文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › 《现代汉语》第五章__语法_练习(有答案)

《现代汉语》第五章__语法_练习(有答案)

《现代汉语》第五章__语法_练习(有答案)
《现代汉语》第五章__语法_练习(有答案)

第五章语法

一、填空

1、“学点语法”中的“语法”指客观存在的____________________。

2、“我上午看哲学,下午看语法”中的“语法”指_______________。

3、“语法、修辞都属于社会科学范畴”中的“语法”指_________________。

4、划分词类的标准是词的________。

5、实词的特点是________________,虚词在结构中起________和________作用。

6、实词包括________、________、________、________、________、________、________。虚词包括________、________、________、_______。

7、词与词组合成短语,既有________上的要求,又有________上的要求。

8、根据短语内部词和词的____________,短语可以分为12类。

9、从功能角度看,短语可以分为________短语、________短语和________短语三类。

10、主谓短语从功能角度可以分为三类,其功能分类的依据是________________,根据其性质可以归入________、________、________。

11、状中短语从功能角度可以分为两类,其功能分类的依据是____________,根据其性质可以归入____________、_____________两类。

12、根据不同的语气,句子可以分为________、________、________、________四类。

13、动词性谓语句包括________谓语句、________谓语句、________谓语句、________谓语句、________谓语句等几种类型。

14、疑问句有________、________、________、________四种形式。

15、条件复句包括____________、____________、____________三种形式。

16、复句分类的依据是它的____________,分类的标准是它的____________,主要是关联词语。

17、词性误用常出现在________、________、________这三类词之间。

18、常见的语病主要有________误用、________残缺、________安排不当、________使用不当、________搭配不当等。

三、分析应用题

1、根据语法功能,指出下列实词所属的类别

限制()限度()有限()效用()使用()耐用()

兴趣()兴奋()兴许()特殊()特点()特地()才干()能干()单干()武断()武功()武装()

绿色()绿化()动机()机动()

