外文翻译2015
杭州电子科技大学信息工程学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）题目四代卫星通信的特点及应用前景探讨
翻译（1）题目自给的功率源应用于数字继电器的应用
翻译（2）题目软件设计的数字电源基于实验室Windows /CVI 系电子通信学院
专业信息工程
姓名张婧婷
班级11096911
学号11969105
指导教师李金新
外文翻译1：
自给的功率源应用于数字继电器的设计
摘要——目前,绝大多数的继电保护设备依赖于可靠的现场电源工作。它的电源的工作和操作电路要求变电站或配电间提供交流或直流电源。这介绍了一种自供电电源应用于数字继电器的设计。获得的能量直接从电力线路通过一些特制的铁芯电流互感器(CT)。这个信号,输出的整流电路,是输入信号的采样电路,电容器也可以充电储能在相同的时间。一个集成开关调节器改变电压信号,终端的储能电容器,为稳定的直流电电压信号,直流稳压电源的数字继电器。这种方法可以避免饱和问题的核心圈当一次电流变化在一个更大的范围内通过增加空气差距在核心圈和引入气隙磁阻。所以,后端电路大大简化和提高了可靠性。电源模块可以用于电力系统继电保护与10千伏电压及以上级别和在线监测设备,具有广阔的应用前景。
关键字-自动提供电源;铁芯电流变压器(CT);数字继电器;气隙磁阻;能源存储电容器
一、介绍
一直以来,继电保护装置的电源的工作和操作电路要求变电站或配电间提供交流或直流电源。如果没有权力在现场,继电保护设备不可以工作。没有电源就像一些RTU 设备用于配电自动化它能工作吗?它可以自供电功率从高压线吗?目前,一个类别的设备开发公司德国German SEG出现在市场,称为数字自供电的过电流继电器。这样的设备不需要外部力量供应;电源是从TA直接获取安装在高压线路上。这个概念,把权力从TA作为电源工作单元回路和操作,是创新的自供电的数字继电器。出现的数字自供电的过电流继电器显示在图1。
一些研究人员提出了多种供电方式,比如太阳能与锂电池功率,激光功率,微波功率和在线获得能源使用特殊的TA等[2 - 4]。其中,从特殊的TA获取能源这个方法安装在高压侧给在线访问电力电子电路是最有前途的电源。然而,有一些问题需要解决关于这个权力供应方法,主要包括[5]:(1)当一次电流在较大的范围内变化(1% ~ 120%)如何确保对电子电路稳定部分的电压。这是目前一个迫切需要解决的问题;(2)稳定性问题方法来获取功率;(3)这个问题的核心，饱和线圈。要解决这些问题,本文提出一1种电源解决方案用于数字继电器。这种方法可以避免饱和问题的核心圈当一次电流在一个更大的范围内改变通过增加气隙的核心线圈和引入气隙磁阻。所以,后端电路得大大简化和可靠性改进。此外,锂离子电池包中添加了在线获取电源,使其电力供应有更多可靠的。没有死区当天24小时内,这使得电源模块已广泛应用。2
1
2康秋兰,刘曙光,李彭芬
学校的电子信息采集。中国西安理工大学kangqiulan2006@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a714756234.html,
图1 外观数字自供电的过电流继电器
二.自给的电源如何工作
设计框图的自给的电源如图2所示。基本的工作原理如下:使用一个特殊的电流互感器诱导三相一侧的总线,然后信号通过整流电路处理。直流信号,输出整流器的电路,是输入信号的采样电路，在同一时间电容器也可以充电储能。带电电容器维持电压信号到一个特定的范围,然后电压信号进行降压和直流转换通过开关稳压集成电路。其输出是稳定的直流电压信号,为低压直流电源的电子电路提供保护装置。所面临的困难通过这种方法有:电容器的电压问题和稳定的输入电压的稳压集成电路。如果电容器的端电压超过它的额定电压电容器将损坏。当总线目前已在高电流状态,可能会导致过度的电容器充电从而导致损坏组件。本文设计了一个简单的电压比较器电路和MOSFET开关电路来整流电压信号从而电流得到范围限制。不仅保证了电容器的额定电压并且也获得一个稳定的电压输入对于调节器。
图2 设计框图的自给的电源
三、电流互感器的设计
一般保护电流互感器二次输出电流的值是5 a / 1 a,这是更大的取样电路。因此,在保护电流互感器和采样电路应用程序之间应该添加一个电流转换器,以达到当前的要求值。本文选取AMZ- 0.5模型电流互感器,二次输出电流是比平常小。所以,整流电路没有电流变换器,它能满足要求。
比较应用程序和各种性能指标不同的磁性材料,我们选择H9硅钢。这种材料具有较高的初始磁导率,可以减少起动电流,其饱和磁通密度值大,保证核心不饱和的一次侧电流情况下,损失的核心小,增加了能量转移效率。
根据上面的材料,气隙的核心增加到减少整个磁路磁阻和高性能核心材料被选中。此外,体积和重量的核心应该是最小化到可能的前提下,满足所需能源后端电路。硅的内部直径的选择钢芯d = 55毫米,外部直径d= 95毫米,高度h= 20毫米,饱和磁通密度Bs = 1.85 t,然后,平均磁路长度l =π(d + D)/ 2 = 235.6毫米。如果长度的核心air-gapδ= 1毫米,然后相对磁导率的核心增加了差距相当于≈235.6 eqμ,磁导率是极大的减少了。在这一点上,励磁电流造成核心价值≈1436.7aA max≈μ、有效价值的电流1016A,这表明在使用这个结构核心不会饱和当线电流是在1016A。
事实上,为了解决气隙方便,两个0.5毫米厚非磁性材料垫在两个C型核心的中间。由于其相对磁导率为1,效果是一样的气隙。
