which makes human language become more vivid and colorful. In the process of translation of color words, pay attention to the differences in Chinese and English culture, and to ascertain their true meaning, they can more effectively use them.
Bibliography
[1] Jiang Feng Ding Lijun. English translation [M] Beijing: Beijing Electronic Industry Press. 2005:86.
[2] Zhenya. English language culture [M]. Baoding: Hebei University Press, 2004:85.
[3] Feng Qingsheng. Translation of the practical translation of tutorial (updated version) [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
[4] Xiong Jingdong contrast of color words in English and Chinese and translation [J]. Heilongjiang College of Education 2007 (10).
[5] Baichun Zhang. English-Chinese Chinese-English translation tutorial [M] Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2004.
[6] Zhang Yi, Analysis of the similarities and differences of the Chinese color words [J]. Chang'an University of International Studies University, 2004 (5).
[7] Cai Yinhuan. Comparison and translation of basic color words in English and Chinese [J]. Fujian Commercial College. (2).
[8] to take the National Security Practical English-Chinese Contrast tutorial [M], Chongqing: Chongqing University Press, 2004.
[9] Wang Hualing cultural meanings of color words in English and Chinese translations [J]. Hunan V ocational and Technical College 2004 (9).
[10] the Ping Shaofen. Color Words in English language meaning of contrast and its translations [J]. Luoyang Normal University, 2002 (7).
[11] Huang Birong Color Words in English social and cultural connotations and translation [J]. Anhui University of Technology, 2004 (12).
[12] Deng Yanchang Runqing Language and Culture [M] Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2006.
[13] Hu Li research. Similarities and differences contrast of color terms and Analysis [J]. Jilin Province Economic Management Institute, 2007 (2).
·Acknowledgement
First and foremost, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dai Xiangtao, a respectable, responsible and resourceful scholar,
who has provided me with valuable guidance in every stage of the writing of this thesis. Without his enlightening instruction, impressive kindness and patience, I could not have completed my thesis. His keen and vigorous academic observation enlightens me not only in this thesis but also in my future study.
I shall extend my thanks to Mr.Dai for all his kindness and help. I would
also like to thank all my teachers who have helped me to develop the fundamental and essential academic competence. My sincere appreciation also goes to the teachers and students from Beijing Institute of Technology.
Last but not least, I' d like to thank all my friends, especially my lovely classmates, for their encouragement and support.
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对翻译中异化法与归化法的正确认识
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高中文言文精短翻译练习100道题
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英语造句
一般过去式 时间状语：yesterday just now (刚刚) the day before three days ag0 a week ago in 1880 last month last year 1. I was in the classroom yesterday. I was not in the classroom yesterday. Were you in the classroom yesterday. 2. They went to see the film the day before. Did they go to see the film the day before. They did go to see the film the day before. 3. The man beat his wife yesterday. The man didn’t beat his wife yesterday. 4. I was a high student three years ago. 5. She became a teacher in 2009. 6. They began to study english a week ago 7. My mother brought a book from Canada last year. 8.My parents build a house to me four years ago . 9.He was husband ago. She was a cooker last mouth. My father was in the Xinjiang half a year ago. 10.My grandfather was a famer six years ago. 11.He burned in 1991
英汉翻译中的显化和隐化
英汉翻译中的显化和隐化 [摘要]:正确认识和了解翻译中显化与隐化的因素,有助于译文的正确表达。本文通过实例分析英汉互译中显化和隐化现象,认为它由语言、译者、社会文化等多种因素造成的,并提出了应用策略。 [关键词]:显化隐化语言特性 显化(explicitness / explicitation),又译外显化、明晰化,指的是“目标文本以更明显的形式表述源文本的信息,是译者在翻译过程中增添解释性短语或添加连接词等来增强译本的逻辑性和易解性,从而使原文艰涩晦暗之处在译语中变得清晰、明白、浅显”。 而隐化(implicitness)现象是指目标文本通过概括信息或删除连接词等有意忽略或省译源语文本中的某些部分。由于汉语在指称形式、连接词、造句结构等方面都不同于英语,两种语言互译过程中的确存在隐化现象的发生。 贺显斌曾选取欧•亨利的短篇小说The Last Leaf及其汉译本进行显化现象的比较。他的结果是:英文小说全篇134句,译成汉语后明晰化程度提高的有79句,占58.96%,也就是说,在英译汉过程中确有显化现象发生。 一、影响显化、隐化的因素 导致翻译中的显化和隐化的因素主要可归纳为三方面:一是语言特性因素。语言本身的特性,包括结构特性和习惯用法,决定了语言表达中显、隐化程度的区别。分析发现,汉译英时会较多地运用形式上的显化,而英译汉时意义上的隐化是普遍存在的。二是语用因素。基于翻译的目的在于使读者理解原文的观点,翻译者有责任将不同文化的承载内涵和文化缺失部分通过加词、阐释等方法显化表达。三是译者因素。过多仿译会造成过多“显化”。 1.英汉语言特性因素 从语言学角度来说,汉、英语言之间最重要的区别特征莫过于形合与意合的区分,邵志洪对汉语和英语的语义对比表明,汉语属语义形语言,而印欧语言属语法形语言;前者力主考究“字”与语义及其相互关系,后者则重点研究主谓序列及其相关词类。贾玉新将英汉语言在句法上的差异精炼的概括如下:“英语高度形式化、逻辑化,句法结构严谨完备,并以动词为核心,重分析轻意合;而汉语则不重形式,
中考文言文翻译实用方法经典讲解(带试题实例!)