2、分析下列短语的结构层次关系

(1)在大海里捞针

(2)人人都要学习法律知识

(3)从教室的窗户向外望

(4)他昨天带回来不少唱片

(5)北京、上海、天津、重庆是直辖市

(6)他一口气就读完了这本小说

3、用划线法分析下列多重复句

(1)成绩能够鼓舞人,同时会使人骄傲;错误使人倒霉,同时也是很好的老师。

(2)如果把人类的饮食男女这些机能同其他社会活动割裂开来,并使它们成为唯一的终极目的,那么,他们的性质就和一般动物所具有的没有什么差别了。

(3)尽管我们仰慕某些科学家的大名,但我并不因此认为他们是万能的,因为他们不可能掌握真理的全部,而他们的权威有时甚至阻碍了他们的进步。

(4)掌柜是一副凶脸孔,主顾也没有好声气,教人活泼不得;只有孔乙己到店,才可以笑几声,所以至今还记得。

(5)只有充分地利用我国的人力物力资源,尽快缩短我国生产技术水平和世界先进技术水平的差距,才能最迅速地提高整个社会的劳动生产率,加速四个现代化的进程。

(6)这种作风,拿了律己,则害了自己;拿了教人,则害了别人;拿了指导革命,则害了革命。

(7)只讲民主,不讲集中,那就会走向极端民主化,走向破坏纪律的自由放任主义;只讲集中,不讲民主,就会走向官僚主义,搞“一言堂”和命令主义。

(8)别人说得对,我们就应该欢迎,并要向别人的长处学习;别人说得不对,也应该让别人说完,然后慢慢加以解释。

4、改正下列句子中的错误,并说明理由

(1)方方正正的博士帽,是每个人都羡慕的称号。

(2)只有这样,才能造成心情舒畅、生动活泼。

(3)没有人否认京杭大运河不是世界上最长的运河。

(4)根据合同,甲方保证在两年之内为乙方培养四个实验室工作人员。

(5)不论在前进的路上遇到了很大的困难,但是我们也能克服。

(6)这个经验值得广大体育工作者的重视。

(7)今年秋天,村民们正在准备收割庄稼时,气象台发布了台风的消息。

(8)这个问题在领导和群众中广泛引起了讨论。

(9)我国石油的生产,已经能自给自足了。

(10)我们的足球队员要加大运动量,克服下半场体力不足。

语法·参考答案

一、填空

1、用词造句的规律

2、语法教材

3、研究语法规律的科学

4、意义、功能

5、能充当句子成分、连接、附着

6、名词、动词、形容词、数词、量词、代词、副词;连词、介词、助词、语气词

7、意义、语法

8、结构关系

9、名词性、动词性、形容词性

10、与别的词语的组合能力、名词性短语、动词性短语、形容词性短语

11、造句功能、动词性短语、形容词性短语

12、陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句

13、动词、述宾、述补、连述、主谓

14、是非问、特指问、正反问、选择问

15、充分条件、必要条件、无条件

16、意义基础、形式标志

17、名词、动词、形容词

18、词性、成分、语序、关联词语、句子成分

三、分析应用题

1、动词名词形容词名词动词形容词名词形容词副词形容词名词副词

名词形容词形容词形容词名词动词形容词动词名词形容词

2、(1)在大海里捞针

状中

介词述宾

方位

(2)人人都要学习法律知识

主谓

状中

述宾

述宾

定中

(3)从教室的窗户向外望

状中

介词状中

定中介词

(4)他昨天带回来不少唱片

主谓

状中

述宾

述补定中

(5)北京、上海、天津、重庆是直辖市

主谓

联合述宾

定中

(6)他一口气就读完了这本小说

主谓

状中

定中状中

述宾

述补定中

3、(1)成绩能够鼓舞人,|| 同时会使人骄傲;| 错误使人倒霉,|| 同时也是很好的老师。

并列并列并列

(2)如果把人类的饮食男女这些机能同其他社会活动割裂开来,|| 并使它们成为唯一

递进

的终极目的,| 那么,他们的性质就和一般动物所具有的没有什么差别了。

条件

(3)尽管我们仰慕某些科学家的大名,|| 但我并不因此认为他们是万能的,| 因为他

转折因果

们不可能掌握真理的全部,|| 而他们的权威有时甚至阻碍了他们的进步。

递进

(4)掌柜是一副凶脸孔,||| 主顾也没有好声气,|| 教人活泼不得;| 只有孔乙己到店,

并列因果并列

||| 才可以笑几声,|| 所以至今还记得。

条件因果

(5)只有充分地利用我国的人力物力资源,|| 尽快缩短我国生产技术水平和世界先进技

并列

术水平的差距,| 才能最迅速地提高整个社会的劳动生产率,|| 加速四个现代化的进程。

条件并列

(6)这种作风,拿了律己,|| 则害了自己;| 拿了教人,|| 则害了别人;| 拿了指导

条件并列条件并列

革命,|| 则害了革命。

条件

(7)只讲民主,||| 不讲集中,|| 那就会走向极端民主化,||| 走向破坏纪律的自由放

并列条件并列

任主义;| 只讲集中,||| 不讲民主,|| 就会走向官僚主义,||| 搞“一言堂”和命令主并列并列条件并列

义。

(8)别人说得对,|| 我们就应该欢迎,||| 并要向别人的长处学习;| 别人说得不对,条件递进并列

|| 也应该让别人说完,||| 然后慢慢加以解释。

条件连贯

4、(1)把“方方正正的博士帽”改为:“博士”。主谓搭配不当。

(2)在“活泼”后加上“的局面”。缺少宾语中心语。

(3)删去“不”。三重否定把意思说反了。

(4)把“个”改为“名”。“个”和“实验室”、“工作人员”都能搭配,容易造成歧义。

(5)把“不论”改为“虽然”。“不论”与“都”搭配,不能与“但是”搭配。

(6)删去“的”。“值得”必须带非名词性宾语。

(7)在“气象台”前加上“听到”。缺少谓语中心语。(8)把“广泛引起了讨论”改为“引起了广泛讨论”。语序不当。(9)把“生产”改为“产量”。主谓搭配不当。(10)在“不足”后加上“的现象”。缺少宾语中心语。