在空载条件下，当当前有效导体I1=40A，为了获得二次线圈位9V的有效电压有：
在那里,U2是二次侧电压,f是电流频率、N2是二次侧线圈转动次数,Bm是磁通密度的振幅,Seq是有效的横截面积的磁心,λ是磁心层叠系数,U0是真空磁导率。
式子是：
在这种情况下,核心结构和气隙长度的确定,正确的方程(2)等于一个常数。让这个设计值作为替代,1500 2 N≈(转)。选择钢心漆包线,载体密度计算根据8 A /平方毫米,线的横截面面积是0.667/8=0.083375平方毫米,对应于直径0.326米。考虑一定的利润,最后的选择是0.45毫米直径铜心线。
四、一些关键技术
A、信号采集和充电电路
三相交流电流信号,从初级侧总线通过电流互感器,首先通过控制桥式整流电路。交流信号改变为直流电流信号,然后通过电阻R转换为电压信号 .这个电压信号可以被用作输入的采样信号,也可以使电容器充电储能，单相桥式整流电路和控制电路如图2。所以它可以保证无论任何一阶段储能电容器充电整流器传导电流,是满足电力需求。
图2 单相桥式整流电路和充电控制电路
B、稳压电路
LM2576电压调节器用于电压调节器电路,图3所示。一系列开关调节器LM2576是一个单片集成电路,适合降压开关调节器,可以驱动3.0A的负载。其固定输出电压为3.3v,5.0v、12v,15v。功耗LM2576非常低,只要一个小尺寸附加散热就行。
图3 稳压电路
LM2576的最大允许输入电压是40v,达到一个稳定的直流电压输出。在设计中调节器的输入电压VDD仅限于一定的电压通过MOSFET控制电路范围。然后开关调节器可以输出稳定的直流电源满足需要的通用电子电路。
C、半导体场效应晶体管控制电路
为了防止电容器作为电容器端使电流信号继续充电，导致电压超过它额定电压,并且获得稳定的调节器的输入电压,本设计介绍了一个MOSFET控制开关电路。如图4所示框图。
图4 MOSFET控制开关电路
滞回电压比较器电路比较参考电压VREF的调节器输入电压VDD和整流电路输出电压VEE。通过电路设计,当任何一个电压值高于参考电压,MOSFET将打开。这意味着整流电路输出电压VEE连接到零电位,充电过程的电容器停止;当电压值低于参考电压MOSFET的会关掉,VEE充电电容器。这样,输入的电压调整器保持在预设范围来满足调节器输出电压要求。此外,它还可以避免过度引起的损坏电容器充电。
五、结论
电源使用的优点是电流互感器结构简单,成本低。因为高端的电子电路和光电设备较少,这些将不影响电能质量。这个电源模块可以被视为一个单独的装置;然而,困难在于在总线电流是缺乏情况下其动态范围是适应变化的。
电源设计在本文中使用一个特殊的电流变压器来从初级侧获得权力和专注于解决功率转换和功率传输的信号转换从电流互感器。设计一个自供电的电路,类似于开关电源,为数字继电器提供一个稳定的和可靠的电源。该方法可以避免饱和问题的核心圈通过增加气隙的核心线圈和引入气隙磁阻导致一次电流在一个更大的范围内改变。所以,后端电路得到大大简化，可靠性得到改进。
解决的电源采用了浮动电力,其中涉及到电流的大小,而不是电压水平。因此,电源模块可以用继电器在10千伏电压及以上级别电力系统保护和在线监测设备,具有广阔的应用前景。
承诺书
本文支持关键科学问题和陕西省科技创新项目(编号:2009 zkc02-13)和国家基本理论研究项目(编号:2009cb724507-3)。
参考文献
[1] https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a714756234.html,. Digital self-powered Over-current Relay[EB/OL]. Schaltanlagen Elektronik Ger?te GmbH & Co. KG,2004.
[2] QI Dong. “A Kind of Power Supply of Optic-electric Current Transform Accommodating Wide Bus Dynamic Current”. Proceedings of the CSEE，Vol.26, No.19: pp.160-164, 2007.
[3] Qian Zheng. “Power Supply for High Voltage Circuit of Active Electronic Current Transformer”. High Voltage Apparatus.， Vol.40,No.2：pp.135-138, 2004.
[4] Zhenquan Sun，Xuefeng Zhao，Hongwei Gu，Yanming Li. “A new design of power supply for electronic current or voltage transformer”.Proceedings of International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, 2009.7, B22:1-4.
[5] Wu Jintao, Sheng Gelai, Zeng Yi, Jiang Xiuchen. “Power supply design of monitoring device used in Transmission line on-line”. Power Supply Technology，No.2: pp.33-35, 2009.
