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Smart absorbing property of composites with MWCNTs and carbonyl iron as the filler

Smart absorbing property of composites with MWCNTs and carbonyl

iron as the?ller

Yonggang Xu,Liming Yuan,Jun Cai,Deyuan Zhang n

Bionic and Micro/Nano/Bio Manufacturing Technology Research Center,School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation,Beihang University,Beijing

100191,China

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:

Received21June2012

Received in revised form

12April2013

Available online23April2013

Keywords:

Smart materials

Absorbing materials

Re?ection loss

Carbonyl iron

MWCNTs

a b s t r a c t

A smart absorbing composite was prepared by mixing silicone rubber,multi-walled carbon nanotubes

(MWCNTs)and?aky carbonyl iron particles(CIPs)in a two-roll mixer.The complex permittivity and

permeability of composites with variable compression strain was measured by the transmission method

and dc electric conductivity was measured by the standard four-point contact method,then the re?ection

loss(RL)could be calculated to evaluate the microwave absorbing ability.The results showed that the

applied compression strain made the complex permittivity decrease but not obviously due to the broken

original conductive network.The enforcement of the strain on the complex permeability was attributed to

the orientation of?aky CIPs.With the compressing strain applied on the composites with thickness1mm

or1.5mm,the RL value decreased(minimum?13.2dB and?25.1dB)and the absorbing band(RL o

?10dB)was widened(5.2–10.6GHz and4.0–8.4GHz).While as the composite thickness decreased caused

by the compression strain,the RL value still decreased(minimum?12.4dB and?18.6dB)and the

absorbing band was also broadened(6.5–10.7GHz and4.4–10.0GHz).Thus the smart absorbing property

was effective on preparing absorbers with wide absorption band and high absorption ratio.

1.Introduction

The emerged electromagnetic interference(EMI)and electro-

magnetic compatibility(EMC)problems have attracted people's

attention.Fabricating absorbing materials provides an effective

way to overcome these problems due to their attenuation on

microwave energy.The metal ferromagnetic particles have been

extensively studied as absorbents due to the unique dielectric and

magnetic properties.Recently many researchers gradually pay

more attention to the carbon/metal hybrid material especially

the MWCNTs,such as CNTs/CoFe2O4[1],raw MWCNTs/Fe catalyst

[2],Fe/CNTs[3],etc.These absorbents have a superior absorbing

property caused by the dielectric loss property of carbonous

materials and magnetic loss property of the metal absorbents.

However,the wide use of these hybrid composites is limited for

the complicated technological conditions,preparation processes

and rare production.Nowadays,it is well accepted that a good

absorbing material should satisfy two important conditions:

(1)the intrinsic impedance of the absorbing materials is made

equal to that of the free space(matching characteristics),and(2)

the incident electromagnetic(EM)wave must enter and get rapidly

attenuated through the material layer(attenuation characteristics).

The promising absorbing materials should be in thin thickness,wide

absorption band,light weight and high absorption ratio,but the

conventional absorbing materials are often limited due to the

electromagnetic characteristics of the absorbent.For example,in

order to achieve a thin thickness with wide absorption ratio,the

volume content of the absorbent should increase which made the

composite density enlarged simultaneously.While to attain a high

absorption ratio and a wide absorption band with constant volume

content of the absorbent,the thickness should be increased usually.

So,in order to achieve an excellent absorbing property,the fabri-

cation process of the absorber was gradually taken into account.

Previous research had reported that the orientation of the absorbents

could improve the permittivity and permeability of the composites

[4–6].Therefore,preparing the piezo-absorbing composites could be

a practicable way to enhance the microwave absorbing property of

the absorbers due to the variable conductivity,dielectric and

magnetic constant,which were sensitive to the loaded pressure.

The piezo-resistive property of rubber composites(MWCNTs/rubber

composites[7],carbon black/rubber composites[8],etc.)had been

studied previously as well as their dielectric properties.At the same

time,mixing carbonous materials and ferromagnetic metals could

also improve the absorbing property of the metal/rubber absorbers

[2,6,9].Therefore,given the viscoelastic property of the rubber

composite,mixing CNTs and ferromagnetic metals might be an

ef?cient way to prepare smart absorbing composites of good

performance under the compressing load.

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

journal homepage:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/af16183752.html,/locate/jmmm

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/af16183752.html,/10.1016/j.jmmm.2013.04.051

n Corresponding author.Tel./fax:+8601082316603.

E-mail address:zhangdy@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/af16183752.html,(D.Zhang).

