专业英语总结
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1.In-class practice 将下面与会议相关词语翻译为汉语
●sponsor赞助者 Cover letter求职信
●organizer组织者 Invitation letter邀请信
●preparatory committee筹备委员会
●organizing committee组织委员会
●contact person联系人 Recommendation Letter推荐信●keynote speaker主旨发言人
●participant与会者
●co-sponsors协办方
●honorary chairman荣誉主席
●program committee程序委员会
●(vice) chairman副主席
●members会员
●executive secretary行政秘书
session chair分会场主席
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●Coffee or tea break with refreshments茶歇
●Dinner晚餐
●Lunch午餐
●Tour and sightseeing观光
●Banquet晚宴
●Reception接待会
●Welcome speech欢迎词
●Opening remarks/address/speech开幕词
●Closing remarks/address/speech闭幕词
●Keynote speech/report主旨发言
●Paper session/paper presentation张贴
●Poster session海报展
●Demonstration说明
●Question and answer period/session问答环节
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机场的英语标识
Airport 飞机场
Airport lounges 机场休息室
Airport shuttle 机场班车
Arrivals 进港
Check-in area（zone）办理登机区
Customers lounges 旅客休息室
Departures 出港
Departure time 离港时间
Departure time on reverse 返航时间
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机场的英语标识
Destination on airport 到达机场
Domestic flight 国内航班
Emergency exit 安全出口
exit/out/way out 出口
arrivals 进站（进港、到达）
Exit to all routes 各通道出口
Flight connections 转机处
Assistance/information/help point(desk)/inquiries 问讯处Left baggage 行李寄存
Lost property 失物招领
Luggage from flight 到港行李
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机场的英语标识
Luggage pick-up/reclaim/ Luggage(baggage) claim 取行李Missing people help line 走失求助热线
Missing, police appeal for assistance
警察提供走失帮助
No smoking except in designated area
除制定区域外，禁止吸烟
customs 海关
Nothing（something）to declare 有（无）报关
Passport control 入境检验
Queue here 在此排队
reclaim belt 取行李传送带
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机场的英语标识
Seserved seating 预定的座位
Return fares 往返机票
Short stay 短暂停留
Stay close 跟紧
international airport 国际机场
domestic airport 国内机场
international terminal 国际候机楼
international/dometic departure 国际/国内班出港
check-in 登机手续办理
boarding pass/card 登机牌
gate/departure gate 登机口
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机场的英语标识
FLT NO（flight number）航班号
arriving form 来自。。。
scheduled time (SCHED) 预计时间
actual 实际时间
landed 已降落
departure to 前往
departure time 起飞时间
delayed 延误
stairs and lifts to departure 由此乘电梯前往登机up/upstairs 由此上楼
down/downstairs 由此下楼
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机场的英语标识
moeny exchange/currency exchange 货币兑换处hotel reservation 订旅馆
luggage locker 行李暂存箱
passport control immigration 护照检查处
transfer passengers 中转旅客
transfer correspondence 中转处
transit 国境
goods to declare 报关物品
Taxi pick-up point 出租车乘车点
coach pick-up point 大轿车乘车点
airline coach service 航空公司汽车服务处
car hire 租车处（旅客自己驾车）
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机场的英语标识
duty- free shop/stores 免税店
luggage tag 行李牌
ticket confirm 机票确认
carrier 承运人（公司）
class （fare basis）座舱等级
nationality 国籍
country of origin(country where you live) 原住地
city where visa was issued 签证签发地
date issue 签发日期
accompanying number 偕行人数
official use only 官方填写
issue date 签发日期
security check 安全检查
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Visa application for entering Canada---工签（work permit工签 student permit学签）
1.经过本人签名的有效护照原件。
2.邀请信：
（1）邀请信原件和复印件各一份。
（2）内容包括：邀请人姓名、单位、地址、电话号码；被邀请人姓名、单位、预定访问日期、停留期限、访问目的以及Bench Fee的明确数额，如无Bench Fee也请于信中注明。
3.工作许可：按照加拿大驻华使馆签证处最新规定，公派访问学者（SPONSORED RESEARCHERS）申请赴加拿大签证需要提供由加拿大内务部（HOME OFFICE）签发的"工作许可"（SPONSORED RESEARCHERS WORK PERMIT）。该工作许可应由加拿大邀请人负责到加拿大内务部申请。该工作许可为必须材料，否则加拿大驻华使馆签证处不予受理。
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说明书常用术语
operational/operating instructions 操作说明书
user's manual 用户手册
major components and functions 主要部件及功能
assembles and controls 各部件及其操作机构
group designation 各类名称
operating flow chart 操作流程图
fine adjustment 微调
coarse adjustment 粗调
direction for use 使用方法
wear-life 抗磨损寿命
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说明书常用术语
high voltage cautions 小心高电压
transportation 搬运，运输
instruction for erection 安装规程
power requirements 电源条件
service condition 工作条件
system diagram 系统示意图
wiring/circuit diagram 线路图
operating voltage 工作电压
factory services 工厂检修服务
specific wearability 磨损率
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说明书常用术语
precautions/cautions 注意事项
measuring range 量程
data book 数据表
Don't cast 勿掷
standard accessories 标准附件
accessories supplied 备用附件
safety factor 安全系数
tested error free 经检验无质量问题
ground/GND terminal 接地端子
earth lead 地线
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说明书常用术语
inflammable 易燃物、防火
keep dry 保持干燥
keep upright 无倒置
To be protected from cold/heat 避免遇冷/热
Use roller （出现在外包装箱上时）移动时使用滚子warranty 保证书
feature 特点
construction 构造
electric system 电气系统
coolant system 冷却系统
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说明书常用术语
test run 试运转
first commissioning 试车
maintenance 维护，维修
dimensions 尺寸
measurement 尺码
lubrication 润滑
inspection 检验
location 安装位置
fix screw 固定螺钉
specification 规格
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说明书常用术语
rated load 额定负载
rate capacity 额定容量
nominal speed 额定马力
Gross/Gr. Wt. 毛重
Net Wt. 净重
fragile 易碎
cutting capacity 加工范围
humidity 湿度
oiling period 加油间隔期
work cycle 工作周期
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合同常用术语和句型
partial shippment 分装
transshipment 转船
insurance 保险
compensation allowance 补偿津贴
claim indemnity 索赔
other terms 其他条款
the engaging/engaged party 聘方/受聘方
expiration of the contract 合同到期
be covered by the seller 由卖方负责
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协议书常用术语和句型
agreement on academic exchange 学术交流协议
co-operation agreement on science and technology
科技合作协议
agreement on production co-operation 生产合作协议agreement on persionnel training 人员培训协议patterns and contents of co-operation 合作方式和内容measures of implementation 执行措施
Sino-foreign joint venture 中外合资
duration of agreement 协议有效期
personnel matters 人员交流
the two sides 双方
technical consulation 技术咨询
financial arrangements 费用安排
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●Optimal control and optimization;最优控制及优化●Process control过程控制
●Stochastic systems随机系统
●Instrumentation systems仪表系统
●Mobile robotics移动式机器人学
●Perception systems感知系统
●Robot sensing and data fusion机器人感知与数据融合
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TOPICs
●Human/Computer Interaction,
●Human/Machine Systems,
●Image Processing,
●Computer Vision,
●Information Assurance and Security,
●Intelligent Communications,
●Intelligent Systems,
●Intelligent Transportation Systems,
●Internet/Electronic Commerce,
●Knowledge Acquisition and Engineering,
●Manufacturing Systems,
●Optimization,
●Pattern Recognition,
●Quality/Reliability & Systems Engineering
●Computational Intelligence,
●Soft Computing, Fuzzy Systems,
●Neuro-Fuzzy Systems,
●Neural Networks (NN),
●Genetic Algorithm (GA),
●Evolutionary Computation (EC),
●Hybrid CI Algorithms,
●DNA Computing,
●Evolutionary Logistics,
●Adaptive Computing Systems,
●Data Mining and Management,
●Decision Support Systems,
●Informatics,
●Environmental Systems,
●Expert and Knowledge Based Systems
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Control and Decision:
●Adaptive control;
●Complex systems and complex network;
●Control applications;
●Control engineering education;
●Co-operative control;
●Decision-making theory and method;
●Decision supporting system;
●Delay systems;
●Discrete event systems;
●Distributed control systems;
●Distributed parameter systems;
●Fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control;
●Fuzzy systems;
●Game theory;
●Hybrid systems;
●Identification and estimation;
●Intelligent systems;
●Knowledge Management and Knowledge Engineering;
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●Management Information Systems and Enterprise Informalization;
●Management of Supply Chain and Logistics;
●Modeling and Optimization of E-Commerce;
●Motion control;
●Networked control systems;
●Neural networks;
●Nonlinear systems;
●Optimal control and optimization;
●Process control;
●Production planning and scheduling;
●Robust and H-infinity control;
●Sensor network systems;
●Social economy systems;
●Variable structure control.
