机械设计外文翻译(中英文)

Machine design theory

The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.

Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.

If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product

Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.

A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends

the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.

Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method.

In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.

How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.

Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem:

(1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability

(2) does this product compare with other companies'' existing similar products?

(3) produces this kind of product is whether economical?

(4) product service is whether convenient?

(5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?

Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal.

Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method.

Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker''s health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer''s aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound

influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material.

Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.

In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype

does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. I

n the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply.

In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes.

The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence.

ecent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the

plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular;

(d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material.

Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.

May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the

basic understanding.

翻译：

机械设计理论

机械设计，通过设计新产品或改进老产品，以满足人类需要的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸，形状和结构，研究产品的人员也必须详细了解这方面的制造，销售和使用等问题。

进行各种机械设计工作的人员被通常称为设计人员或机器设计工程师。机械设计是一种创造性的工作。项目工程师不仅需要在工作中的创造力，而且还必须在机械制图，运动学，工程材料，材料力学，机械制造技术等方面具有深厚的基础知识。

综上所述，机械设计目标是生产能够满足人类需要的产品。当然机械设计中，发现和技术知识本身不一定能带来对人类的好处，只有当他们被施加在产品上时，才能产生产品上的好处。因此，要实现在一个特定的产品设计前，必须先进行确定人们是否真的需要这种产品

必须把机械设计作为本机的设计人员进行使用创新能力的产品设计，系统的分析和制定产品制造技术的好机会。掌握该项目的基本知识要背诵一些数据和公式是比数量更为重要的。在一个良好的设计需求下，上述仅仅是服务数据和公式是不足以完全决定产品，。在另一方面，应当精确认真进行所有操作。例如，即使小数点的位置错了，也可能导致正确的设计转向错误。

一个好的设计人员要敢于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适合，用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间

和努力，不能保证成功。对一个有好的方法的人来说，-一个全新的设计，请求画面放弃很多。由于许多保守的人，做机械设计当然不是一件容易的事。一，机械设计师应该不断探索改进现有产品的方法，在这个过程中，要认真选择最初设计过程的确认原则，，通过确认新的想法后，找出统一的。

新设计本身发生很多缺陷可以有问题，并未能想到，只经过了这些缺陷和问题都解决了，才能体现新货进入市场的产品优势。因此，性能优越的产品诞生的同时，相应的风险也较高。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求使用全新的方法，没有必要仅仅为了其转换为使用新方法的目标。

在设计初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分展示创造力，不是每一种约束。即使有过许多不切实际的想法，也可以在设计早期，即在规划蓝图前得到纠正。只有这样，才不会停止了创新的思路。通常情况下，必须提出几套设计方案，然后进行比较。有可能非常多，其中最后指定的方案中，它接受采用一定不是计划中的一些想法。

心理学家经常讨论的原因如何使人们适应性的操作他们的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使人机协调。这当然不是一件容易的工作，因为确实没有给所有的人说，其实都是最优越的操作区域和操作过程。

另外一个重要的问题，项目工程师必须能够进行交流，并与其他有关人员咨询。在初始阶段，设计人员不得不进行交流和与管理人员的初步设计咨询，并获得批准。这通常是通过口头的交流，示意图和书写材料进行的。为了进行有效的交流，需要解决以下问题：

（1）设计这个产品是否真正需要它的人呢？是否有竞争力

（2）不与其他公司的现有同类产品这款产品比较？

（3）生产的这种产品不管是经济？

（4）产品服务是否方便？

（5）产品是否有售？是否会得到什么？

仅必须能够产生正确的答案上述问题的时间。但是，在产品的设计，制造和销售只能在矣到，项目工程师也对上述问题的初步肯定答案的基础应通过细节图和装配图，进行咨询与制造分支最终的设计方案。

通常，可以在制造过程中的一些问题。可能可以要求某些组件的大小或共同差异使得一些变化，使组件生产轻易改变。但是，在项目变更必须有设计人员授权，保证不会损害产品的功能通过。有时，在产品组装前，或在包装外运实验时才发现设计某种缺陷。这些实例确切地表明设计是一个动态过程。总是有一个更好的方法来完成设计工作，设计人员必须不断努力应该，寻求这些更好的方法。

最近一年，工程材料的选择已经出现重要的。另外，在选择过程应该是连续的材料的不断重新评估过程。这种新材料不断出现，但一些原始资料可以得到数量可能可以减少。对环境的污染，物资回收等方面的使用，工人的频繁健康和安全可以附加新的限制条件，材料的选择。为了减轻重量，或节省能量，可能可以请求使用不同的材料。来自国内和国际的竞争，产品的维修保养便利性要求的提高和客户的方面等反馈压力，可以促使人们进行的物质reappraises。因为当创建了产品责任诉讼材料不选择，已经产生了深刻的影响。此外，该材料和原料处理相互依赖之间已经知道由人清楚。因此，为了能并保证在合理的成本质量的前提下，获得满意的结果，项目工程师，使工程师们都拥有认真仔细地选择，确定和使用的材料。

使任何产品工作的所有的第一个步骤是设计。设计通常可以分为几个明确的阶段：（1）初步设计; （二）功能设计; （三）生产设计。在初步设计阶段，设计者着重考虑的产品应具有的功能。通常必须设想和考虑几个方案，然后决定这种思想是，是否可行;如果是可行的，那么应该做进一步的改进或几个计划。在这个阶段，仅必须考虑关于材料的选择的问题是：是否有性能以符合要求的材料是可能的可供选择;如果没有，是否有更大的保证，所有许可证的费用，并在限制的时间开发出一种新材料。