英语语法练习题

英语语法练习题(一) Part I. Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the given word in the brackets. (20%) 1. This pair of trousers ____________ (cost) fifty yuan. 2. All their belongs, together with the remains of torn-up newspapers, _________ (lie) scattered over the carpets. 3. The class _________ (be) taking notes, their pens scribing quickly over their exercise books. 4. John, rather than his roommates, ___________ (be) to blame. 5. It’s high time that we _________ (have) a rest. 6. When she ___________ (arrive) I ___________ (telephone) Harry. (= She arrived during my telephone call.) 7. I wouldn’t object to ___________ (ask) some questions. 8. It is recommended that the work ___________ (not start) until all the preparations have been made. 9. I didn’t mean ___________ (eat) anything but the cakes looked so good that I couldn’t resist ________ (try) one. 10. A President’s power is very strong. He is the most _________ (power) executive in t he nation. 11. What _____________ (happen) if they can’t reach an agreement? 12. If we ___________ (catch) the 10 o’clock train, we _________ (get) there by lunch time. 13. What is __________ (funny) joke you have ever heard? 14. It’s _________ (pr etty) well impossible to travel over these mountains. 15. Unreliable delivery dates are one of the most important obstacles to ____________ (increase) our exports. 16. Lee __________ (learn) English for several years, and at last he _________ (master) the irregular verbs. 17. It’s the first time I __________ (explain) this particular aspect of grammar. 18. This time tomorrow everyone __________ (read) of your success, and all sorts of people __________ (ring) up to congratulate you.

(完整版)高中英语语法填空专题训练和答案

语法填空专项训练 1 Before the 17th century, most of the native English speakers lived in England. After the 17th century, British people began to move to other ___66___ (country). Gradually, English was spoken there. At present ___67___ (many) people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before. ___68___ (luck), native English speakers can understand each other even if they don’t speak the same kind of English. English ___69___ (change) and developed when cultures met and communicated with each other over the past centuries. The English ___70___ (speak) in England between about AD450 and 1150 was very different ___71___ the modern English we speak today. It was the new settlers that enriched the English language and ___72___ (especial) its vocabulary. The English language was settled by the 19th century ___73___ two big changes in English spelling happened. English now is also spoken as a foreign ___74___second language in South Asia. China may have the ___75___ (large) number of English learners. 66.【答案】countries 【解析】考查名词。country是可数名词,此处由other修饰用复数形式,指其他的国家。故填countries. 67. 【答案】more 【解析】考查比较级。根据句中的than ever before可知含有和以前比较的意思,要用比较级表示更多的人,故填more. 68. 【答案】Luckily 【解析】考查副词。此处单独使用作状语要用副词形式,指“幸运的是”,故填Luckily. 69. 【答案】has changed 【解析】考查时态。根据句意和时间状语over the past centuries可知与现在完成时连用,主语是单数,故填has changed. 70. 【答案】spoken 【解析】考查过去分词。English和动词speak是被动关系,此处是过去分词作定语,故填spoken.

浙大远程教育现代汉语语法修辞作业答案全集

语法修辞 1.“火车在广矛盾田野上蜿蜒前进,收过秋的田野,显露出疲惫的黄褐色。”应用了( C移就)辞格。 2.下列四组词中,一般能受“不”修饰的是( A 动词、形容词)。 3.下列短语中结构关系相同的一组是( D 走或留、书本钢笔)。 4.“虽然生活很艰辛,但活泼可爱的小女儿成了他的开心果。”用的辞格是(C 暗喻)。 5.“经过这次交流,使我们深切地理解了对方的苦衷。”一句里的语病是因为(C 成分残缺)引起的。 6.“知道那个不好消息后,心中的阴云就一天天变得厚重起来。”用了( D 借喻)。 7.下列单位中,可以是语素,也可以直接充当词的是(B 书)。 8.“倒装”这中现象只能出现(D 句子)单位中。 9.语体是(D 语言在长期使用过程中产生的与特定的社会领域相应的功能特征体系。)。 10.下列短语中,属于多义的是(C 我们要学习文件)。 A 去北京玩 B 你为什么这样说 C 我们要学习文件 D 不要跟陌生人说话 11.下列四组词中,词性相同的一组是(C )。 A 现在、已经 B 红、绿化 C 的、着 D 突然、忽然 解释:“突然”是形容词,除了做状语以外,还能作定语、谓语、补语。“忽然”是副词,只能做状语。 12.下列短语中与“买了一本”结构关系一致的是( D 写了一句)。 13.“线儿缝在军衣上,情意缝进我心里。”用了(A 拈连)辞格。 14.“揭露10家对华贸易友善的美国公司。”中的“揭露”使用不当的原因在于(C 感情色彩不妥)。 15.超常修辞一般不常见于下列(D 公文公告)语境中。 16.下列用了关联词,但不属于复句的是( A )。 A 只有在这个时候,他才能忘却他心中的不快。 B 只有你来了,我们才可以出发。 C 因为下雨,车子也开不起来了。 D 他一来,会场的气氛就完全不同了。 17.词的语法功能是指词的(D 组合能力)。 18.下列四组词语中,用主谓式方式构成的有(C 肉麻)。 19.在下列语体中辞格应用频率和类型最丰富的应为(A 文学) 20.“他是我们村出了名的勤快人——一件衣服能穿一个月都不洗。”使用的辞格是(B 反语)。 21.下面句子中“看起来”应看作句子一般成分(而不是特殊成分)的是( C )。 A 看起来要下雨了 B 她看起来要倒下了 C 书一到手,他就看起来了。