3外文原文1：
Design of Self-supplying Power Source Applied in Digital Relay
Abstract—At present, the vast majority of relay protection devices depends on a reliable on-site power supply to work. Its power supply of work and operation circuits require substation or distribution room to provide AC or DC power supply. This paper introduces a design of self-supply power source applied in digital relay. The energy is obtained directly from the power line by some tailor-made iron core current transformer (CT). The signal, output of the rectifier circuit, is the input signal of sampling circuit and can also charge energy storage capacitor at the same time. An integrated switching regulator changes voltage signal, terminal of the energy storage capacitor, into stable DC
voltage signal, as the DC regulated power supply of digital relay. The approach can avoid the saturation problem of core coil when primary current change in a larger range by increasing the air gap in the core coil and introducing air-gap magnetic reluctance. So that the back-end circuit is significantly simplified and the reliability is improved. The power supply module can be used in relay protection of power system with 10kV voltage level and above and on-line monitoring devices, which has a broad application prospects. Keywords-Self-supplying power source; iron core current transformer (CT); digital relay; air-gap reluctance; energy storage capacitor
I. INTRODUCTION
All along, the relay protection device's own power supply of work and operation circuits require substation or distribution room to provide AC or DC power supply. If there was no power at the scene, relay protection devices can not work. Can it be able to work
3Kang Qiulan, Liu Shuguang, Li Pengfei
School of Electronic and Information Eng.
Xi’an Polytechnic University
Xi’an, China
kangqiulan2006@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a714756234.html,
Shi Wensheng
Xi’an Yuanzheng Technology Co.
Xi’an, China
without power supply like some of the RTU devices used in distribution automation? Can it be able to self-supply power from the high-voltage line? Currently, a class of device developed by the German SEG company appeared in the market, called digital self-powered over-current relay. Such devices do not need external power supply; power supply is directly obtained from TA installed in the high-voltage line. The conception, to take power from the TA as power supply unit of work loop and operation, is the innovation of self-powered digital relay. The appearance of the digital self-powered over-current relay show in Fig.1.
Some researchers have raised a variety of power supply means, such as solar energy with lithium battery power, laser power, microwave power, 4and online access to energy use special TA, etc[2-4]. Of this total, the way of special TA installed in high-voltage side give online access to power electronic circuits is the most promising power supply. However, there are some issues to be solved about this power supply method, mainly including[5]: (1) How to ensure stable part of the voltage for electronic circuit when primary current (1) changes in a larger range(1%~120%I). This is currently an urgent problem need to solve; (2)The stability problem of the approach to take power; (3) The issue of saturation of core coil. To solve these problems, this paper presents a power supply solution used in digital relays. The approach can avoid the saturation problem of core coil when primary current change in a larger range by increasing the air gap in the core coil and introducing air-gap magnetic reluctance. So that the back-end circuit is significantly simplified and the reliability is improved. Furthermore, lithium-ion battery pack is added in online access to power, which makes its power supply more reliable. There is no dead zone within 24 hours in the day, which makes the power supply module has been widely used.
Figure 1 appearance of the digital self-powered over-current relay
II. HOW SELF-SUPPLYING POWER SOURCE WORK Design block diagram of self-supplying power source shown in Fig.2. The basic working principle is as follows: use a special current transformer to induce three-phase current signals from primary side of the bus, and then the signal are processed through rectification circuit. The DC signal, output of the rectifier circuit, is the input signal of sampling circuit and can also charge energy storage capacitor at the same time.The charged capacitor maintain voltage signal to a certain range, and then the voltage signal is carried out step-down and DC transformation by switching integrated regulator. Its output is stable DC voltage signal, as low-voltage DC power supply of the electronic circuit protection devices. The difficulties faced by this approach are: the voltage pressure issue of capacitor and the stability of input voltage of integrated regulator.
Capacitor will be damaged if end voltage of capacitor exceeds its rated voltage. When the bus current has been in a high current state, may cause excessive capacitor charge likely to cause damage to components. This paper designed a simple voltage comparator circuit and MOSFET switching circuit to limit the rectified voltage signal range. Not only ensures the capacitor's rated voltage but also obtains a stable voltage input for regulator.
Figure 2 Design block diagram of self-supplying power source
III. DESIGN OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER
The value of secondary output current of general protective current transformer is 5A/1A, which is larger for the sampling circuit. Therefore, a current converter should be added between the protective current transformer and the sampling circuit in application, in order to achieve the requirement of current value. This paper selects AMZ-0.5 model current transformer, the secondary output current of which is smaller than usual. So,it can satisfy the requirements of rectifier circuit without
current converter.
Comparison of applications and all kinds of performance indicators of different magnetic materials, we have chosen H9 silicon steel. This material has high initial permeability, can minimize the starting current; its saturation magnetic flux density value is large, which can guarantee core unsaturated in a larger primary side current circumstances; the loss of core is small, increasing the efficiency of energy transfer.
According to the materials above, the core air gap is increased to reduce the entire magnetic circuit reluctance and high-performance core material is selected. Furthermore, the volume and weight of core should be minimized as far as possible under the premise of meeting the power required by the back-end circuit. The internal diameter of selected silicon steel core d = 55mm, the external diameter D = 95mm, height h
= 20mm, saturation magnetic flux density Bs=1.85T, then, the average magnetic circuit length l =π (d + D) / 2 = 235.6mm . If the length of core air-gapδ =1mm , and then the relative magnetic permeability of the core increased the gap is equivalent to ≈ 235.6 eq μ , magnetic permeability is greatly reduced. At this point, excitation current value caused core saturation I 1436.7A max ≈ μ , effective value of current is 1016A, which shows that the core will not be saturated when the wire currents are within the 1016A after using this structure.
In fact, in order to fix air gap conveniently, the two 0.5mm thick non-magnetic material is padded in the middle of two C-shaped core. Due to its relative permeability is about 1, the effect is the same as the air gap.
In the no-load conditions, when the conductor effective current I1=40A, in order to obtain the 9V valid voltage from the secondary coil, there are:
Where, U2 is the secondary side voltage, f is current frequency, N2 is the number of secondary side coil turns, Bm is the amplitude of magnetic flux density, Seq is the effective cross-sectional area of core, λ is core lamination factor, 0 μ is the vacuum magnetic permeability.