一.增就是增补，在翻译时增补文言文省略句中的省略成分。 注意：补出省略的成分或语句，要加括号。 1、增补原文省略的主语、谓语或宾语 例1：“一鼓作气，再而衰，三而竭。”“再”“三”后省略了谓语“鼓”，翻译时要补上。 例2：“见渔人，乃大惊，问所从来。”译句：“（桃源中人）一见渔人，大为惊奇，问他是从哪里来的。” 例3：“君与具来。”“与”后省略了宾语“之”。 2、增补使语义明了的关联词 例：“不治将益深”是一个假设句，译句：“（如果）不治疗就会更加深入”。 二 .删就是删除，凡是古汉语中的发语词、在句子结构上起标志作用的助词和凑足音节的助词等虚词，因在现代汉语中是没有词能代替，故翻译时无须译出，可删去。 例1：“师道之不传也久矣。”译句：“从师学习的风尚已经很久不存在 了。”“也”为句中语气助词，起到舒缓语气的作用，没有实在意义。在翻译时，完全可以去掉。 例2：“孔子云：何陋之有？”译句：“孔子说：有什么简陋的呢？”“之”为宾语前置的标志，删去不译。 例3：“夫战，勇气也。”译句：“战斗，靠的是勇气”。“夫”为发语词，删去不译。 三.调就是调整，在翻译文言文倒装句时，应把古汉语倒装句式调整为现代汉语句式，使之符合现代汉语的表达习惯、译句通顺。这就需要调整语句语序， 大体有三种情况：
1、后置定语前移例：“群臣吏民，能面刺寡人之过者，受上赏。”可调成“能面刺寡人之过群臣吏民，受上赏。” 2、前置谓语后移例：“甚矣！汝之不惠。”可调成“汝之不惠甚矣。” 3、介宾短语前移。例：“还自扬州”可调成“自扬州还”。 4、前置宾语后移例：“何以战？”可调成“以何战？” 四.留就是保留，凡是古今意义相同的词、专有名词、国号、年号、人名、物名、人名、官职、地名等，在翻译时可保留不变。 例：“庆历四年春，滕子京谪守巴陵郡。”译句：“庆历四年的春天，滕子京被贬到巴陵郡做太守。”“庆历四年”为年号，“巴陵郡”是地名，可直接保留。 五.扩就是扩展。 1、言简义丰的句子，根据句义扩展其内容。 例：“怀敌附远，何招而不至？”译句：“使敌人降服，让远方的人归附，招抚谁，谁会不来呢？” 2、单音节词扩为同义的双音节词或多音节词。 例：“更若役，复若赋，则如何？”译句：“变更你的差役，恢复你的赋税，那么怎么样呢？”“役”“赋”扩展为双音节词。 六.缩就是凝缩，文言文中的有些句子，为了增强气势，故意实用繁笔，在翻译时应将其意思凝缩。 例：“有席卷天下，包举宇内，囊括四海之意，并吞八荒之心。”译句：“（秦）有吞并天下，统一四海的雄心。” 七.直即直译，就是指紧扣原文，按原文的词句进行对等翻译的今译方法。对于文言文的实词、大部分虚词、活用词和通假字，一般是要直接翻译的，否则， 在考查过程中是不能算作准取得翻译。 例：“清荣峻茂，良多趣味。”译句：“水清，树茂，山高，草盛，实在是趣味无穷。”
2019年高三语文一轮总复习(文言文阅读+翻译)第02课 典型例题(含解析)
2019年高三语文一轮总复习（文言文阅读+翻译）第02课典型例题 （含解析） 一、（2016年高考新课标I卷）阅读下面的文言文，完成4～7题。 曾公亮，字明仲，泉州晋江人。举进士甲科，知会稽县。民田镜湖旁，每患湖溢。公亮立斗门，泄水入曹娥江，民受其利。以端明殿学士知郑州，为政有能声盗悉窜他境至夜户不闭尝有使客亡橐中物移书诘盗公亮报吾境不藏盗殆从之者度耳索之果然公亮明练文法，更践 久，习知朝廷台阁典宪，首相 ．．，与公亮等共定大议。密 ．．韩琦每咨访焉。仁宗末年，琦请建储 州民田产银，或盗取之，大理当以强。公亮日：“此禁物也，取之虽强，与盗物民家有间矣。” 固争之，遂下有司 ．．纵人渔界河，又数通盐舟，吏不敢禁，．．议，比劫禁物法，盗得不死。契丹 皆谓：与之校，且生事。公亮言：“萌芽不禁，后将奈何？雄州赵滋勇而有谋，可任也。”使谕以指意，边害讫息。英宗即位，加中书侍郎兼礼部尚书，寻加户部尚书。帝不豫，辽使至不能见，命公亮宴于馆，使者不肯赴。公亮质之曰：“锡宴不赴，是不虔君命也。人主有疾，而必使亲临，处之安乎？”使者即就席。熙宁三年，拜司空兼侍中、河阳三城节度使。明年，起判永兴军。居一岁，还京师。旋以太傅致仕。元丰元年卒，年八十。帝临哭，辍朝三日。公亮方厚庄重，沉深周密，平居谨绳墨，蹈规矩；然性吝啬，殖货至巨万。初荐王安石，及同辅政，知上方向之，阴为子孙计，凡更张庶事，一切听顺，而外若不与之者。常遣子孝宽参其谋，至上前略无所异，于是帝益信任安石。安石德其助己，故引擢孝宽至枢密以报之。苏轼尝从容责公亮不能救正，世讥其持禄固宠云。 （节选自《宋史·曾公亮传》） 7.把文中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。 （1）锡宴不赴，是不虔君命也。人主有疾，而必使亲临，处之安乎? 译文：________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ （2）苏轼尝从容责公亮不能救正，世讥其持禄固宠云。 译文：________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 【答案】（1）赐宴不到场，这是对君主命令的不敬。君主有病，却一定要他亲临宴会，做这样的事能心安吗？（2）苏轼曾从容地责备公亮不能纠正弊病，世人讥讽他保持禄位加固宠幸。