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials343(2013)239–244

The objective of this work is to prepare smart absorbers with the MWCNTs and?aky CIPs as the?ller,and the main focus was on the electromagnetic property of the absorbers with the loaded strain.

2.Experiment

2.1.Materials preparation

Methyl vinyl silicone rubber was used as the matrix and2,5-dimethyl hexane was used as vulcanized assistants,and both were supplied by LaiZhou Jintai Silicon Industry Co.Ltd.,China.Raw commercial?aky CIPs were supplied by Shenyang Hangda Tech-nology Co.Ltd.,China,which were fabricated by a mechanical milling process using the spherical CIPs.The MWCNTs were purchased from Anhui Gold Sun Nano Techonology Co.Ltd.,China. The average diameter of spherical CIPs was3μm,the diameter of ?aky CIPs was about5μm and the thickness was about0.5μm, diameter of the MWCNTs was10–30nm with length1–2μm.The morphology of the two particles is shown in Fig.1.

As more MWCNTs or CIPs added to the silicone rubber,the elasticity of the absorbing rubber composites would decrease. So,in order to maintain a proper elasticity,0.5wt%MWCNTs relative to the silicone rubber weight and45vol%?aky CIPs relative to the silicone rubber were chosen in the experiment.As a result,the elasticity could be guaranteed,which would be convenient for the EM parameter testing experiment.The silicone rubber and the two absorbents were mixed in a two-roll mixer,the MWCNTs were added to the silicone rubber?rstly,and then the vulcanized assistants and?aky CIPs were added.The uniform dispersion could be ensured for the mixer led a shearing force on the mixture which could overcome the intermolecular van der Waals force of the particles[10,11].The standard testing sample for complex permittivity and permeability measurements was a toroidal shape with outer diameter7.0mm,inner diameter 3.04mm and thickness4mm.In order to measure the two parameters of composites with variable compressing strains,the inner diameter of the prepared samples was established3.04mm, three different outer diameters less than the standard outer diameter7mm were selected,and the corresponding thickness was established to maintain the same volume with the standard sample.The nominal strain relative to the standard sample was established as the ratio of the reduction thickness to the original thickness of each testing sample.The feature size of each testing sample is shown in Table1.Then all the samples were vulcanized at1801C under pressure10MPa for5min on a vulcanizing machine.2.2.Testing method

The morphology of the particles was observed using a scanning electron microscope(SEM CamScan CS-3400).The dc electric conductivity was measured on pressed rectangular of the compo-sites prepared at room temperature by the standard four-point contact method.The effective complex dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability of the absorbing composites were mea-sured using the transmission method with an AV3627vector network analyzer and coaxial transmission line in the frequency range of4–12GHz.Then the calculated RL could be established,for a single-layer absorbing material,the RL of normal incident EM wave at the absorber surface is given by[12]:

RL?20lg jeZ in?Z0T=eZ intZ0Tje1T

Z in?

???????????????????????

μrμ0=eεrε0T

tan he2πdj

?????????

μrεr

p=λTe2T

where Z in is the normalized input impedance of the microwave absorbing composites,Z0?

????????????

μ0=ε0

?120πΩis the intrinsic impe-dance of free space,εr,μr andε0,μ0are complex permittivity and complex permeability of absorption materials and free space, respectively,λis the microwave wavelength,and d is the thickness of the absorbing composite.

3.Results and discussion

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/af16183752.html,plex permittivity and permeability of the composites added MWCNTs/CIPs

Fig.2shows the complex permittivity(ε)and complex perme-ability(μ)of the composite with variable strains depending on the frequency.Firstly,the real part of permittivity(ε′)decreased as the compressing strain increased,ε′of the normal composite was the maximum with the average value21,and it decreased to the average value13as the strain reached to20.1%.The imaginary part of the permittivity(ε″)of each composite had a?uctuating changing tendency,but the changing magnitude ofε″with

each

Fig.1.SEM images of the particles,(a)MWCNTs and(b)?aky CIPs.

Table1

Feature size of each testing sample.