Order was:
In the circumstances that the core structure and the length of air gap are determined, the right of equation (2) is about equal to a constant. Take in the design value as substitution, 1500 2 N ≈ (turns). Select enameled wire with steel heart, carrier density is calculated according to 8A/mm2, the cross-sectional area of wire is demanded 0.667/8=0.083375mm2, corresponding to a diameter of 0.326mm. Take into account a certain margin, the final choice is wire with 0.45mm copper
heart diameter.
IV. SOME KEY TECHNOLOGIES
A. Signal Acquisition and Charging Circuit
The three-phase AC current signal, sensed from primary side bus by current transformer, first passes through the controlled bridge rectifier circuit. The AC signal is changed into DC current signal, which is then converted to voltage signal by the resistor R. This voltage signal can be used as the input of sampling signal, can also charge energy storage
capacitor. Single-phase controlled bridge rectifier circuit and charging circuit shown in Fig.2. The output of three-phase rectifier circuit are connected together in parallel, so it can guarantee that the energy storage capacitor is charged regardless any one phase rectifier
conduction current on, that is to meet the power requirements.
Figure 2 Single-phase controlled bridge rectifier circuit and charging circuit
B. V oltage Regulator Circuit
LM2576 voltage regulator is used in voltage regulator circuit, shown in Fig.3. Series of switching regulator LM2576 is a monolithic integrated circuit, suitable for step-down switching regulator, can drive 3.0A load. Its fixed-output voltage is 3.3V, 5.0V, 12V, 15V. Power consumption of
LM2576 is very low, only a small size additional heat sink is needed.
Figure 3 V oltage Regulator circuit
L M2576’s maximum allowable input volta ge is 40V, so as to achieve a stable DC voltage output. In the design, the regulator input voltage VDD is limited to a certain voltage range through the MOSFET control circuit. And then switching regulator can output stable DC power supply satisfied the need of general electronic circuits.
C. MOSFET Control Circuit
In order to prevent the current signal from continuing to charge capacitor as the capacitor
terminal voltage exceeds its rated voltage, and also to obtain stable regulator input voltage, this design introduces a MOSFET controlled switching circuit. Block diagram shown in Fig.4.
Figure 4 MOSFET controlled switching circuit
Hysteresis voltage comparator circuit compare the reference voltage VREF with the regulator input voltage VDD and the rectifier circuit output voltage VEE. Through circuit design, when any one of voltage value higher than the reference voltage, the MOSFET will turn on. It means that the
rectifier circuit output voltage VEE is connected to zero potential, and charging process of the capacitor stop; When the voltage value lower than reference voltage the MOSFET will turn off, VEE charge capacitor. In this way, the input of voltage regulator is maintained at preset range to meet the regulator output voltage requirements. In addition, it can also avoid damage of capacitor caused by overshoot charge.
V. CONCLUSION
The advantages of power supply used current transformer is simple structure, and low cost. Because the power of high-side electronic circuits and optoelectronic devices is less, those will not impact the power quality. The power module can be considered as a separate device; however, the difficulty is that its dynamic range adapted to changes in bus current is lack.
The power supply design in this paper use a special current transformer to acquire power from primary side, and focus on solving power conversion and power transmission of signal converted from current transformers. Design a self-powered circuit, similar to switching power supply, provide a stable and reliable power supply for the digital relays. The approach can avoid the saturation problem of core coil when primary current change in a larger range by increasing the air gap in the core coil and introducing air-gap magnetic reluctance. So that the back-end circuit is significantly simplified and the reliability is improved.
The solution of power supply adopted floating potential, which relates to current size, but not to voltage level. Therefore, the power supply module can be used in relay protection of power system with 10kV voltage level and above and on-line monitoring devices, which has a broad application prospects.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This paper is supported by the Key Scientific and Technological Innovation Program of Shan-xi Province(No.:2009ZKC02-13) and National Basic Theoretical Research Project (No.:2009CB724507-3).
REFERENCES
[1] https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a714756234.html,. Digital self-powered Over-current Relay[EB/OL]. Schaltanlagen Elektronik Ger?te GmbH & Co. KG,2004.
[2] QI Dong. “A Kind of Power Supply of Optic-electric Current Transform Accommodating Wide Bus Dynamic Current”. Proceedings of the C SEE，V ol.26, No.19: pp.160-164, 2007.
[3] Qian Zheng. “Power Supply for High V oltage Circuit of Active Electronic Current Transformer”. High V oltage Apparatus.，V ol.40,No.2：pp.135-138, 2004.
[4] Zhenquan Sun，Xuefeng Zhao，Hongwei Gu，Yanming Li. “A new design of power supply for electronic current or voltage transformer”.Proceedings of International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, 2009.7, B22:1-4.
[5] Wu Jintao, Sheng Gelai, Zeng Yi, Jiang Xiuchen. “Power supply design
of monitoring device used in Transmission line on-line”. Power Supply
Technology，No.2: pp.33-35, 2009.