学生造句--Unit 1
●I wonder if it’s because I have been at school for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about going home. ●It is because she wasn’t well that she fell far behind her classmates this semester. ●I can well remember that there was a time when I took it for granted that friends should do everything for me. ●In order to make a difference to society, they spent almost all of their spare time in raising money for the charity. ●It’s no pleasure eating at school any longer because the food is not so tasty as that at home. ●He happened to be hit by a new idea when he was walking along the riverbank. ●I wonder if I can cope with stressful situations in life independently. ●It is because I take things for granted that I make so many mistakes. ●The treasure is so rare that a growing number of people are looking for it. ●He picks on the weak mn in order that we may pay attention to him. ●It’s no pleasure being disturbed whena I settle down to my work. ●I can well remember that when I was a child, I always made mistakes on purpose for fun. ●It’s no pleasure accompany her hanging out on the street on such a rainy day. ●I can well remember that there was a time when I threw my whole self into study in order to live up to my parents’ expectation and enter my dream university. ●I can well remember that she stuck with me all the time and helped me regain my confidence during my tough time five years ago. ●It is because he makes it a priority to study that he always gets good grades. ●I wonder if we should abandon this idea because there is no point in doing so. ●I wonder if it was because I ate ice-cream that I had an upset student this morning. ●It is because she refused to die that she became incredibly successful. ●She is so considerate that many of us turn to her for comfort. ●I