现代汉语语法与修辞答案讲课教案

“他主张赶快去”中的“赶快去”是()。 .副词性宾语 .受事宾语 .谓词性宾语 .施事宾语 2、 a.村子里回来了一批转业军人。 b.村子里有一批转业军人回来了。 以上两个句子()。 . D. 都是兼语句 .是存现句和兼语句 .都是存现句 .是兼语句和存现句 3、 “我去还是不去?”是()。 . C. 特指问句 .正反问句 .选择问句 .是非问句 4、 有意义的能独立使用的最小语言单位是( )。

.语素 .短语 .词 5、 “不”和“没”都属于()。 .程度副词 .否定副词 .范围副词 .时间副词 6、 “彻底解决”是()。 .偏正短语 .中补短语 .动宾短语 .主谓短语 7、 “小张写了一篇文章”中的“小张”是()。 .施事主语

.谓词性主语 .中性主语 8、 “明代医药家李时珍”是()。 .联合短语 .偏正短语 .主谓短语 .同位短语 9、 “少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲”是运用了()。 .串对 .正对 .反衬 .反对 10、 大理花多,多得园艺家定不出名字来称呼。 大理花艳,艳得美术家调不出颜色来点染。 大理花矫,娇得文学家想不出词句来描绘。 大理花香,香得外来人一到这苍山下.洱海边,顿觉飘飘然不酒而醉。以上句子对辞格的使用是()。 .兼用加套用

.辞格连用 .辞格兼用 11、 “今天冷极了。”是()。 . F. 动词谓语句 .名词谓语句 .主谓谓语句 .形容词谓语句 12、 下面短语中属于偏正关系的是( )。 . E. 抬进去 .悄悄进来 .看小说 .门开了 13、 下列诗句中,不是对偶句的一项是()。 . B. 浮云游子意,落日故人情。 .乱花渐欲迷人眼,浅草才能没马蹄。 .旦辞爷娘去,暮宿黄河边。 .野径云俱黑,江船火独明。

基础英语语法练习题

基础英语语法练习题 第一套(全十六单元) Unit 1 1. It took the workmen only two hours to finish ________ my car. A. repairing B. repair C. to repair D. repaired 2. It's no good _______ over split milk. A. to cry B. crying C. cried D. cry 3. Have you forgotten ___________$1000 from me last month? Will you please remember _________ it tomorrow? A. borrowing; to bring B. to borrow; bring C. borrowed; bringing D. borrowing; bringing 4. The classroom wants __________. A. clean B. cleaned C. to clean D. cleaning 5. Jack said that he wouldn't mind ___________ for us. A. o wait B. wait C. waiting D. waited 6. My brother keeps _________ me with my work. A. to help B. help C. helping D. helped 7. We should often practise _________ English with each other. A. to speak B. spoke C. speak D. speaking 8. Keep on _________ and you will succeed. A. a try B. try C. triing D. trying 9. Don’t forget ________ the notebook with you when you go to the lecture. A. to take B. to carry C. to send D. to bring 10. You’d better ________ her, it would only worry her. A. not tell B. tell C. to tell D. not to tell 11. The librarian work is ________ the books in the library. A. takes care of B. take care of C. to take care of D. taking care of 12. Her parent’s won’t let her ________ out with her boyfriend. A. goes B. to go C. going D. go 13. I asked her _______ with us. A. when to go B. when he will go C. if he will go D. that he would go 14. I have not got a chair ________. A. for sitting B. to sit on C. to sit D. for sitting on 15. My mother often tells me ________ in the sun A. not to read B. don’t read C. doesn’t read D. not read 16____ makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services. A. What B. Who C. Whatever D. Whoever 17 ____ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect. A. What B. That C. This D. Which