Outer diameter(mm)Inner diameter(mm)Thickness(mm)Strain(%)

7.0 3.04 4.00

6.8 3.04 4.30 6.9

6.7 3.04 4.4610.2

6.4 3.04 5.0120.1

Y.Xu et al./Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials343(2013)239–244

240

strain was less than 2.The conductivity testing results showed that the conductivity with each compressing strain was less than 10?5S m,which means that the volume fraction of the added ?ller was much lower than the percolation threshold.For a dielectric loss material,the real part of permittivity is usually in proportion to the conductivity,so the decreased real part of permittivity indicated that the conductivity also decreased.As the compressing strain was applied,the original conductive networks were damaged while new conductive network would be formed.The average distance of each CIPs and MWCNTs was large which made dif ?cult contacts of the CIPs and MWCNTs by edge to edge,and thus the formation of the new conducting networks is hard although the compression force applied on the surface of the composites,the same result could also be found in the previous studies [7,13].Meanwhile,the imaginary part of permittivity was determined by the real part of permittivity and the dielectric loss tangent (ε″=ε′).Fig.3shows the dielectric and magnetic loss tangent of the composite with variable strains depending on the frequency.It could be obtained that the dielectric loss tangent of each sample ?uctuated as the frequency increased,while the maximum value was less than 0.1,and the effect of compressing on the dielectric loss was not monotonous.The dielectric loss mechanism includes the interfacial polarization and orientation polarization.Among the composites with the loaded compression

101112

R e a l p a r t o f p e r m i t t i v i t y

Frequency (GHz)

456

789101112

I m a g i n a r y p a r t o f p e r m i t t i v i t y

Frequency (GHz)

R e a l p a r t o f p e r m e a b i l i t y

Frequency (GHz)

I m a g i n a r y p a r t o f p e r m e a b i l i t y

Fig.2.EM parameters of composites with each strain as a function of frequency,(a)real part of permittivity,(b)imaginary part of permittivity,(c)real part of permeability,and (d)imaginary part of permeability.

101112

Frequency (GHz)D i e l e c t r i c l o s s t a n g e n t

456789101112

M a g n e t i c l o s s t a n g e n t

Frequency (GHz)

Fig.3.Loss tangent of composites with each strain as a function of frequency,(a)dielectric loss tangent and (b)magnetic loss tangent.

Y.Xu et al./Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 343(2013)239–244241

strain,although the orientation of ?aky CIPs and MWCNTs enhanced the orientation polarization,the interfacial polarization of the particles would become weaker due to the damage of the conductive network of the composite.So,the integration effects of the two polarizations became complicated,which resulted in a ?uctuation tendency of dielectric loss tangent as well as the imaginary part of permittivity.

The real part of permeability (μ′)increased at ?rst and then decreased in frequency 4–12GHz as the loaded strain increased.For example,as the compressing strain was 20.1%,μ′increased in frequency 4–5.5GHz and decreased in 5.5–12GHz,the maximum increment was about 1.4at 4GHz,the maximum reduction was about 0.5at 12GHz.While the imaginary part of the permeability (μ″)increased obviously as the compressing strain loaded,the maximum μ″was 4.15,about 2.0times larger than that of the normal composite,which was obtained at 4.8GHz as the compressing strain was 20.1%.Moreover,it could be obtained that the magnetic loss tangent (μ″=μ′)of each sample increased steadily as a function of the frequency.While as the strain increased,the magnetic loss tangent also increased,which meant the effect of the compressing strain on the magnetic loss was monotonous.When the compressing strain was applied to the absorbers,the CIPs or MWCNTs were gradually rearranged into the direction perpendicularity to the direction of applied pressure due to the large free volume and low Young 's module of rubber host,which could be illustrated in Fig.4.As the rubber composite was compressed,the thickness decreased and the outer diameter of the samples enlarged,which could lead a transla-tion and rotation of ?aky CIPs and MWCNTs.In Fig.5,it could be observed that the distribution of the ?aky CIPs was random without strains,and as the compressing strain was loaded,the ?aky CIPs would become oriented.The MWCNTs had nearly an equivalent permeability to the rubber matrix (μ′≈1and μ″≈0),the permeability

of the MWCNTs was irrelevant to the particle shape and distribution,and the interaction effect between the two particles was assumed the same as the particle rotated.Therefore,the composite perme-ability was mainly determined by the ?aky CIPs,and the detailed enforcement mechanism could be explained by the following effective medium mixing rules.