5外文翻译2：
软件设计的数字电源基于实验室Windows/CVI
文摘——数字电源系统软件,它是基于实验室的Windows/CVI,在本文介绍了。此外,特定需求的数字电源半实物仿真系统的某导弹还描述了。该软件成功地管理电源参数,通过图表自动提供电源和指定的参数，完成某些导弹半物理仿真的有效子系统。
关键词-实验室Windows /CVI;数字电源;软件设计。
一、介绍
应用程序环境的现代导弹系统越来越复杂，控制精度要求非常严格[1]。分析导弹在复杂应用中的属性,一种特殊的陀螺仪转盘数字电源系统是必要的，导弹往往通过不同的工作条件,可以模拟由陀螺仪在半物理仿真状态进行性能评估[2.3]。实验表明,该准确性和稳定性的控制的主要因素是陀螺仪误差,所以数字电源应具有稳定的频率,稳定阶段和低谐波失真[4]。同时,也包含足够的输出功率,长期操作能力和强大的抗干扰能力。
数字电源系统,满足半物理仿真的需求和性能评价,集成了计算机技术,现场总线技术[5]和完整的数字控制技术[6]。在软件系统里,控制程序在主机电脑使用的语言是实验室开发的Windows /CVI的语言,它的充分的优势是有利的人机交互界面和丰富的库函数[9]。数据存储和显示连同主机和客户之间的通信计算机实现了串行端口功能。在另一个方面,分机是由嵌入式C语言开发,高效收集工作数据和实时处理消息都能做到最好[10、12]。该系统可以在半实物仿真系统的集成,实现测试参数管理、自动接通电源的进入和图表的数据显示。
A、系统的发展要求
根据半物理仿真实验测试步骤和性能评估的要求,数字电源系统特点如下：
一个通道的交流电(AC短路）为36 v,负载能力2A,选择频率:400赫兹or1000Hz；
5
2010年国际会议上测量技术和机电一体化的自动化
Xudan Xu
School of Automation Science and Electrical
Engineering, Beihang University
Haidian, Beijing, China
Email: xxd@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a714756234.html,
Tianpeng Yu, Yue Ma
Shanxi North Huifeng Machinery & Electronics
Co. Ltd
Changzhi, Shanxi, China
Email: fbi304@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a714756234.html,
一个通道区域的库仑(DC短路)打开电源,固定不同的速率；
一个通道的直流电源打开,固定值27 v；
四个频道的正负电源,负载能力3A。
系统的总体结构如图1所示。
系统应该有专门的技术特点如下,以满足在半物理仿真实验中的模拟要求和实现高度确信的根据以上特性和功能要求的系统。
图1 数字电源结构块
自动进展开机和关机；
开机和关机的过程,可以必要时被人力干扰；
当过流,过压,过热时应完善措施；
控制和监测,实现了由高度可靠的申请总线、监控固定功率值,电流输出和电压输出；
自动信息处理。
B.发展要求的系统软件
基于上述要求一起发展其他的半物理仿真试验及有关电路实验要求,软件的数字电源应该符合函数如下:
参数配置:初始化串口,相关在某种实验中在每个通道预先安排电压值和频率值；选择负载电源:相关的某种实验中选择一个特定的负载电源,例如,电动工具供应正负电源；
自动/手动解锁:选择自动/手动模式来执行三相接通电源的电压,负载电流测试和打开电源接通电源；
自动/手动锁定:选择自动/手动模式来执行解锁功率供应切断电源,反馈电压测试,直流与交流供电断电；
网络连接:实现远程控制该系统的功能；
数据显示:把收集的数据图表保存并显示；
自测:监控操作的状态系统。
二、软件的结构
该系统以“控制执行”结构来智能化管理。软件开发的控制在主机上(工业计算机),软件开发的执行在分机上(单片机)。指令之间的沟通信实现主机和分机预定协议。这个结构执行硬件的分离控制程序,因为大多数实验室Windows /CVI舒适的人机交互接口的特点和简单可操作性,所以可以充分地利用硬件[9]。与此同时,模块化设计也使控制软件和执行软件可能被分开开发和调试,这样调试软件和耗尽功能可能更容易。
A、实现软件执行
这部分由嵌入式c语言进行软件开发。客人电脑读取控制指令发送给主机,然后通过检查串口及时的保存在FIFO。同时,它在FIFO中读取指令定时中断,然后控制硬件来执行,收集到的数据发送到主机电脑。这部分的结构显示在图2。
确保输出精度的三相功率供应,交流输出是完全控制另一个单片机(单片机2)。该芯片不断收到客人电脑的指令(频率振幅值)并且随时间输出相应的电压值。
B 、实现软件控制
这部分软件由美国国家仪器(NI短路)的实验室Windows /CVI通过舒适的人机交互界面开发的。图3显示了操作界面的控制软件。实验室的Windows/CVI是一种面向对象的开发语言。每个在前面控制的平面是指一段代码,基本操作方式是点击控制,然后执行代码[8]。基于这种模式,控制程序有一个“等待用户的命令,判断命令和根据命令发送控制指令”的结构。为不同的命令有七个完全相应的性能的进展。具体结构如图4。在所有的命令中，数据收集是由软件定时实现，其他命令来实现相应的功能转移。
软件运行前,用户首先在“参数配置”平面配置所有的参数。如果给出错误的命令,软件限制所有的值范围和精度值，这样减少犯错误的机会。
图2 执行软件结构模块
图3 控制软件操作界面
图4 控制程序结构块
考虑到实际负载连接随不同的测试任务,测试参数是不同的。这得为电力供应渠道做出选择。根据具体测试要求选择某些特殊渠道。点击“自动/手动解锁”按钮接
施工组织设计外文翻译
摘要： 建筑工程在施工过程中，施工组织方案的优劣不仅直接影响工程的质量，对工期及施工过程中的人员安全也有重要影响。施工组织是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要技术经济文件。能调节施工中人员、机器、原料、环境、工艺、设备、土建、安装、管理、生产等矛盾,要对施工组织设计进行监督和控制,才能科学合理的保证工程项目高质量、低成本、少耗能的完成。 关键词： 项目管理施工组织方案重要性 施工组织设计就是对工程建设项目整个施工过程的构思设想和具体安排，是施工组织管理工作的核心和灵魂。其目的是使工程速度快、质量好、效益高。使整个工程在施工中获得相对的最优效果。 1．编制施工组织设计重要性的原因 建筑工程及其施工具有固定性与流动性、多样性与单件性、形体庞大与施工周期长这三对特点。所以，每一建筑工程的施工都必须进行施工组织设计。这是因为：其它一般工业产品的生产都有着自己固定的、长期适用的工厂。而建筑施工具有流动性的特点，不可能建立这样的工厂，只能是当每一个建筑工程施工时，建立一个相应的、临时性的，如同工厂作用性质的施工现场准备，即工地。施工单件性特点与施工流动性特点，决定了每一建筑工程施工都要选择相应的机具和劳动力组织。选择施工方法、拟定施工技术方案及其劳动力组织和机具配置，统称为施工作业能力配置。施工周期的特点，决定了各种劳动力、机具和众多材料物资技术的供应时间也比较长，这就产生了与施工总进度计划相适应的物资技术的施工组织设计内容。由此可见，施工组织设计在项目管理中是相当重要的。 2．施工组织设计方案的重要性 建筑产品作为一种商品，在项目管理中工程质量在整个施工过程中起着极其重要的作用。工程建设项目的施工组织设计与其工程造价有着密切的关系。施工组织设计基本的内容有：工程概况和施工条件的分析、施工方案、施工工艺、施工进度计划、施工总平面图。还有经济分析和施工准备工作计划。其中,施工方案及施工工艺的确定更为重要,如:施工机械的选择、水平运输方法的选择、土方的施工方法及主体结构的施工方法和施工工艺的选择等等,均直接影响着工程预算价格的变化。在保证工程质量和满足业主使用要求及工期要求的前提下,优化施工方案及施工工艺是控制投资和降低工程项目造价的重要措施和手段。 2.1施工组织方案在很大程度上影响着工程质量，因此合理的施工组织方案不仅是确保工程顺利完成的基础，也是工程安全的依据。施工组织设计是建筑工
建筑类外文文献及中文翻译
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
动画论文外文翻译