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Automation:
●CIMS and manufacturing systems;
●Factory modeling and simulation;
●Home, laboratory and service automation;
●Instrumentation systems;
●Intelligent automation;
●Man-machine interactions;
●Nano-scale automation and assembly;
●Network-based systems;
●Planning, scheduling and coordination;
●Process automation.
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Robotics:
●Human centered systems;
●Medical robots and bio-robotics;
●Micro robots and micro-manipulation;
●Mobile robotics;
●Mobile sensor networks;
●Perception systems;
●Robot control;
●Robot sensing and data fusion;
●Search, rescue and field robotics;
●Space and underwater robots;
●Tele-robotics;
●Visual servicing.
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协议书常用术语和句型
provide equipment, technology, engineering technicians and
managerial personnel including quality inspectors
提供设备、技术、工程技术人员以及包括质量检查员在内的管理人员
The take-over will take place on ...
验收将于某月某日进行
...hereby indicate the intention to enter into a program of
technological co-operation on the basis of mutual benefit(to
be benefit both sides)...
特此表明双方在互惠的基础上签订技术合作项目的愿望。
The two sides agree to co-operate with each other in research projects of common interest.
双方同意对共同感兴趣的项目进行合作。
must be completed 10 months after the conclusion of the present agreement.
限在本协议签订后10个月内完成。
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2将下列标题翻译为英语。
●*附件中有我的简历。
●Enclosed here is my resume.
● 1 有源电力滤波器控制策略综述
●Review study of control strategy for active power filter
● 2 基于粗糙集理论的系统参数重要性评价及其应用
●Significance assessment for the system parameters on base of rough set theory
and it's application
● 3 基于蚁群算法的多机器人协作策略
●Multi-robot coordination strategy based on ant colony algorithm
● 4 电力系统混沌振荡的自适应补偿控制
●Adaptive compensating control for chaos oscillation of power system
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2将下列标题翻译为英语。
● 5 基于结构特征的路面裂纹病害检测算法
●Detection algorithm of road cracks on surface disease based upon architecture
feature
● 6 基于虚拟仪器技术的电磁阀综合特性测控系统
●Research on overall characteristics of measurement and control system for
magnetic valve based upon virtual instrument techniques
●7 基于自组织映射神经网络的低压故障电弧聚类分析
●Clustering analysis for low-voltage arc fault based on SOM networks
●8 基于小波分解的脑CT图像纹理特征提取
●Texture feature extraction for CT brain images based on wavelet decomposition
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1 将下面英语（论文标题）翻译为中文。
●(1)PASSIVITY-BASED CONTROLLER– OBSERVER FOR ROBOT MANIPULATORS
●机器人执行机构的无源控制观察器
●(2) ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF NON-LINEAR TELEOPERATOR SYSTEMS IN THE PRESENCE OF
ADDITIVE INPUT AND OUTPUT DISTURBANCES
●存在附加输入和输出扰动的非线性遥控机器人系统的自适应控制
●(3) AN OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM FOR THE COORDINATED HYBRID AGENT FRAMEWORK
●协调混合主体框架的优化算法
●(4) BEHAVIOUR EMERGENCE MODEL BASED ON CHANGES IN SENSORY INFORMATION AND ITS
APPLICATION TO MULTIPLE TASKS
●基于感觉信息变化的行为上升模型及其在多任务中的应用
●(5)Running Temperature and Mechanical Stability of Grease as Maintenance
Parameters of Railway Bearings
●运行温度和油脂的机械稳定性铁路轴承的维护参数
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●(6)An Improved Approach to Delay-dependent Robust Stabilization for Uncertain
Singular Time-delay Systems
●不确定奇异时滞系统的迟滞相关鲁棒镇定的改进方法
●(7)Stability Analysis of Discrete-time Systems with Additive Time-varying
Delays
●附加时变延迟的离散系统的稳定性分析
●(8)CONTROL OF A SCARA ROBOT: PSO-PID APPROACH
●SCARA机器人的控制：粒子群优化-PID方法
●(9)FRACTIONAL CALCULUS-BASED OPTIMAL CONTROLLERS OF AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE
REGULATOR IN POWER SYSTEM.