can well remember that once I underestimated the power of words and hurt my friend. ●He works extremely hard in order to live up to his expectations. ●I happened to see a butterfly settle on the beautiful flower. ●It’s no pleasure making fun of others. ●It was the first time in the new semester that I had burned the midnight oil to study. ●It’s no pleasure taking everything into account when you long to have the relaxing life. ●I wonder if it was because he abandoned himself to despair that he was killed in a car accident when he was driving. ●Jack is always picking on younger children in order to show off his power. ●It is because he always burns the midnight oil that he oversleeps sometimes. ●I happened to find some pictures to do with my grandfather when I was going through the drawer. ●It was because I didn’t dare look at the failure face to face that I failed again. ●I tell my friend that failure is not scary in order that she can rebound from failure. ●I throw my whole self to study in order to pass the final exam. ●It was the first time that I had made a speech in public and enjoyed the thunder of applause. ●Alice happened to be on the street when a UFO landed right in front of her. ●It was the first time that I had kept myself open and talked sincerely with my parents. ●It was a beautiful sunny day. The weather was so comfortable that I settled myself into the
翻译中的归化与异化
“异化”与“归化”之间的关系并评述 1、什么是归化与异化 归化”与“异化”是翻译中常面临的两种选择。钱锺书相应地称这两种情形叫“汉化”与“欧化”。A．归化 所谓“归化”（domestication 或target-language-orientedness），是指在翻译过程中尽可能用本民族的方式去表现外来的作品；归化翻译法旨在尽量减少译文中的异国情调，为目的语读者提供一种自然流畅的译文。Venuti 认为，归化法源于这一著名翻译论说，“尽量不干扰读者，请作者向读者靠近” 归化翻译法通常包含以下几个步骤：（1）谨慎地选择适合于归化翻译的文本；（2）有意识地采取一种自然流畅的目的语文体；（3）把译文调整成目的语篇体裁；（4）插入解释性资料；（5）删去原文中的实观材料；（6）调协译文和原文中的观念与特征。 B．“异化”（foreignization或source-language-orientedness）则相反，认为既然是翻译，就得译出外国的味儿。异化是根据既定的语法规则按字面意思将和源语文化紧密相连的短语或句子译成目标语。例如，将“九牛二虎之力”译为“the strength of nine bulls and two tigers”。异化能够很好地保留和传递原文的文化内涵，使译文具有异国情调，有利于各国文化的交流。但对于不熟悉源语及其文化的读者来说，存在一定的理解困难。随着各国文化交流愈来愈紧密，原先对于目标语读者很陌生的词句也会变得越来越普遍，即异化的程度会逐步降低。 