外文文献翻译 2.5.1译文：看电影的艺术 1930年代中期，沃尔特·迪斯尼才明确以动画电影娱乐观众的思想，动画片本身才成为放映主角（不再是其他剧情片的搭配）。于1937年下半年首映的动画片《白雪公主与七个小矮人》为动画片树立了极高的标准，至今任然指导着动画艺术家们。1940年，这一年作为迪斯尼制片厂的分水岭，诞生了《木偶奇遇记》和《幻想曲>。这些今天成为经典的作品在接下来的二十年中被追随效仿，产生了一系列广受欢迎的动画娱乐作品。包括《小飞象》，《灰姑娘》，《爱丽丝漫游仙境》，《彼得·潘》，《小姐与流浪儿》，他们的故事通常源自广为人知的文学故事。这些影片最不好的地方在于它们似乎越来越面向小观众。 在1966年第四你去死后，他的制片厂继续制作手绘动画影片，但是创作能量衰减，公司转而专注于著作真人是拍电影。然而1989年，对于我们所有孩子来说，动画《小美人鱼》赋予了迪士尼新的生命活力（就像animation这个词本身的定义一样——使有生命活力），从该片开始，出现了一系列令人惊叹不已的音乐动画片。两年后，《美女与野兽》问世，塔尔在制作过程中利用了计算机作为传统手绘技术的辅助手段，这部影片获得了奥斯卡最佳电影奖提名，它是第一部获此殊荣的动画片。更好的还在后面，就想着两部影片一样，后面紧接着出现的众多优秀作品——包括《狮子王》，《阿拉丁》，《花木兰》——延续了迪士尼的经典传统：大胆醒目的视觉效果、精致的剧本，以及我们在所有伟大的电影中，不管是动画还是其他类型中都能找到的普适性主题和出乎意料之处。迪士尼的新版《幻想曲》，又被称为《幻想曲2000》，把原版中的部分片段与新的创作部分糅合在一起。（而且，按照迪士尼管理层的说法，该片是首部在IMAX巨幕影院首映的剧情长片。） 亨利·塞利克执导了蒂姆·波顿出品的两部影片，即《圣诞惊魂夜》和《飞天巨桃历险记》——前者是一部完全原创的定格动画，影片画面有时渗透着无限的恐惧，后者改编自罗纳德·达尔的畅销儿童书，该影片以真人实景拍摄开始。《飞天巨桃历险记》对暴力画面和重大恐惧（比如说，离弃）的表达和处理毫无掩饰，表达的真实感受对成人来说和对儿童一样生动鲜明，而蒂姆·波顿的影片《僵尸新娘》，仅仅从名字上就已经显示出影片内容和该幽默表达的“成人”特
土木工程外文文献翻译
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
建筑学毕业专业外文翻译文献doc资料
本科毕业设计（外文翻译） 题目居住区交往空间规划与设计 院（系部）xxx学院 专业名称xx 年级班级xx 学生姓名xx 指导教师xx xx 年xx 月x 日 Planning and Design of Association Space of residential District
Xia dong liang 【Abstract】:The association space refers to the indoor and outdoor space for communication between residents.The article presents an overall discussion of the necessity，hierarchy and functionality of association space,with a wish to create positive and healthy association atmosphere and stimulate good communication among residents so that the residential area can become a homeland full of love and harmony． 【Keyword】:residential area；association space；necessity；hierarchy；Functionality 【Foreword】：As the housing system reform and the rapid development of real estate, urban residential areas large urban settlements have emerged on the layout of residential buildings, public buildings, public green space, life and living facilities such as roads, to provide urban residents live in the community and The establishment, is an integral part of the city. Exchanges between the living room area residents is to communicate and exchange of indoor and outdoor space. At this stage, people's living standards greatly improved the living environment of continuous improvement district. Developers should not only focus on residential construction and the reasonable comfort, paying greater attention to the construction of residential environment. However, the current environment in the construction of residential areas, they are often the natural ecology of greening the environment is much more to consider, and the promotion of exchanges between the residents of the space environment to consider less, environmental construction can not meet the occupants of the psychological characteristics and needs. From the basic physiological needs gradually to meet the psychological and cultural fields of promoting a higher level, the residential area is not only the function of living, but also people's thinking and feelings of the local exchange. Therefore, the strengthening of exchanges between the residential areas of space construction, increase residential neighbourhood affinity, should be developed in the planning and construction of residential areas should also consider the issue. How to conduct exchanges between the residential areas of space planning and design, improve people's quality of life, the author of his own real estate development
工程管理专业毕业设计外文翻译(外文+翻译)