●在电力系统中自动电压调节器的基于微积分的最优控制器
●(10) RESEARCH OF WEATHERSENSITIVE SHORT-TERM LOAD FORECASTING
●气象敏感的短期负荷预测的研究
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●(11) DISPERSED GENERATION IN MODERN POWER SYSTEMS AND ITS IMPACT IN EUROPE ON
POWER SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND SECURE OPERATION
●现代电力系统分散发电及其对欧洲电力系统体系结构和安全运行的影响
●(12) COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR DIGITAL REGULATORS IN SERIES DC MOTOR
CONTROLLED DRIVE
●串联直流电机控制驱动器的数字显示调节仪的比较性能分析
●(13) An Assessment Tool for Land Reuse with Artificial Intelligence Method ●采用人工智能方法的土地再利用评估工具
●(14) Watermarking of Digital Images in Frequency Domain
●在频域中的数字图像水印技术
●(15) Action Control of Soccer Robots Based on Simulated Human Intelligence ●基于人工智能模拟的足球机器人的行为控制
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●(16) Real-time Virtual Environment Signal Extraction andDenoising Using
Programmable Graphics Hardware
●使用可编程图像硬件进行实时虚拟环境信号的提取和去噪
●(17) Soft Sensing Modelling Based on Optimal Selection of Secondary Variables
and Its Application
●基于二次变量最优选择的软测量模型及其应用
●(18) Adaptive Fuzzy Dynamic Surface Control for Uncertain Nonlinear Systems ●具有不确定非线性系统的自适应模糊动态表面控制
●(19)Kalman Filtering with Partial Markovian Packet Losses
●有部分马尔科夫丢包损失的卡尔曼滤波
●(20)On Problems of Multicomponent System Maintenance Modelling
●多元系统维护的建模问题
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In-class practise:
Conclusion(结论)：
An effective positioning means is developed by establishing
pseudo_range-pseudo_range rate-heading measurements model of a miniature AHRS/GPS. Due to the large drifts and poor stability of MEMS sensors, the QEKF gauss nonlinear filter algorithm is applied to the whole system through computing the complicated Hessian matrix related to the second-order form of nonlinear equations. After carrying on a numerical simulation, the optimal estimates of parameters are achieved as expected, that is(viz.), the root mean squares(RMS) of attitude error and position error never exceed 90" and 3m respectively, even if the accuracy of the sensors is modest, which thus demonstrates that the QEKF yields to accurate estimates and it is proved to be feasible for this low-cost AHRS/GPS integration. The following investigation will focus on the improvement of the accuracy of micro inertial sensors, if the accurate results are desired.
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4. Abstrace例文翻译
In-class practise:
以低成本陆用航姿参考系统(AHRS) / GPS紧耦合系统为研究对象,建立了基于伪距、伪距率、航向角的组合观测数学模型。引入强跟踪滤波(STF) 算法,利用渐消因子的作用,增强滤波器对状态快速变化的跟踪能力。同时,针对微惯性器件漂移过大的缺点,采用二阶EKF (QEKF) 方法,通过对Hessian 矩阵的求解,补偿系统观测方程线性化的二阶截断误差。仿真表明: STQEKF 方法可高速准确地逼近系统非线性模型,实现陆地载体导航控制,在传感器精度有限的情况下,使姿态和位置的控制效果较标准EKF 分别提高了约8. 9 %～38. 2 %和48. 7 %～54. 4 %。
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Time delay of the internet is characterized as random, unbounded, and different for both branches in the control loop [9, 10] and it may cause instability of the system. Therefore, researchers developed some methods to deal with time delay, including passivity theory-based and control theory-based approaches [11]. Anderson and Spong [12] derived a control law based on passivity and scattering theory to ensure tele-operative stability subject to any time delay. Niemeyer and Slotine [13] proposed the wave variables-based approach to address time-delay in tele-operation. Lawrence [14] addressed time delay in a four-channel bilateral tele-manipulation. Yoshikawa and Ueda [15] used scattering theory to assess the stability of four conventional tele-operation architectures. Munir and Book [16] incorporated a Smith predictor and Kalman filter to improve the performance of a wave-based tele-operator in the presence of a varying-time delay. 幻灯片35
●互联网时延的特点是随机的、不受限的，并且在控制回路中的分支间是不同的，这可
能导致系统的不稳定。因此，针对时延，研究者开发了一些方法，包括基于无源性理
论和控制理论的方法。安德森和斯帮推导出一个控制律，这个规律是基于无源性和散射理论的，它能确保在任何时延的情况下的遥操作的稳定性。尼迈耶和斯洛坦提出了波变量方法来处理遥操作中的时延。劳伦斯解决了四通道双边遥操作中的时延。吉川和上田使用散射理论来研究四个传统遥操作架构的稳定性。穆尼尔和布克将史密斯预估器和卡尔曼滤波器结合起来，以此来提高波在变化的时延情况下的遥操作性能。
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Abstract:
The theoretical study due to the giant magneto-impedance (GMI) effect of Co-rich amorphous wire sensor is presented. As a practical device, this sensor may be used to sense the Earth’s magnetic field and to provide a measure of the attitude of a moving vehicle. It is proposed a multivibrator bridge should be adopted as the structure module. The measuring principle of the sensor is stressed, which is accomplished by means of establishing corresponding mathematic model. In sequence, with a numerical simulation being carried out, a good linear characteristic between voltage and measured field in the range of is achieved, which demonstrates this sensor is a linear one, and it is capable of measuring weak signal of magnetic field. In addition, the application of this sensor for the attitude and heading reference system (AHRS) with the micro inertial measurement units (MIMUs) is studied, providing an effective method for low cost solid-state AHRS with high accuracy theoretically.
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钴基非晶丝传感器的巨磁阻抗影响已经有了相关理论性研究，作为一个实用装置，该传感器可被用于感知地球磁场以及测量行驶中小车的姿态，并提出多谐振荡桥应该用于结构模块。该传感器的测量原则强调要通过建立相应的数学模型来完成测量。通过进行逐一的数值仿真，实现了电压和测量范围间能具有良好的线性特性，这也表明了该传感器是线性的，并且能够测量磁场的微弱信号。此外，对该传感器在姿态航向参考系统与微惯性测量单元的应用也进行了研究，并在理论上为高精度低成本的固态姿态航向系统提供了一种有效的方法。
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In-class practise:
3. Abstract翻译
Healthy sensors are essential for the reliable monitoring and control of building automation systems (BAS). This paper presents a diagnostic tool to be used to assist building automation systems for online sensor heath monitoring and fault diagnosis of air-handling units. The tool employs a robust sensor fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) strategy based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. Two PCA models are built corresponding to the heat balance and pressure-flow balance of an air-handling process. Sensor faults are detected using the Q-statistic and diagnosed using an isolation-enhanced PCA method that combines the Q-contribution plot and knowledge-based analysis. The PCA models are updated using a
condition-based adaptive scheme to follow the normal shifts in the process due to changing operating conditions. The sensor FDD strategy, the implementation of the diagnostic tool and experimental results in an existing building are presented in this paper.