Rome was not built in a day. 归化:冰冻三尺,非一日之寒. 异化:罗马不是一天建成的. 冰冻三尺,非一日之寒 异化:Rome was not built in a day. 归化:the thick ice is not formed in a day. 2、归化异化与直译意译 归化和异化，一个要求“接近读者”，一个要求“接近作者”，具有较强的界定性；相比之下，直译和意译则比较偏重“形式”上的自由与不自由。有的文中把归化等同于意译，异化等同于直译，这样做其实不够科学。归化和异化其实是在忠实地传达原作“说了什么”的基础之上，对是否尽可能展示原作是“怎么说”，是否最大限度地再现原作在语言文化上的特有风味上采取的不同态度。两对术语相比，归化和异化更多地是有关文化的问题，即是否要保持原作洋味的问题。 3、不同层面上的归化与异化 1、句式 翻译中“归化”表现在把原文的句式（syntactical structure）按照中文的习惯句式译出。
翻译中的显化与隐化现象——以云南历史与少数民族文化外译为例
翻译中的显化与隐化现象——以云南历史与少数民族文化外 译为例 摘要：显化与隐化是翻译中常见的现象，也是译者常用的翻译策略。本文以云 南历史与少数民族文化外译为例，分析了显化和隐化策略在翻译实践中的运用， 讨论了两种策略运用的效果，从而了解译者的策略选择对翻译效果的影响。 关键词：显化；隐化；少数民族文化；翻译策略 引言 文本代表着作者的世界观，是作者价值取向的一种表达方式，而当译者介入 这一行为后，原作者的观念基础就可能发生改变。如何尽可能地保留原文的所呈 现出的价值观，这就成为了译者面临的一大难题。正确认识显隐化策略在翻译中 的应用有助于译者对原文的准确理解和表达。本文以云南历史与少数民族文化文 本为例，试图分析翻译实践中的显化和隐化现象。 1.显化与隐化策略 1.1 显化与隐化策略 显化策略(explicitation) 指译者从上下文或相关语境中推断出源语中的隐含信息，并在目标语中加以说明(Vinay & Darbelnet, 1995)。在翻译实践过程中，译者 会将连接词或解释性短语等进行适当添加，从而促进译本易解性和逻辑性的强化，确保译语的浅显化和清晰化。显化在文本层面上表现为两种形式：一是增加，即 添加一些新的成分；二是具体化，即提供更多细节信息(Perego, 2003)。 Klaudy(2001a)将显化细分为四类：(1)强制性显化(Obligatory Explicitation), 指两种 语言在语义、形态和句法方面存在差异时，译者不得不将某些信息具体化；(2) 选择性显化(Optional Explicitaion), 指两种语言在文本构成策略和文本特征方面存在 差异时，译者需要增加连接成分、关系从句、强化词等；(3)语用学显化(Pragmatic Explicitation)，指目标语读者无法理解源语文化中的一些普遍性知识时，译者需要添加解释；(4)翻译本身固有显化(Translation-inherent Explicition)，指由 于翻译过程本身的性质，译者在加工源语思想时会影响译文的长度。 与之相对应的隐化策略(Implicitation)，指译者依据上下文或语境的要求，隐 藏了部分源语中的显在信息(Vinay & Darbelnet, 1995)。它与译文读者的阅读期待 密切相关，是指专业译者出于语言、文化、意识形态等方面的考虑，删除了一些 源语中的单词、短语、句子甚至段落(Dimitriu, 2004)。 1.2 显化与隐化相关研究 Blum-Kulka(2001)提出的显化假说认为，译者对原作的阐释很可能会造成译 文在篇幅上比原文要长。在翻译中一味采用显化策略效果并不一定就好，因为过 多的信息显化会造成译文冗长，也剥夺了读者的理解和阐释权(Gutt, 1991)。相比 之下，隐化则常常被认为破坏了原作的完整性，有悖于翻译的忠实原则。柯飞(2005)指出，显化将原文中隐含或文化上不言自明的信息显示出来，使译作更清 晰易懂，而一定的隐化则会让译文更加简洁地道。任何翻译中都包含着译者的妥协，英汉两种语言无论是在语法句法结构还是在文化背景上都有非常大的差异， 因此在双语转换过程中译者要能灵活运用显化策略补出文化背景等，同时运用隐 化策略平衡译文，尽可能地忠实于原文，传达出原文的价值观。 2.隐化和显化产生的因素
精典文言文翻译