高考英语语法填空练习题带答案

一 第二节语法填空(共10 小题;每小题 1.5 分,满分15 分) Once there lived a rich man 31 wanted to do something for the people of his town. 32 first he wanted to find out whether they deserved his help. In the centre of the main road into the town, he placed 33 very large stone. Then he 34 (hide ) behind a tree and waited. Soon an old man came along with his cow. “Who put this stone in the centre of the road? ”said the d o i l d d n m o a t n t r,y b t u o t r h e e m o v e the stone. Instead, with some difficulty he passed around the stone and continued on his way. 35 man came along and did the same thing; then another came ,and another. All of them complained about the stone but not tried to remove 36 . Late in the afternoon a young man came along. He saw the stone, 37 (say) to himself: “Thenight 38 (be) very dark. Some neighbors will come along later in the dark and will fall against the stone. ”Then he began to move the stone. He pushed and pulled with all his 39 (strong) to move it. How great was his surprise at last! 40 the stone, he found a bag of money. 第二节语法填空 31. who 32. But 33. a 34. hid 35. Another 36. it 37. saying 38. will be 39. strength 40. Under 二 第二节:语法填空(共10小题,每小题 1.5分,满分15分) The Internet is an amazing information resource. Students, teachers, and researchers use it as __31_ investigative tool. Journalists use it to find information for stories. Doctors use it to learn more about unfamiliar diseases and the 32_ (late) medical development. Ordinary people use it for shopping, banking, bill-paying, and communicating with family and friends. People all over the world use it to connect with individuals from _33 countries and cultures. However, __34____there are many positive developments __35__ (associate) with the Internet, there are also certain fears and concerns. __36___ concern relates to a lack of control over__37__ appears on the Internet. With television and radio there are editors to check the accuracy or appropriateness of the content of programs, and with television there are 38 (restrict) on what kinds of programs can __39__ (broadcast) and at what times of the day. With the Internet, parents cannot check a published guide to determine what is suitable __40____ their children to see. 第二节语法填空(共10 小题,每小题 1.5 分,满分15 分) 31. an 32. latest 33.other/different 34. while 35.associated 36. One 37. what 38. restrictions 39. be broadcast(ed) 40.for 三 第二节:语法填空(共10小题;每小题 1.5分,满分15分) Crying marriage? 31 (surprise), isn ’t it? Factually, the custom of crying marriage existed a long time ago in many areas of Southwest China ’Ssichuan Province, and 32 (remain) in fashion 33 the end of the Qing Dynasty. Though not so popular as before, the custom is still observed by people in many places, especially Tujia people, who view it as a 34 (necessary) to marriage procedure. It is very much 35 same in different places of the province. According to elderly people, every bride had to cry at the wedding. 36 , the bride ’nesighbors would look down upon 37 as a