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●优良的传感器对于可靠监控和楼宇自动化系统是至关重要的。本文提出了一种诊断工
具，用来协助楼宇自动化系统进行在线传感器优良检测以及空气处理单元的故障诊断。
该工具采用基于主成分分析方法的鲁棒传感器故障检测及诊断策略。构建的两个主成分分析模型与空气处理过程的热平衡以及压力流量平衡相对应。传感器故障是用Q统计量来检测并用隔离加强的主成分分析法来诊断的，并结合了Q贡献图和只是分析。
由于变化的操作状态，该主成分分析模型是通过使用基于自适应方案条件跟踪正常移距来完成矫正的。本文还提出了该传感器故障检测和诊断策略、诊断工具的实现以及在现有建筑中的试验结果。
幻灯片40
40
In-class practise:
Conclusion：
本文提出了一种基于自适应进化学习的约束多目标粒子群优化算法。该算法根据不符合约束条件粒子的约束违反程度修正多目标粒子群优化算法的进化学习公式，有效地提高了算法在约束边界区域的搜索能力；引入了一种基于拥挤距离的Pareto最优解分布性动态维护策略，在不增加算法复杂度的前提下，改进了Pareto前沿的分布性。实验结果表明，在处理带约束多目标优化问题时，基于自适应学习的约束多目标粒子群优化算法可以获得具有更好收敛性、分布性和多样性的Pareto前沿。
幻灯片41
将下列Abstract翻译为中文
●Metabolism provides a basis for using first principles of physics, chemistry,
and biology to link the biology of individual organisms to the ecology of
populations, communities, and ecosystems. Metabolic rate, the rate at which organisms take up, transform, and expend energy and materials, is the most fundamental biological rate. We have developed a quantitative theory for how metabolic rate varies with body size and temperature. Metabolic theory predicts how metabolic rate, by setting the rates of resource uptake from the
environment and resource allocation to survival, growth, and reproduction,
controls ecological processes at all levels of organization from individuals to the biosphere.
幻灯片42
邀请信（Invitation letter）
●Dear Dr. Men:
●It is my pleasure to invite you to International Heat Transfer
Conference (IHTC-14/2010), which is being held in Washington D.C, WA, USA on 08/08/2010 - 08/13/2010.
●You will be presenting the paper(s), Paper #:22747 "Study on
Biocorrosion Induced by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria on Heat Exchanger
Material in Cooling Water“ . ASME is the premier organization for the
promotion of the art, science, and practice of mechanical engineering
throughout the world. Our mission is to promote and enhance the technical competency and professional well-being of our members, and through quality programs and activities in mechanical engineering better enable its
practitioners to contribute to the well-being of humankind.
●You are expected to undertake all expenses.
●John Beck,
●Director, International Affairs
●Tel: +1 (973)882-1170
●Fax: +1 (973)882-1717
E-mail: beckj@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ba679496.html,
(完整版)心理学专业英语总结(完整)
心理学专业英语总结——HXY 随意传阅·顺颂试安 注释：1.“*”在书上是黑体字，但感觉不重要背了也没什么卵用 2.“”背景色项表示答案恰好有三项，可能出选择 3. 人名已加黑，可能连线或选择 4. 每章节的末尾有方便记忆的单词表（只包括这篇总结中出现的关键单词） 5. 方便理解记忆，已在各项下方注明中文释义 6.“,”大部分都是作为点之间的分割，类似于逗号，前后不连成句子 Chapter 1——Perspectives in psychology 心理学纵览 Section 1: Approaches to psychology 心理学入门 ●What is psychology? 心理学是什么 Definitions: The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. 定义：对行为和心理过程的科学研究 Psychology come from: ①philosophy, ②biology ③physics. 心理学来源于：哲学、生物学和医学 When: 1879 as a separate scientific discipline. 形成于：1879年，作为独立学科 History (develop): structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviourism, cognitive psychology, humanistic approach, biological approach. 历史发展：结构主义，机能主义，精神分析，行为主义，认知，人本主义，生理。 ●The psychoanalytic approach to psychology 精神分析理论 Origins & history: Sigmund Freud, unconscious mental causes, treat as the causes of mental disorders, built up an theory. 历史来源：弗洛伊德提出潜意识心理动机，把它视为心理疾病的原因，并建立理论。 Assumptions: unconscious processes, psychic determinism, hydraulic drives, psychodynamic conflict, stages of development. 假设：潜意识过程，精神决定论，驱力（攻击、性），心理动力冲突，发展阶段 Methods of investigation: case study (method), free association (tech), dream analysis (tech). 研究方法：个案研究方法，自由联想技术，梦的解析技术 *Areas of explanation: personality development, moral/gender development, aggression, abnormality, memory. 可解释领域：人格发展，道德/性别发展，攻击性，异常，记忆 *Weaknesses: unrefutable, theoretically unscientific. 缺点：不可被其他事件驳斥，因此理论不具科学性 ●The behaviourist approach to psychology 行为主义理论 Origins & history: John Watson, empiricism, learning. 历史来源：华生，经验主义，学习 Assumptions: behaviour is learned from the environment, only observable behaviour should be studied. 假设：行为来源于环境，研究可观察的行为 *Areas of explanation: language acquisition, moral development, attraction, abnormality.
化工专业英语单词汇总
a function of …的函数absorption：吸附acetone 丙酮 acrylics丙烯酸树脂Aerospace 航空agricultural engineering农业工程 agricultural engineer农艺师Amalgam 汞齐，水银；混合物，交叉 ammonia 氨ammonium nitrate硝酸铵ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵analyte分析物analytical chemistry分析化学 amorphous 非定型的,非晶型的,非结晶的,玻璃状的;无一定目的的,乱七八糟approximate to：接近，趋近area 面积argon氩aromatic 芳香烃的 as a whole整体而言ash纯碱asphalt沥青 a priori：先验的,既定的,不根据经验的,由原因推出结果的,演绎的,直觉的 accessory heater 附属加热器accident prevention事故预防 accountant会计师，会计，出纳activity coefficient活度系数 actualrate of absorption 实际吸收速率adiabatic绝热的，不传热的 alkane烷烃ammonia-air mixture 氨气-水混合物 ammonium phosphate磷酸铵anhydrous无水的applied Chemistry应用化学 aquatic plant 水生植物artificial人工的asphaltene沥青油 assay分析化验at right angles to 与…成直角，与…垂直 bottoms product塔底产品baffle-plate折流挡板，缓冲挡板 balance 抵消，平衡barrier障碍物batch间歇的；benzene苯 binary distillation双组分精馏bioengineering生物工程bionics（仿生学） biosynthesis生物合成blower 风机boundary layer 边界层 brick wall 墙壁brittleness 脆性bubble-cap tower 泡罩塔 Buchner funnel 布氏漏斗bulk explosive集装炸药buoyancy force 浮力 by virtue of 由于，根据，凭借于barrel桶(国际原油计量单位) base塔底，基础biological production生物制品生产 biomechanics生物力学bitumen沥青blood-flow dynamics血液流动动力学 boiling point 沸点bottom 底部，塔底branched chain支链烷烃 branched-chain（带支链的）bulk chemical 大宗化工产品 capillary action毛细管作用carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 capital expenditure 基建投资 carbon skeleton碳骨架 capital outlay 费用，成本，基建投资carrier载体 carbon tetrachloride四氯化碳straightforward简单明了的catalyst 催化剂 catalyst催化剂，catalytic cracking 催化裂化 catalytic oxidation催化氧化chemical additive添加剂 centrifuge离心.