在功能设计和工程设计阶段，需要做出一个切实可行的设计。必须制定在这个阶段比较完整的蓝图，选择并确定各种零件的材料。通常必须做出原型或工作模型，并进行实验吧，考核产品的功能，可靠性，外观和维修保养等。虽然这样的实验可能可以表明，进入在产品前面的生产基地，应更换某些材料，但是，绝对不能这点拿不出认真选料的借口。要统一的产品的功能，切实仔细考虑了产品的外观，成本和可靠性。具有实现非常公司制造时所有的原型，选用材料应，它使用与它的生产中的材料是相同的，并且使用类似的制造技术尽可能。像这样具有的优点非常多的公司。功能齐全的原型根据预期销售量如果不能充当经济地制造，或者是原型和正式生产装置在质量和可靠性方面是非常显着不同，那么这种原型的不具有很大的价值。项目工程师是最好的可以完全完成材料在这一阶段的分析，选择和确定的工作，但并不保持它的生产设计阶段一样。因为，是进行生产设计阶段材料替代其他人，这些人是逊色于项目工程师对产品的所有功能的理解。我

n中的生产设计阶段，是应与相关的主要问题的材料的材料完全决定，使它们与现有的设备相适应，可以使用现有的设备经济地进行加工，而且材料的数量可以相当容易保证的供应。

在制造过程中，必然会出现使用材料作出一些改变的情况。经验表明，可以使用某些廉价的材料，采取替代。然而，在多数情况下，在将进行生产以后改变材料具有在开始之前的生产，以改变该材料将花费必须比更高的价格。完成在设计阶段的材料的工作的选择，可能避免最这种情况。生产制造出现有可能提供使用新的材料是后开始替换材料的最常见的原因。当然，这些新材料可能降低成本，改善产品的性能。但是，必须进行认真评估，以新材料，保证了其所有性能全部满足要求。必须记住的是，新的材料的性能和手头非常可靠的几张照片等材料了解的人。大部分产品到期和疏忽所致的情况下产品事故是因为在选择新材料，采取替代材料之前，没有真正了解它们的长期经营业绩的原因。产品责任诉讼的力量设计人员和公司在选择材料，采用最好的程序。在材料的过程中，五个最常见的问题是：（1）不理解或不能使用有关材料应用方面最新最好的资料文件; （二）未能预见和考虑黄昏年可能的合理的使用（例如有可能，设计人员也被认为进一步预测和考虑由于产品使用方法不当造成的后果。最近几个年许多产品责任诉讼的情况下，因为错误地使用该产品受到伤害指责原告生产厂家，并赢得了决定）; （三）使用的材料数据不全也许有些数据是不确定的，可以作为其长期性能数据是这样的时候特别; （d）该质量控制方法不适合，而不是确认后; （五），这完全是不称职的一些选料人员。

通过对上述五个问题的分析，可以得到这些问题是没有足够的理由存在的结论。可为避免这些问题，这些问题的研究分析表明亮相的方向。尽管使用的材料的方法是最好的选择不能够避免在产品责任诉讼，设计人员和业界进行根据合适的方法的材料的选择，可以大大减少诉讼的数量。

从上面的讨论可以看到，在选择材料的人应该对材料的性质，特性和处理方法有全面的和基本的了解。

机械专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)

外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are

冲压模具技术外文翻译(含外文文献)

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机械毕业设计外文翻译---装载机发展概况

外文资料翻译 学生姓名： 专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化04级2班指导教师： 2008年6月

装载机发展概况 Abstract This paper have discussed s.s. ZL-50 type fork-lift truck mainly overall fictitious prototype design as well as some kinds of typical schoolwork operating modes imitate and emulate , include equipment and the overall parts needed build mould. In this design course, have applied ADAMS software and the software of PRO/ENGINEER. ADAMS software is used in the emulation of some kinds of schoolwork operating modes, and the software of PRO/ENGINEER is used to build mould mainly. Through the simulated emulation for some kinds of overall schoolwork operating modes, can see relatively distinctly the overall possible condition in actual schoolwork course that met , can in time modify , have reduced actual design time , have raised production efficiency. The innovation of this design Zhi is in in, imitate and have emulated fork-lift truck the 3 kinds of typical schoolwork operating mode in actual schoolwork, is effect again have imitated in actual schoolwork the hydraulic impact of use, so when being helpful to solve actual loading, the actual problem of meeting the stock that is hard to uninstall can so raise production efficiency. Key words: Fork-lift truck 、fictitious prototype , build mould, emulation, optimization、production efficiency Loader Development China's modern 20 wheel loaders began in the mid-1960s of the Z435. The aircraft as a whole rack, rear axle steering. After years of hard work, the attraction was the world's most advanced technology wheel loader on the basis of the successful development of the power of 162 KW of shovel-fit wheel loaders, stereotypes for Z450 (later ZL50), and in 1971 December 18, formally appraised by experts. Thus the birth of China's first articulated wheel loader, thus creating our industry loader formation and development history. Z450-type loader with hydraulic mechanical transmission, power shift, Shuangqiaoshan drive, hydraulic manipulation, articulated power steering, gas oil Afterburner brake wheel loaders, and other modern, the basic structure of the world's advanced level for the time . Basically represent the first generation of wheeled loading the basic structure. The aircraft in the overall performance of dynamic, and insertion force a rise of power and flexibility, manipulation of light, the higher operating efficiency of a series of advantages. 1978, Heavenly Creations by the Department in accordance with the requirements of machinery, worked out to LIUGONG Z450-based type of wheel loaders series of standards. The development of standards, with reservations Z