For cases where the ?akes are more densely packed,a modi ?ed Maxwell –Garnett mixing rule was proposed in which an apparent permeability μa was introduced [14]:μef f ?μm tνμa

μi ?μm

μa te1?ν=νc TN x eμi ?μm T

μa ?μm ta eμef f ?μm T

e3T

where νis the volume fraction,N x is the demagnetization factor of the ?akes along the propagation direction of microwave,and N x ?0:8in the paper.μi and μm are the permeability of inclusion and matrix respectively,a is a pending parameter between 0and 1[15],generally speaking μm ?1,and νc is the concentration where a metal –dielectric mixture begins to conduct dc current.When the demagnetization ?eld was in the ?aky plane,the effective perme-ability of the mixture is [5]:μi ?1t

12χp t1

χv cos 2θe4T

where χp and χv are the magnetic susceptibility along the axis parallel and vertical to the ?aky plane respectively,θis the average angle of ?aky particle plane and the testing sample horizontal plane.As the ?aky particle was randomly dispersed,the average value of cos 2θwas 1/3[16],and the loaded strain would enlarge cos 2θdue to the rotation of the ?aky particles.The obtained EM parameters of the normal sample without strain were used to calculate the intrinsic permeability of the spherical CIPs,and the pending parameters a could be ?tted.By calculation,the values of the ?tted parameter cos 2θwere obtained:0.55,0.85and 0.95,a ?0:18and νc ?0:8.Fig.6shows the comparison between the experiment value and the calculation value of the composite permeability with 10.2%strain in frequency 4–12GHz.It could be observed that our curving-?tting results had an excellent agreement with the experiment data over the whole frequency range,and the previous assumption proposed on the interactions between the two particles could also be demonstrated.In addition,the value of cos 2θincreased monotonously as the applied strain increased,which indicated that the de ?ection angle of ?aky particles could increase and the orientation degree was

improved.

Fig.4.The schematic diagram of compression strain on the composites ?lled with

CIPs/MWCNTs.

Fig.5.SEM images of the composites ?lled with CIPs/MWCNTs,(a)in normal condition and (b)under compressing strain.

Y.Xu et al./Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 343(2013)239–244

242

3.2.Absorption property of the composites ?lled with MWCNTs/CIPs The absorption property of the composite was analyzed in two cases.The ?rst was comparing the composite RL with four different compressing strains at constant thickness 1mm or 1.5mm,and the second was comparing the composite RL of different strains with a constant original thickness.As the original thickness was 1mm,the thickness would decrease to 0.93mm,0.91mm and 0.80mm after the compression strains were loaded.While as the original thickness was 1.5mm,the thickness would decrease to 1.40mm,1.35mm and 1.20mm.In the ?rst case,the results could re ?ect the absorption property of each composite with different strains at constant thickness,and in the second case the smart absorption property of the composite would be demonstrated.

The calculated RL of the four samples with constant thickness 1mm and 1.5mm is shown in Fig.7as a function of frequency.It was obviously observed that as the thickness increased to 1.5mm,the matching frequency (f m )of each sample gradually shifted to the lower.For example,the matching frequency of the normal composite was 8.5GHz at 1mm and 5.3GHz at 1.5mm.It was in accordance with the following equation [17]:f m ?c e1ttan 2δμ=8T=e4d m

????????j μεj p T

e5T

where c denotes the light velocity in free space,tan δu denotes the magnetic loss tangents,d m is the matching thickness.So,the increased d m resulted in decreasing f m for each composite.And as d m was a constant,the larger j μεj made a lower f m .The loaded

strain made εdecrease and μincrease in frequency 4–12GHz;however,the changing magnitude of j μεj was not obviously,which made the f m changed slightly (nearly 8.5GHz and 5.1GHz at thickness 1mm and 1.5mm respectively).With the same thick-ness,the composites under the applied strain had a better absorption property than the normal composite.The minimum RL decreased from ?10.4dB to ?13.2dB at thickness 1mm and from ?15.3dB to ?25.1dB at thickness 1.5mm.The minimum RL could be obtained at the matching frequency in the experiment.As the frequency increased to the matching frequency,the RL decreased,then RL would increase at the frequency larger than f m .So the matching frequency determined the absorbing band,and the frequency band of RL less than ?10dB was widened from 7.9–9.4GHz to 5.2–10.6GHz at thickness 1mm and from 4.3–7.0GHz to 4.0–8.4GHz at 1.5mm,which meant that 90%micro-wave energy was attenuated in the absorbers.