离心机，离心分离chemical process safety 化工过程安全 chain-shaped链状的chemical reactor transfer of heat, evaporation, crystallization结晶chain链c hlorofluorocarbon二氯二氟化碳，氟里昂 chemical reaction化学反应c irculating gas 循环气 civil engineer土木工程师closed system封闭系统 cleansing agent清洗剂compound化合物 close teamwork紧密的团队协作computer microchip 计算机芯片 coefficient系数concentration difference 浓度差 columnar liquid chromatography柱状液相色谱仪concentration gradient 浓度梯度combustion燃烧condensate冷凝液，凝缩液 commercial proportions 商业规模condensation冷凝
机械专业英语词汇汇总
机械专业英语词汇（大全） 金属切削metal cutting 机床machine tool 金属工艺学technology of metals 刀具cutter 摩擦friction 联结link 传动drive/transmission 轴shaft 弹性elasticity 频率特性frequency characteristic 误差error 响应response 定位allocation 机床夹具jig 动力学dynamic 运动学kinematic 静力学static 分析力学analyse mechanics 拉伸pulling 压缩hitting 剪切shear 扭转twist 弯曲应力bending stress 强度intensity 三相交流电three-phase AC 磁路magnetic circles 变压器transformer 异步电动机asynchronous motor 几何形状geometrical 精度precision 正弦形的sinusoid 交流电路AC circuit 机械加工余量machining allowance 变形力deforming force 变形deformation 应力stress 硬度rigidity 热处理heat treatment 退火anneal 正火normalizing 脱碳decarburization 渗碳carburization 电路circuit 半导体元件semiconductor element 反馈feedback 发生器generator 直流电源DC electrical source 门电路gate circuit 逻辑代数logic algebra 外圆磨削external grinding 内圆磨削internal grinding 平面磨削plane grinding 变速箱gearbox 离合器clutch 绞孔fraising 绞刀reamer 螺纹加工thread processing 螺钉screw 铣削mill 铣刀milling cutter 功率power 工件workpiece 齿轮加工gear mechining 齿轮gear 主运动main movement 主运动方向direction of main movement 进给方向direction of feed 进给运动feed movement 合成进给运动resultant movement of feed 合成切削运动resultant movement of cutting 合成切削运动方向direction of resultant movement of cutting 切削深度cutting depth 前刀面rake face 刀尖nose of tool 前角rake angle 后角clearance angle 龙门刨削planing 主轴spindle 主轴箱headstock 卡盘chuck 加工中心machining center
学习专业英语的心得总结范例
学习专业英语的心得总结范例 随着英语教育的重要性日益凸显，学英语专业的同学越来越多了。下面是小编为大家整理的学习专业英语的心得总结，供你参考! 学习专业英语的心得总结篇1 努力目标： 掌握大量的计算机英语术语和缩略语;熟练掌握计算机英语中语法和惯用法的表达方式和功能;能阅读英文文档和技术资料，阅读熟读在100词/分钟以上;能借助字典翻译专业技术图书;能和别人用英语交流;能流利的表达自己的观点;能使用英文编写简单的技术文档和程序注释。 努力方式： 1选一本适合自己的计算机英语教材：一本国外的计算机入门读物《computingEssentials》被许多大学选用为计算机英语教材，效果极佳。这本书现在已经由高等教育出版社影印发行，书名是《计算机专业英语》。该书的特点是：时效性强，新颖实用，编排活泼。但对于中高级英语水平的专业开发人员未免有点太浅。一本非常适合于软件开发人员的《计算机英语》，该书已经由机械工业出版社出版，是该社”重点大学计算机教材”系列中的一本。需要说明的是该书最适合的读者对象为英语达到cET4的程序员，因为该书的选材直接来自国外计算机教材和出版物、技术文档和专业论文、IT精英的言论以及
计算机方面的大百科全书。 在日常工作中大量阅读英文书籍和资料是提高计算机英语水平的最佳途径。保证一年至少读1-2本原版影印的计算机书，并坚持读完。目前市场上大量的计算机原版影印图书为我们提供了绝好的机会。阅读英文计算机图书一开始是”啃”的感觉，比较费时费力，对于不太好读的地方，不妨拿起笔来逐行逐字翻译出来，这样对提高英语水平很有帮助。对于有经验的程序员可以利用自己的专业背景知识和上下文进行大胆推测，这样有利于提高阅读速度。即使是不求甚解，也不要紧，你可以通过多读同类书来弥补。原版计算机书读多了，你会发现一些很有规律的东西和一些常用的词汇，这些来自实践的经验非常宝贵，并让你终生受益。一般在完整阅读2-3本原版书以后，你就能发现读原版书的乐趣。值得一提的是读原版书的真正乐趣并非只是在于提高英语水平，而更是在于获得一种和西方人一致的思维方式，这种思维方式对学习计算机技术极为有益，因为计算机技术甚至现代科学体系都是建立在这种思维方式的基础之上的。坚持阅读英文计算机图书可以达到”品”的感觉，这种感觉是指在阅读时无需将英文转换为中文，而是直接用英文和作者在同一个水平线上进行思考和交流。至此，我们获得的不仅是英语水平的突破，更是计算机水平的突破。这也是许多计算机高手成功的秘密。 学习专业英语的心得总结篇2 因为下学期要忙这实习和毕业的事情，所以就选择在这学期把专业选修的学分修满。由于大部分同学只差一门课的学分了，再又是大
化学化工专业英语(课本内容)
第二章科技英语构词法 词是构成句子的要素，对词意理解的好坏直接关系到翻译的质量。 所谓构词法即词的构成方法，即词在结构上的规律。科技英语构词特点是外来语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）；第二个特点是构词方法多，除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外，还普遍采用压缩法、混成法、符号法和字母象形法。 2.1转化法（Conversion） 由一种词类转化成另一种词类，叫转化法。例如： water(n.水)→water(v.浇水) charge(n.电荷) →charge(v.充电) yield(n.产率) →yield(v.生成) dry(a.干的) →dry（v.烘干） slow(a.慢的) →slow(v.减慢) back(ad.在后、向后) →back（v.使后退、倒车） square(n.正方形) →square(a.正方形的) 2.2派生法（Derivation） 通过加前、后缀构成一新词。派生法是化工类科技英语中最常用的构词法。 例如“烷烃”就是用前缀（如拉丁或希腊前缀）表示分子中碳原子数再加上“-ane”作词尾构成的。若将词尾变成“-ane”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl”，则分别表示“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“醛”、“基”、等。依此类推，从而构成千成种化学物质名词。常遇到这样的情况，许多化学化工名词在字典上查不到，全若掌握这种构词法，能过其前、后缀分别代表的意思，合在一起即是该词的意义。下面通过表1举例说明。需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。 本书附录为化学化工专业常用词根及前后缀。此外还可参阅《英汉化学化工词汇》（第三版）附录中的“英汉对照有机基名表”、“西文化学名词中常用的数止词头”及“英汉对照有机词尾表”。 据估计，知道一个前缀可帮助人们认识450个英语单词。一名科技工作者至少要知道近50个前缀和30个后缀。这对扩大科技词汇量，增强自由阅读能力，提高翻译质量和加快翻译速度都是大有裨益的。 2．3合成法（Composition） 由两个或更多的词合成一个词，叫合成法。有时需加连字符。 如副词+过去分词well-known 著名的 名词+名词carbon steel 碳钢 rust-resistance 防锈 名词+过去分词computer-oriented 研制计算机的 介词+名词by-product 副产物 动词+副词makeup 化妆品 check-up 检查 形容词+名词atomic weight 原子量 periodic table 周期表 动词+代词+副词pick-me-up 兴奋剂 副词+介词+名词out-of-door 户外 2．4压缩法（Shortening） (1)只取词头字母 这种方法在科技英语中较常用。
化工专业英语词汇
化工专业英语词汇 reacti on kin etics 反应动力学 reacta nt 反应物 purify精制提纯 recycle循环回收 uncon verted reacta nt 未转化的反应物 chemical reactor tran sfer of heat, evaporati on, crystallizatio n 结晶 drying 干燥 screening 筛选，浮选 chemical reacti on 化学反应 crack ing of petroleum 石油裂解 catalyst催化剂， reacti on zone 反应区 con servati on of mass and energy 能量与质量守衡定律tech ni cal adva nee 技术进步