译文：有一天，晋平公同著名的音乐家师旷闲谈。晋平公叹了口气说：“我今年已经七十岁了，很想学习，但恐怕太晚了。” “说：“哪有身为臣子而取笑君主的呢？” 师旷连忙起身下拜，谢罪道：“臣下怎敢取笑大王？我听人家说，少年时好学，如同初升的太阳一样阳气充沛；壮年时好学，如同中午的阳光，还很强烈；老年时好学，只像蜡烛照明一样。但是，点亮蜡烛走路，与摸黑行走相比，那一个（更好）呢？” 说得好。” 秦穆公对伯乐说：“您的年纪大了，您的子孙中间有没有可以派去寻找好马的呢” 伯乐回答说：“我的子孙都是些下等之才，有个叫九方皋的人，他识别好马的本领，决不在我以下，可以告诉他识别天下最好的马的方法。请让我引见他” 秦穆公接见了九方皋，派他去寻找好马。过了三个月，九方皋回来报告说：“我已经在沙丘 找到好马了。”秦穆公问道：“是匹什么样的马呢”九方皋回答说：“是匹黄色的母马。” 秦穆公派人去把那匹马牵来，一看，却是匹纯黑色的公马。报知秦穆公，秦穆公很不高兴，把伯乐找来对他说：“您所推荐的那个找好马的人，毛色公母都不知道，又怎么能懂得什么是天下最好的马呢？”伯乐说道：“九方皋他所观察的是马的天赋的内在素质，深得它的精妙，而忘记了它的粗糙之处；明悉它的内部，而忘记了它的外表。九方皋只看见所需要看见的，看不见他所不需要看见的；只视察他所需要视察的，而遗漏了他所不需要观察的。”等到把那匹马牵回驯养使用，它果然是一匹天下难得的好马。 魏郑公（魏征）进谏劝阻唐太宗前往泰山封禅，说：“如今有一个人，患病十年，经过治疗将要痊愈。此人瘦得皮包骨头，却想要让他背着一石米，一天走上一百里路，肯定做不到。隋朝末年社会动乱，不止是十年的时间，陛下作为天下良医，百姓的疾苦虽然已经解除，但还不很富裕。要祭祀天地（向它）报告大功完成，我心里还是有疑虑。”唐太宗无言反驳。 当初，范文正公（范仲淹）被贬到饶州，朝廷正纠治朋党，士大夫都不敢前去告别，只有待制顾质独自抱病在国都城门(为范仲淹)饯行，大臣们责怪他说：“你，是长者，为什么要把自己搅进朋党里面去？”顾质说：“范先生是天下的贤人，我哪敢和他比，如果让我做了范先生的朋党，那我感到太荣幸了。”听到的人都惭愧得缩脖子。 陈寔，字仲弓，为太丘县令。一天，有一个小偷伏在屋梁上准备行窃，陈寔见到后，把自己的儿子喊过来，教训说：“不好的人，并不一定是生性如此，乃是习惯所养成的，屋梁上那一位就是这样的人。”一会儿，屋梁上的小偷跳下来，跪在地上认罪。陈寔说：“从你的外貌上看，您并不是恶人，应该是由贫困造成的。”于是，赠给他两匹布，教他一定要改正。此后，这人再没有做过小偷。 刘瞻的父亲是个贫寒的读书人，十多岁的时候，他就在郑纟因身旁管理笔墨砚台等书房用具。十八九岁的时候，郑纟因当上了御史，前往荆部商山巡视，中途在亭子里休息，俯瞰山水。当时刚刚雨过天晴，山峦秀美岩石奇丽，泉水山石分外好看。郑纟因坐了很久，起来走了五六里地，说：“如此美景，却没有作诗，就是观赏到天黑又有什么关系？”于是又返回亭子，想要往亭子上题一首诗。他忽然发现亭子上已经题了一首绝句，墨迹还没有干。郑纟因惊讶于这首诗作得出色。而当时南北方向又都没有行人。随行的人对郑纟因说：“刚才只有刘景落在后面二三里地。”郑纟因同刘景开玩笑说：“莫非是你题的吗?”刘景拜了拜说：
英语句子结构和造句
高中英语~词性~句子成分~语法构成 第一章节：英语句子中的词性 1.名词：n. 名词是指事物的名称，在句子中主要作主语.宾语.表语.同位语。 2.形容词;adj. 形容词是指对名词进行修饰~限定~描述~的成份，主要作定语.表语.。形容词在汉语中是（的）.其标志是: ous. Al .ful .ive。. 3.动词：vt. 动词是指主语发出的一个动作，一般用来作谓语。 4.副词：adv. 副词是指表示动作发生的地点. 时间. 条件. 方式. 原因. 目的. 结果.伴随让步. 一般用来修饰动词. 形容词。副词在汉语中是（地）.其标志是：ly。 5.代词：pron. 代词是指用来代替名词的词，名词所能担任的作用，代词也同样.代词主要用来作主语. 宾语. 表语. 同位语。 6.介词：prep.介词是指表示动词和名次关系的词，例如：in on at of about with for to。其特征：
介词后的动词要用—ing形式。介词加代词时，代词要用宾格。例如：give up her（him）这种形式是正确的，而give up she（he）这种形式是错误的。 7.冠词：冠词是指修饰名词，表名词泛指或特指。冠词有a an the 。 8.叹词：叹词表示一种语气。例如：OH. Ya 等 9.连词：连词是指连接两个并列的成分，这两个并列的成分可以是两个词也可以是两个句子。例如：and but or so 。 10.数词：数词是指表示数量关系词，一般分为基数词和序数词 第二章节：英语句子成分 主语：动作的发出者，一般放在动词前或句首。由名词. 代词. 数词. 不定时. 动名词. 或从句充当。 谓语：指主语发出来的动作，只能由动词充当，一般紧跟在主语后面。 宾语：指动作的承受着，一般由代词. 名词. 数词. 不定时. 动名词. 或从句充当. 介词后面的成分也叫介词宾语。 定语：只对名词起限定修饰的成分，一般由形容