The calculated RL of composites under the various strains with original thickness 1mm and 1.5mm is shown in Fig.8.In the second condition,the original thickness of the composites was constant,as the compressing strain increased,the thickness decreased,f m shifted to the higher frequency because j μεj did not changed obviously.As the original thickness was 1mm,the composite RL decreased as 6.9%and 20.1%strain applied,the minimum RL ?12.4dB could be obtained at 8.8GHz as 6.9%strain was loaded,the frequency band (RL o ?10dB)could be also widened (6.5–10.7GHz).While as the original thickness was 1.5mm,all the loaded compression strains could enhance the absorbing property,the minimum RL ?18.6dB could be obtained at 5.5GHz as 6.9%strain was loaded.The RL decreased nearly 2dB as 6.9%strain applied compared with the normal composite,the mean decreasing value of RL was about 5dB in frequency 7–12GHz as 10.2%or 20.1%strain loaded,and the frequency band (RL o ?10dB)was widened to 4.4–10.0GHz although the thickness decreased from 1.50mm to 1.20mm.

Generally speaking,the existing absorbing property of the composites ?lled with absorbents was mainly caused by the three important factors including the EM parameters,the microwave frequency and the absorber thickness.The absorbing materials ?lled with the CIPs and MWCNTs as the ?ller had a much larger permittivity than the permeability.Therefore,in order to increase the absorption ratio of the composites,we should raise the permeability and reduce the permittivity as the frequency and the thickness were set to be constant.So,the loaded compression strain had a positive effect on impedance matching characteristics and enhanced the absorption property.Thus fabricating the smart absorbing materials was an effective way to prepare absorbers of good performance.Yet the optimized content of the MWCNTs and CIPs in the smart absorbing materials and the detailed interactions

101112

Frequency (GHz)

C o m p l e x p e r m e a b i l i t y

Fig. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/af16183752.html,parison between experiment and calculation on permeability with 10.2%strain.

R L (d B )

Frequency (GHz)

R L (d B )

Frequency (GHz)

Fig.7.RL of composites loaded strains with constant thickness in frequency 4–12GHz,(a)at 1mm and (b)at 1.5mm.

Y.Xu et al./Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 343(2013)239–244243

between the two rearranged particles still need a further research and could be demonstrated in the future work.4.Conclusions

Smart absorbing composites were fabricated by the silicone rubber,CIPs and MWCNTs.The added compressing strain made the complex permittivity decrease but not signi ?cantly due to the broken original conductive network and the less formed new conductive network.The applied strain enforced the complex permeability due to the orientation of ?aky particles.With the compressing strain applied to the composite with thickness 1mm or 1.5mm,the RL decreased and the absorbing band (RL o ?10dB)was widened.While as the composite thickness decreased as the compression strain loaded,the RL value also decreased and the absorbing frequency band also broadened.So the smart absorbing composite had an excellent prospect on fabricating absorbers with wider absorbing band and high absorption ratio.Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no.51275025),the National “863”Project of China (Grant no.2009AA043804),the Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of PR China (Grant no.2007B32)and the Innovation Foundation of BUAA for Ph.D.graduates.References

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Frequency (GHz)R L (d B )

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Frequency (GHz)

R L (d B )

Fig.8.RL of composites loaded strains with original thickness in frequency 4–12GHz,(a)at 1mm and (b)at 1.5mm.

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必修4单词表 Unit 1 achievement n. 成就；功绩 △Joan of Arc 圣女贞德（法国民族女英雄） △Elizabeth Fry 伊丽莎白?弗赖伊（英国慈善家） △Quaker n. 教友派信徒；贵格会会员 welfare n. 福利；福利事业 project n. 项目；工程；规划 institute n. 学会；学院；协会 △China Welfare Institute 中国福利基金会 specialist n. 专家；专业工作者 △specialize vi. 专攻；专门从事；专注于 △Jane Goodall 简?古道尔 (英国动物学家) △chimp n. （非洲）黑猩猩 connection n. 连接；关系 human being 人类 △Jody Williams 乔迪?威廉斯（美国诺贝尔和平奖得者） campaign n. 运动；战役 vi. 作战；参加运动 △landmine n. 地雷 organization n. 组织；机构；团体 △Gombe National Park 贡贝国家公园 (位于坦桑尼亚) behave vt. & vi. 举动；（举止或行为）表现 behaviour (=behavior) 行为；举止；习性 shade n. 荫；阴凉处 vt. 遮住光线 move off 离开；起程；出发 worthwhile adj. 值得的；值得做的 nest n. 巢；窝 bond n. 联系；关系；结合；纽带 observe vt. 观察；观测；遵守 observation n. 观察；观测 childhood n. 童年；幼年时代 outspoken adj. 直言的；坦诚 respect vt. & n. 尊敬；尊重；敬意 argue vt. & vi. 讨论；辩论；争论