efficie ncy improveme nt 效率提高 reacti on 反应 separatio n 分离 heat excha nge 热交换 reactive distillatio n 反应精馏 capital expe nditure 基建投资 setup 装置 capital outlay 费用，成本，基建投资yield 产率，收率reacti on byproduct 反应副产物equilibrium con sta nt 平衡常数 waste 废物 feedstock 进料，原料 product 产物，产品 perce nt conv ersi on 百分比转化率 ether乙醚 gasoline 汽油 oxyge nate content 氧含量 catalyst催化剂 reacta nt 反应物
机械专业英语复试词汇总结
机械英语词汇大全2 金属切削 metal cutting 机床 machine tool 金属工艺学 technology of metals 刀具 cutter 摩擦 friction 联结 link 传动 drive/transmission 轴 shaft 弹性 elasticity 频率特性 frequency characteristic 误差 error 响应 response 定位 allocation 拉孔 broaching 装配 assembling 铸造 found 流体动力学 fluid dynamics 流体力学 fluid mechanics 加工 machining 液压 hydraulic pressure 切线 tangent 机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压 air pressure pneumatic pressure 稳定性 stability 介质 medium 数学模型 mathematical model 画法几何 descriptive geometry 机械制图 Mechanical drawing 投影 projection 视图 view 剖视图 profile chart 标准件 standard component 零件图 part drawing 装配图 assembly drawing 尺寸标注 size marking 技术要求 technical
机床夹具 jig 动力学 dynamic 运动学 kinematic 静力学 static 分析力学 analyse mechanics 拉伸 pulling 压缩 hitting 剪切 shear 扭转 twist 弯曲应力 bending stress 强度 intensity 三相交流电 three-phase AC 磁路 magnetic circles 变压器 transformer 异步电动机 asynchronous motor 液压驱动泵 fluid clutch 液压泵 hydraulic pump 阀门 valve 失效 invalidation 强度 intensity 载荷 load 应力 stress 安全系数 safty factor 可靠性 reliability 螺纹 thread 螺旋 helix 键 spline 销 pin 滚动轴承 rolling bearing 滑动轴承 sliding bearing requirements 刚度 rigidity 内力 internal force 位移 displacement 截面 section 疲劳极限 fatigue limit 断裂 fracture 塑性变形 plastic distortion 脆性材料 brittleness material 刚度准则 rigidity criterion 垫圈 washer 垫片 spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮
专业英语课程总结
专业英语课程总结 《计算机专业英语》是综合计算机知识和英语运用能力的一门课程，它涵盖了计算机基础知识、计算机软件知识、计算机硬件知识、计算机网络基础知识等。它注意与计算机专业课的协调性；注重实践性和实用性。 通过这门课的学习，我收获颇多，下面就我个人看法，谈谈如何学好这门课。 还记得高中的时候学英语吗？每天都是语法、时态、句型、阅读等等，这样的教学模式导致我们只是能够应对考试，却无法将学到的应用到生活当中，对于专业英语，我们要做到的不仅仅是能够考试，我们要做到真正的理解与运用，那个样对我们以后的工作才有帮助。 众所周知，学英语无非四个方面：听、说、读和写，专业英语亦是如此。 多听一些专业的单词，它与我们四六级接触的词汇不同，这些词汇都是我们在计算机领域中经常见到的，比如：Bandwidth、Broadband、Client等等，多接触这些单词。当我们见到磁盘的时候，我们知道它的英文名字叫Diskette。 对于我们计算机人员而言，说的机会是相当少的，所以我们就要寄希望于读，把文章读出声来。 你能听懂不代表你知道它怎么用，多读一些计算机相关的文章，并不是要你读出声，二是默读，通过这个角度，我们可以了解单词的用法，知道一句话怎么去解释，知道不同语境下代表的不同意思。 最后一步就是写了，我认为，一个优秀的计算机人才，要具有较强的英语书写能力，尤其是编程人员，我们在开发一个项目的时候会考虑到项目的国际化，那么，我们在定义变量名、方法明的时候就会考虑用英语，那样能够很好的应高我们程序的规范性。 学好专业英语，对我们后面的工作有什么好处呢？据我了解，很多应用开发的官方文档都是英文的，eclipse API虽然有中文，但也只是部分，没有英语的支撑还是看不懂，而ios开发官方文档几乎是全英文。在我们平时的开发过程中，很多时候是要查阅这些文档的。 由此可见，学好专业英语，不仅仅可以让我们通过考试，更多的好处是给我们后面的学习和工作提供了很大的便利，让我们在专业领域走的更加顺利。
化工常用英语词汇
化工专业英语词汇化学专业课程中英文对照 一、化工装置常用词汇 一概论introduction 方案(建议书) proposal 可行性研究feasibility study 方案设计concept design 工艺设计process design 基础设计basic design 详细设计detail design 开工会议kick-off meeting 审核会议review meeting 外商投资foreign investment 中外合资joint venture 中外合营joint venture 补偿贸易compensation trade 合同合同附件contract 卖方vendor 买方buyer 顾客client 承包商contractor 工程公司company 供应范围scope of supply 生产范围production scope 生产能力production capacity 项目project 界区battery limit 装置plant
公用工程utilities 工艺流程图process flow diagram 工艺流程方块图process block diagram 管道及仪表流程图piping and instrument drawing 物料及热量平衡图mass & heat balance diagram 蒸汽及冷凝水平衡图steam & condensate balance diagram 设备布置图equipment layout 设备表equipment list 成品(产品) product(final product) 副产品by-product 原料raw-material 设计基础数据basic data for design 技术数据technical data 数据表data sheet 设计文件design document 设计规定design regulation 现场服务site service 项目变更project change 用户变更client change 消耗定额consumption quota 技术转让technical transfer 技术知识technical know-how technical knowledge 技术保证technical guarantee 咨询服务consultative services 技术服务technical services 工作地点location 施工现场construction field 报价quotation 标书bidding book
机械工程专业英语单词
Lesson 1 Basic Concepts in Mechanics 机械学的基本概念 mechanics n.力学 modify v.修改，调解，变更manageable a.可控制【管理】的 incline v.（使）倾斜 ramp n.斜板，斜坡【道】 slope v.（使）倾斜 friction n.摩擦 roll v.滚动 multiplier n.放大器，乘法器 broom n.扫帚 convert v.转变【化】 handle n.手柄【把】 sweep v.扫荡【描】，掠过efficiency n.效率 gauge vt.测【计】量，校验bearing n.轴承 ideal mechanical advantage 理想的机械效益 neglect vt.忽略Lesson 2 Basic Assumption in Plasticity Theory 塑性理论的基本假设 assumption n.假定 plasticity n.塑性 investigate v.调查，研究deformation n.变形 metal forming process 金属成型工艺【过程】 strain (rate) n.应变【速率】 strength n.强度 stress n.应力 yield stress 屈服应力 flow stress 流动应力 tensile stress 拉【伸】应力compressive stress 压【缩】应力 shear stress 剪【切】应力 geometry n.几何形状 elastic a.弹性的 springback n.回弹 bending n.弯曲，折弯
机械专业英语总结
机械专业英语总结
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金属切削 metal cutting 机床 machine tool 金属工艺学 technology of me tals 刀具 cotter 摩擦 friction 联结 link 传动 drive/transmission 轴 shaft 弹性 elasticity 频率特性 frequency characte ristic 误差 error 响应 response 定位 allocation
机床夹具 jig 动力学 dynamic 运动学 kinematics 静力学 static 分析力学 analyze mechanics 拉伸 pulling 压缩 hitting 剪切 shear 扭转 twist 弯曲应力 bending stress 强度 intensity 三相交流电 three-phase AC 磁路 magnetic circles 变压器 transformer 异步电动机 asynchronous mot