Study on Project Cost Control of Construction Enterprises By: R. Max Wideman Abstract With the increasing maturity of construction market, the competition between construction enterprises is becoming fierce. The project profit is gradually decreasing. It demands that all construction enterprises enhance their cost control, lower costs, improve management efficiency and gain maximal profits. This paper analyses the existing problems on project cost control of Chinese construction enterprises, and proposes some suggestions to improve project cost control system. Key Words ：Construction enterprises, Project management, Cost control After joining the WTO, with Chinese construction market becoming integrated, the competition among architectural enterprises is turning more intense. Construction enterprises must continually enhance the overall competitiveness if they want to develop further at home and abroad construction market. Construction Enterprises basically adopt the "project management-centered" model, therefore, it is particularly important to strengthen project cost control. 1.The Current Domestic Project Cost Classification and Control Methods Cost refers to the consumption from producing and selling of certain products, with the performance of various monetary standing for materialized labor and labor-consuming. Direct and indirect costs constitute the total cost, also known as production cost or manufacturing cost. Enterprise product cost is the comprehensive indicator to measure enterprise quality of all aspects. It is not only the fund compensation scale, but also the basis to examine the implementation of cost plan. Besides, it can provide reference for product pricing According to the above-mentioned definition and current domestic cost classification, construction project cost can be divided into direct costs and indirect costs. Direct costs include material cost, personnel cost, construction machinery cost, material transportation cost, temporarily facility cost, engineering cost and other direct cost. Indirect costs mainly result from project management and company's cost-sharing, covering project operating costs (covering the commission of foreign projects), project's management costs (including exchange losses of
外文文献—动画
Animation Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods. Early examples An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion. Five images sequence from a vase found in Iran A 5,000 year old earthen bowl found in Iran.It has five images of a goat painted along the sides. This has been claimed to be an example of early animation. However, since no equipment existed to show the images in motion, such a series of images cannot be called animation in a true sense of the word. A Chinese zoetrope-type device had been
施工组织设计外文翻译
XXXXXXXXX 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 学生姓名： 院（系）： 专业班级： 指导教师： 完成日期：
施工组织设计的重要性 摘要： 建筑工程在施工过程中，施工组织方案的优劣不仅直接影响工程的质量，对工期及施工过程中的人员安全也有重要影响。施工组织是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要技术经济文件。能调节施工中人员、机器、原料、环境、工艺、设备、土建、安装、管理、生产等矛盾,要对施工组织设计进行监督和控制,才能科学合理的保证工程项目高质量、低成本、少耗能的完成。 关键词： 项目管理施工组织方案重要性 施工组织设计就是对工程建设项目整个施工过程的构思设想和具体安排，是施工组织管理工作的核心和灵魂。其目的是使工程速度快、质量好、效益高。使整个工程在施工中获得相对的最优效果。 1.编制施工组织设计重要性的原因 建筑工程及其施工具有固定性与流动性、多样性与单件性、形体庞大与施工周期长这三对特点。所以，每一建筑工程的施工都必须进行施工组织设计。这是因为：其它一般工业产品的生产都有着自己固定的、长期适用的工厂。而建筑施工具有流动性的特点，不可能建立这样的工厂，只能是当每一个建筑工程施工时，建立一个相应的、临时性的，如同工厂作用性质的施工现场准备，即工地。施工单件性特点与施工流动性特点，决定了每一建筑工程施工都要选择相应的机具和劳动力组织。选择施工方法、拟定施工技术方案及其劳动力组织和机具配置，统称为施工作业能力配置。施工周期的特点，决定了各种劳动力、机具和众多材料物资技术的供应时间也比较长，这就产生了与施工总进度计划相适应的物资技术的施工组织设计内容。由此可见，施工组织设计在项目管理中是相当重要的。 2.施工组织设计方案的重要性 建筑产品作为一种商品，在项目管理中工程质量在整个施工过程中起着极其重要的作用。工程建设项目的施工组织设计与其工程造价有着密切的关系。施工组织设计基本的内容有：工程概况和施工条件的分析、施工方案、施工工艺、施工进度计划、施工总平面图。还有经济分析和施工准备工作计划。其中,施工方案及施工工艺的确定更为重要,如:施工机械的选择、水平运输方法的选择、土方的施工方法及主体结构的施工方法和施工工艺的选择等等,均直接影响着工程预算价格的变化。在保证工程质量和满足业主使用要求及工期要求的前提下,优化施工方案及施工工艺是控制投资和降低工程项目造价的重要措施和手段。 2.1施工组织方案在很大程度上影响着工程质量，因此合理的施工组织方案 不仅是确保工程顺利完成的基础，也是工程安全的依据。施工组织设计是建筑工程设计文件的重要组成部分，是编制工程投资概预算的主要依据和编制招投标文件的