(完整版)最新整理：人教版高中英语单词表

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jewish 犹太人的 German 德国的 Nazi 纳粹党人 set down 记下，放下，登记 series 连续，系列 a series of 一连串的，一系列，一套 Kitty 基蒂 outdoors 在户外，在野外 spellbind (spellbound,spellbound) 迷住，迷惑on purpose 故意 in order to 为了 dusk 黄昏，傍晚 at dusk 在黄昏时刻 thunder 打雷，雷鸣 entire 整个的，完全的，全部的 entirely 完全地，全然地，整个地 power 能力，力量，权力 face to face 面对面地 curtain 窗帘，门帘，幕布 dusty 积满灰尘的 no longer/not any longer 不再 partner 伙伴，合作者，合伙人

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power n. 能力；力量；权力 face to face 面对面地 curtain n. 窗帘；门帘；幕布 dusty adj. 积满灰尘的 no longer/not…any longer 不再……partner n. 伙伴；合作者；合伙人settle vi. 安家；定居；停留 vt. 使定居；安排；解决 suffer vt. & vi. 遭受；忍受；经历suffer from 遭受；患病 △loneliness n. 孤单；寂寞 highway n. 公路；大路 recover vi. & vt. 痊愈；恢复；重新获得get/be tired of 对……厌烦 pack vi. & vt. 捆扎；包装；打行李 n. 小包；包裹 pack (sth) up 将（东西）装箱打包suitcase n. 手提箱；衣箱 △Margot n. 玛戈（女名） Overcoat n. 大衣；外套 teenager n. 十几岁的青少年 get along with 与……相处；进展 △gossip vi. & n. 闲话；闲谈 fall in love 相爱；爱上 exactly adv. 确实如此；正是；确切地disagree vi. 不同意 grateful adj. 感激的；表示谢意的dislike n. & vt. 不喜欢；厌恶 join in 参加；加入 tip n. 提示；技巧；尖；尖端；小费vt. 倾斜；翻倒 △secondly adv. 第二；其次 swap vt. 交换 item n. 项目；条款 Unit 2 △subway n. 地下人行道；<美>地铁elevator n. 电梯；升降机 petrol n. <英>汽油（=<美>gasoline）gas n. 汽油；气体；煤气；毒气official adj. 官方的；正式的；公务的

人教版高中英语必修1单词表

Unit 1 survey n. 调查；测验 add up 合计 upset adj．心烦意乱的；不安的；不适的vt.(upset，upset) 使不安；使心烦 ignore vt．不理睬；忽视 calm vt．& vi. (使)平静；(使)镇定 adj．平静的；镇静的；沉着的 calm (...) down (使)平静下来；(使)镇定下来 have got to 不得不；必须 concern vt．(使)担忧；涉及；关系到 n．担心；关注；(利害)关系 be concerned about关心；挂念 walk the dog 遛狗 loose adj．松的；松开的 vet n兽医 go through 经历；经受 set down 记下；放下；登记 series n．连续；系列 a series of一连串的；一系列；一套 outdoors adv．在户外；在野外 spellbind vt．(spellbound，spellbound)迷住；迷惑on purpose故意 in order to为了…… dusk n．黄昏；傍晚 at dusk 在黄昏时刻 thunder vi．打雷；雷鸣 n．雷；雷声 entire adj．整个的；完全的；全部的 entirely adv．完全地；全然地；整个地 power n.．能力；力量；权力 face to face 面对面地 curtain n.窗帘；门帘；幕布 dusty adj．积满灰尘的 no longer not…any longer 不再…… partner n. 伙伴；合作者；合伙人 settle vi．安家；定居；停留 vt．使定居；安排；解决 suffer vt．& vi 遭受；忍受；经历 suffer from 遭受；患病 loneliness n.．孤单；寂寞 highway n．公路；大路 recover vi．& vt．痊愈；恢复；重新获得 get be tired of 对……厌烦 pack vi．& vt．捆扎；包装；打行李n．小包；包裹pack( sth.)up将(东西)装箱打包 suitcase n.．手提箱；衣箱 overcoat n．大衣；外套 teenager n．十几岁的青少年 get along with 与……相处；进展 gossip vi．& n．闲话；闲谈 fall in love 相爱；爱上 exactly adv．确实如此；正是；确切地 disagree vi．不同意 grateful adj．感激的；表示谢意的 dislike n．& vt. 不喜欢；厌恶 join in 参加；加入 tip n．提示；技巧；尖；尖端；小费vt．倾斜；翻倒 secondly adv．第二；其次 swap vt．交换 item n.．项目；条款