or 几何形状 geometrical 精度 precision 正弦形的 sinusoid 交流电路 AC circuit 机械加工余量 machining allo wance 变形力 deforming force 变形 deformation 应力 stress 硬度 rigidity 热处理 heat treatment 退火 anneal 正火 normalizing 脱碳 decarburization
《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment
Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment 化学工业与环境 How can we reduce the amount of waste that is produced? And how we close the loop by redirecting spent materials and products into programs of recycling? All of these questions must be answered through careful research in the coming years as we strive to keep civilization in balance with nature. 我们怎样才能减少产生废物的数量？我们怎样才能使废弃物质和商品纳入循环使用的程序？所有这些问题必须要在未来的几年里通过仔细的研究得到解决，这样我们才能保持文明与自然的平衡。 1.Atmospheric Chemistry Coal-burning power plants, as well as some natural processes, deliver sulfur compounds to the stratosphere, where oxidation produces sulfuric acid particles that reflect away some of the incoming visible solar radiation. In the troposphere, nitrogen oxides produced by the combustion of fossil fuels combine with many organic molecules under the influence of sunlight to produce urban smog. The volatile hydrocarbon isoprene, well known as a building block of synthetic rubber, is also produced naturally in forests. And the chlorofluorocarbons, better known as CFCs, are inert in automobile air conditioners and home refrigerators but come apart under ultraviolet bombardment in the mid-stratosphere with devastating effect on the earth’s stratospheric ozone layer. The globally averaged atmospheric concentration of stratospheric ozone itself is only 3 parts in 10 million, but it has played a crucial protective role in the development of all biological life through its absorption of potentially harmful shout-wavelength solar ultraviolet radiation. 1．大气化学 燃煤发电厂像一些自然过程一样，也会释放硫化合物到大气层中，在那里氧化作用产生硫酸颗粒能反射入射进来的可见太阳辐射。在对流层，化石燃料燃烧所产生的氮氧化物在阳光的影响下与许多有机物分子结合产生都市烟雾。挥发的碳氢化合物异戊二烯，也就是众所周知的合成橡胶的结构单元，可以在森林中天然产生含氯氟烃。我们所熟悉的CFCs，在汽车空调和家用冰箱里是惰性的，但在中平流层内在紫外线的照射下回发生分解从而对地球大气臭氧层造成破坏，全球大气层中臭氧的平均浓度只有3ppm，但它对所有生命体的生长发育都起了关键的保护作用，因为是它吸收了太阳光线中有害的短波紫外辐射。 During the past 20 years, public attention has been focused on ways that mankind has caused changes in the atmosphere: acid rain, stratospheric zone depletion, greenhouse warming, and the increased oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. We have known for generations that human activity has affected the nearby surroundings, but only gradually have we noticed such effects as acid rain on a regional then on an intercontinental scale. With the problem of ozone depletion and concerns about global warming, we have now truly entered an era of global change, but the underlying scientific facts have not yet been fully established. 在过去的二十年中，公众的注意力集中在人类对大气层的改变：酸雨、平流层臭氧空洞、温室现象，以及大气的氧化能力增强，前几代人已经知道，人类的活动会对邻近的环境造成影响，但意识到像酸雨这样的效应将由局部扩展到洲际范围则是慢慢发现的。随着臭氧空洞问题的出现，考虑到对全球的威胁，我们已真正进入到全球话改变的时代，但是基本的
专业英语总结及论文
经济管理学院专业英语结课论文
一学习总结 1理论课程学习总结 人说，“走进大学就一只脚踏进了社会”，这句话没说错。上大学之前，我们有三分之二的时间在学校认真学习科学知识，缺乏自理能力，不懂人情世故。而上了大学之后，不仅要学习，还要管理好自己的生活、处理好与同学、老师的关系。所有这些都不是老师和爸妈能教会的，要靠自己在日常生活中不断的学习和总结经验教训。 在大学里，有些人刻苦专研专业知识，希望将来在专业方面有所突破或能继续深造；有些人则在学好功课的基础上，发现了自己某方面的潜力，比如：较强的社交能力、体育比较好等。而大学这样一个宽松的环境正为他们提供了一个实现自我的舞台。因此，在大学里，我们不仅可以更深入的学习科学知识，还可以在业余时间挖掘自身的潜力和增强自身的特长。但不管将来你从事什么工作，首先要学好英语和用好计算机，这是形势所迫，也是现实。随着现代化步伐的加快，计算机已经成为我们进行各项工作的主要工具，而学好英语是用好计算机的基础，以后走上工作岗位，不会英语和计算机，我们将寸步难行。 但有很多同学说，英语很难学，就是学不好。其实并不是不能学好，我认为没有学不会的东西，除非你不去努力或方法不对。说句实在话，学语言确实是一件比较困难的事，尤其是在一个没有相关语言环境的情况下去学。因为学语言包括听，说，读，写四个方面，要想做到这四个方面都强确实不容易。但我们可以先掌握好基础知识，再根据自己以后的发展方向决定在哪个方面进行提高。比如，你决定以后从事软件开发的工作，那你可以多看看这方面的英文版的书籍。 可是，尽管英语是如此的难学，很多同学还是不以为然。许多同学进入大学后就想着如何去玩，觉得初中、高中这六年憋得实在不行了。可是放松也要有限度，不能荒废了学业，难道辛辛苦苦考上大学就是来玩的吗？因此，当我们在享受大学生活给我们带来新鲜和刺激时，不要忘了花点时间去读读单词，看看英语文章。把英语学习当成一种乐趣，而不仅仅是应付学校的考试和通过四六级。 其次，就要说到计算机知识的学习了，对于我们信息管理专业来说，计算机就是我们谋生的工具。首先，我们应学会最基本的使用电脑的操作，如开机、关机、软件的安装、office的使用、电脑的日常维护等。此外，随着科学技术的日新月异的发展，网络在人们的生活中起着越来越重要的作用，不管是日常生活、交友、娱乐还是工作，人们越来越依赖于网络。因此我们还要学会上网，学会利
化学专业英语
精心整理一、元素和单质的命名 “元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“freeelement”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。 或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。 如FeO:iron(II)oxide或ferrous oxideFe2O3:iron(III)oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O:copper(I)oxide或cuprous oxide CuO:copper(II)oxide或cupric oxide ２．化合物负电荷部分的读法： ２．１二元化合物： 常见的二元化合物有卤化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化物，金属氢化物等，命名时需要使用后缀-ide， 如：fluoride，chloride，bromide，iodide，oxide，sulfide，nitride,phosphide,carbide，hydride;OH-的名称也是用后缀-ide：hydroxide， 非金属氢化物不用此后缀，而是将其看成其它二元化合物（见２。２）；非最低价的二元化合
物还要加前缀，如O22-:peroxideO2-:superoxide 举例：NaF:sodiumfluoride AlCl3:aluminiumchloride Mg2N3:magnesiumnitride Ag2S：silversulfide CaC2:calciumcarbide Fe(OH)2：iron(II)hydroxide 有些物质常用俗称，如NOnitricoxideN2Onitrousoxide ２．２非金属氢化物 除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。对于卤族和氧族氢化物，Ｈ在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成另一元素的二元化合物。 举例：HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchloride HBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodide CH4 H 高某酸 举例： H HPO3 正盐：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。 如FeSO4iron(II)sulfateKMnO4potassiumpermanganate 酸式盐：同正盐的读法，酸根中的Ｈ读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。 如NaHCO3:sodiumhydrogencarbonate或sodiumbicarbonate NaH2PO4:sodiumdihydrogenphosphate 复盐：同正盐的读法，并且阳离子按英文名称的第一个字母顺序读。 如KNaCO3:potassiumsodiumcarbonate NaNH4HPO4:ammoniumsodiumhydrogenphosphate 水合盐：结晶水读做water或hydrate 如AlCl3.6H2O:aluminumchloride6-water或aluminumchloridehexahydrate AlK(SO4)212H2Oaluminiumpotassiumsulphate12-water