建筑学专业毕业设计方案外文翻译二44
毕业设计英文资料翻译 Tran slati on ofthe En glish Docume nts for Graduati on Desig n 课题名称_____________________________________ 院< 系）_____________________________________ 专业 _____________________________________ 姓名 _____________________________________ 学号 _____________________________________ 起讫日期 _____________________________________ 指导教师 _____________________________________ 2018 年2月25日 原文: Abstract：Gree n buildi ng refers to do its best to maximize con servati on of resources (en ergy, land, water, and wood> , protecti ng the environment and reduce polluti on in its life cycle. Provide people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. Idescribed more details of green building design ' notion, green building ' design, as well as the sig ni fica nee of the con
土木工程专业外文文献及翻译
（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：
英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the
日本动漫产业发展趋势外文翻译
日本动漫产业发展趋势外文翻译 本科毕业论文外文翻译 外文题目: Japan Animation Industry Trends 出处:JETRO Japan Economic Monthly, June 2005 作者:Japanese Economy Division译文: 日本动漫产业发展趋势 日本动画不仅在日本,同时在海外也备受关注。在扩大电影,电视和录像的国内市场后,日本动画电影制作人的视线也已经转向海外市场。与此同时,在电影制作多元化筹资方式的方面已出现新的发展。在此背景下,日本动漫产业正在努力处理某些人力资源的技能短缺,国内电影生产基地缩减和扩大海外业务的挑战。 1、市场概述 2004年日本动画市场。2004年在日本会谈的亚洲动画市场是吉卜力工作室红极一时的《哈尔的移动城堡》工作室在三年内的第一个新版本,将在11月开幕。导演宫崎骏的著作在短短44天超过了10万观众,比在日本的任何电影都快。此后其受欢迎程度不断,观众上升到1423.0万,截至到3月8日,打破标志的是宫崎骏的《魔法公主》,并将它放在日本电影史上的第两位。现在的问题是如何关闭由《千与千寻》在日本创下的所有的2350万的时间纪录。2005年6月开始《哈尔的移动城堡》也将在韩国和其他国家,包括美国60多个城市放映。 市场环境。日本动画(“动漫”)已被赞誉为始祖,日本的文化和内容,对所谓的程度,这是世界范围内的“Japanimation。”导演押井守的动画电影《无辜
的人》2004年在第57届戛纳电影节上被提名。《纯真》是到《攻壳机动队》(1995)的续集,在美国的Billboard影片排行榜上名列第一。宫崎骏的《千与千寻》2003年在第75届奥斯卡奖项上荣获奥斯卡动画长片奖,同时在2002年柏林电影节金熊奖上再次获奖和证明日本是生产世界一流动画的国家。据说许多美国和亚洲动画师想要制作日本的动漫作品,这表明日本动画被领先的专业人士认可。《千与千寻》的商业成功,同时表明在全球公众的日本动漫的优点和国际竞争力。世界已经明确看好日本动漫具有巨大的商业潜力。 尽管如此,业界还没有转移的态势,足以应付海外的一致好评。展望未来,日本动漫产业不仅要扩大海外,它也必须制定必要的生产/配送系统和人员,利用对动画片和其他内容的全球商业机会。事实上生产系统已经成立,但业内人士仍然具有在国内/海外发行和权利上有许多突出的弱点,如在一般的国际许可和业务专长。在发展领域的人员,动画师没有一个适当的高社会地位,所以对其他行业和国家,例如人员外流,已成为一个大问题。 2、多变的市场规模 日本国内的动漫市场大致可分为三类: 正片长度的电影 电视节目 上述视频和DVD两个版本外,还有原作品 据媒体发展研究所透露,在2003年日本的动漫市场销售额下降了10.4%至一千九百十二亿日元,包括动画电影的票房收入,电视动画制作费,销售、出租录像带和DVD产品的利润。这是在两年内(图1)的首次下降。在2001年和2002年实现实质性成果主要是由于2001年《千与千寻》成功的票房(30.4亿日元)然
工业工程英文文献及外文翻译
附录 附录1：英文文献 Line Balancing in the Real World Abstract:Line Balancing (LB) is a classic, well-researched Operations Research (OR) optimization problem of significant industrial importance. It is one of those problems where domain expertise does not help very much: whatever the number of years spent solving it, one is each time facing an intractable problem with an astronomic number of possible solutions and no real guidance on how to solve it in the best way, unless one postulates that the old way is the best way .Here we explain an apparent paradox: although many algorithms have been proposed in the past, and despite the problem’s practical importance, just one commercially available LB software currently appears to be available for application in industries such as automotive. We speculate that this may be due to a misalignment between the academic LB problem addressed by OR, and the actual problem faced by the industry. Keyword:Line Balancing, Assembly lines, Optimization
建筑外文文献及翻译
外文原文 Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of Projects Lin Jingjing , Zhou Guohua SchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the a ffecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority . 1.INTRODUCTION More and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have