化工专业英语复习2
上课讲过的课文 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers After completing this unit，you should be able to: 1. Identify the differences between the work of chemists and that of chemical engineers 2. Describe some of the typical activities of the chemical engineer The classical role of the chemical engineer is to take the discoveries made by the chemist in the laboratory and develop them into money-making，commercial-scale chemical processes. The chemist works in test tubes（小试）and Parr bombs with very small quantities of reactants（反应剂）and products (e.g 100 ml)，usually running“batch”，constant-temperature（恒温）experiments. Reactants are placed in a small container in a constant-temperature bath. A catalyst（催化剂）is added and the reactions proceed with time. Samples are taken at appropriate intervals to follow the consumption（消耗）of the reactants and the production（生产）of products as time progresses. By contrast, the chemical engineer typically works with much larger quantities of material and with very large (and expensive) equipment. Reactor s（反应器）can hold 1,000 gallons to 10,000 gallons or more. Distillation columns （精馏塔）can be over 100 feet high and 10 to 30 feet in diameter（直径）. The capital investment for one process unit in a chemical plant（化工厂）may exceed $ 100 million! The chemical engineer is often involved in “scaling up”（放大）a chemist-developed small-scale reactor and separation system（分离系统）to a very large commercial plant. The chemical engineer must work closely with the chemist in order to understand thoroughly the chemistry involved in the process and to make sure that the chemist gets the reaction kinetic data and the physical property（物理性质)data needed to design, operate, and optimize(优化）the process. This is why the chemical engineering curriculum（课程）contains so many chemistry courses. The chemical engineer must also work closely with mechanical（机械）, electrical（电工）, and metallurgical （冶金）engineers in order to design and operate the physical equipment in a plant –the reactor, tanks, distillation columns, heat exchangers（换热器）, pump s（泵）, compressors（压缩机）, control(控制）and instrumentation devices（仪器设备）, and so on. One big item that is always on such an equipment list is piping（管道）. One of the most impression features of a typical chemical plant is the tremendous（巨大的）number of pipes running（管道铺设）all over the site, literally（逐字的）hundreds of miles in many plants. These pipes transfer process（过程）materials (gases and liquids) into and out of the plant. They also carry utilities（公用工程）(steam, cooling water, air, nitrogen, and refrigerant) （冷却剂）to the process units. To commercialize（总结）the laboratory chemistry, the chemical engineer is involved in development design, construction（建造）, operation（运行）, sales and research. The terminology（术语）used to label these functions is by no means uniform（绝不一样）from company to company, but a rose by any other name is still a rose．Let us describe each of these functions briefly. It should be emphasized that the jobs we shall discuss are “typical”and ”classical”, but are by no means the only things that chemical engineers do. The chemical engineer has a broad background in mathematics, chemistry, and physics. Therefore, he or she can and does, fill a rich variety（种类）of jobs in industry，government, and academia.（科研院所） 第二篇 1. Development Development is the intermediate（中间）step required in passing from a laboratory-size process to a commercial-size process. The “pilot-plant”（中试）process involved in development might involve reactors that are five gallons in capacity and distillation columns that are three inches in diameter. Development is usually part of the commercialization（商业化）of a chemical process because the scale-up problem is a very difficult one. Jumping directly from test tubes to 10,000-gallon reactors can be a tricky（棘手的）and sometimes dangerous endeavor（工作）. Some of the subtle（细小的）problems involved which are not at all obvious to the uninitiated（未计划的）include mixing imperfections,（有缺陷）increasing radial（辐射）temperature gradients （阶梯形）, and decreasing ratios（比率）of heat transfer areas to heat generation rates. The chemical engineer works with the chemist and a team of other engineers to design, construct, and operate the pilot plant. The design aspect involves specifying（指定）equipment sizes, configuration（构造）, and materials of construction. Usually pilot plants are designed to be quite flexible, so that a wide variety of conditions and configurations can be evaluated（评估）. Once the pilot plant is operational, performance and optimization（最大化）data can be obtained in order to evaluate the process from an economic point of view. The profitability is assessed at each stage of the