现代汉语语法修辞

第二章词类分析 [教学目的:本章将概括地介绍现代汉语词类划分的标准、词类的基本特点以及其它相关问题。目的是使学生对现代汉语词类划分依据、划分结果以及词类的主要特点等理论有全面的了解。认识现代汉语词类的基本特点,以更好地运用现代汉语] [教学要求:认识词类划分的三种标准,了解选择其中功能标准划分词类的原因;了解每类词的主要语法特点;正确掌握词语兼类问题] 第一节词类划分的标准 在说到语法的抽象性时我们说到,词的数量是无限的,但这些无限数量的词,可以根据它们的特点,归为不同的类别。 词是语言结构的基本单位,从表层形式看,每一个组合都是不同的词加合而成的,但从语法上看,其中的每一个都代表着某一类具有相同特征的词语,因此,在这里我们不能也不需要对具体词语的语法特征进行分析,而是要求从类的角度对词在语言结构中的功能特征进行分析,并由此将词归并成不同的类,这就是我们平时所说的词类。 词类就是词根据它的语法功能的不同进行的归类。所以,词类是词的语法类别,不同的词类在形态、意义、功能等方面都表现出显著不同的特点。 词类是语言中存在的客观事实,我们能够客观而科学地加以分析既是对全面认识词语语法特点本身的需要,是语法研究的基础工作;同时,划分词类也有利于进一步揭示由词构成的更高级语言单位如短语和句子的内部结构特点。 从历史的角度看,对现代汉语词语进行语法类别的划分,采用的标准至今主要有三种,它们 是: 一、意义标准 所谓意义标准就是以词表示的词义作为词归类的依据。 词,特别是实词,总会有一定的具体意义,这些意义可以帮助我们比较快地确定一个词的词性,所以在许多语法书里也就这样来定义词类:名词是表示事物名称的词;数词是表示数目和次序的词;动词表示动作或变化;形容词表示事物的性质。 这一标准是传统主义语法学在分析词类是所采用的,最初时就直接将词汇意义当作了化分词类的依据,如《马氏文通》对实词和虚词的理解。王力先生早期也是这样理解词类的,如他曾说“实词之中,每一个词都有它的理解,它们都能给予咱们一种实在的印象,所以实词也可以称为理解成分”,1而虚词“对于实物实质实情都无所指”,虚词被称为“语法成分”。2现在看来,这种理解是不能解决问题的。因为有些词,如果从意义上看,意义的虚实很难判断,如“予以、加以”等动词,“如何、某、什么”等代词以及副词等等,照此标准,只能划归到虚词里,但它们在结构中的地位和作用显然与连词、介词等有很大区别。因此,将词汇意义的虚实作为判断依据,不能很好地解释事实,解决问题。 但是,如果将意义理解为一类词所具有的能反映其成员共性的类别意义,我们认为,意义标准还是有一定的合理性的。词语的具体意义可以千差万别,但某一类词的成员之间在其 1王力,《中国现代语法》第13页,商务印书馆,1985年。 2王力,《中国现代语法》第14页,商务印书馆,1985年。

语法填空专题训练(含答案)

语法填空专题训练 Combined by Stella A Making new friends means 1_________(put) yourself out on a limb and asking others not only to accept you, but to like you and want to be around you as well. Unfortunately, there is no 2__________(magic) solution 3__________ this part of the process, so if you want to make friends, take a deep breath and jump right in! 4__________ first step to making new friends is figuring out what is holding you back. A lot of times people 5__________ are interested in making new friends don’t know why they don’t have them. They can’t see that 6__________ won actions are working against them. Once you can identify(确认,确定)what is keeping you from making new friends, you need to work through these concerns. This can be 7__________(pain) because you will need to put yourself outside of your comfort zones to see any real differences. The next step is to shine in these social settings so that others will leave with a positive impression. If you find social situations hard, just rely on a few simple rules. When you feel 8__________(confidence) that you’ve made some great new friends, get out there and celebrate with them! No matter 9__________ you decide to do, the important thing is to celebrate your new friends 10__________ hopefully continue cultivating more. B For your next vacation, why not think of 1__________(visit) Singapore? Singapore is a small city, and it doesn’t have nay beaches 2__________ mountains, but is has a very large zoo. It is also a 3__________(wonder) place for shopping. Don’t plan on driving a car in Singapore. The traffic 4__________(be) heavy in some parts of the city, and most private cars are not 5__________(allow) in downtown Singapore. 6_______ is easiest to get around the city 7_______ subway.

现代汉语语法教案.

第一章:导论 中国传统语言学,历来分为文字、音韵、训诂三大分支,基本上没有语法的地位。汉语语法学的建立,通常认为应该以1898年《马氏文通》(商务印书馆)的出版为标志。这一百多年来,汉语语法研究从无到有,从小到大,从幼稚到成熟,从一棵幼苗到成长为参天大树,经历了曲折的发展进程。我们可以毫无愧色地说:现代汉语各个分支学科的研究中,语法研究的队伍最壮大,思想最活跃,成果最显著。进入了21世纪,我们有责任,也有义务,把这一百多年的研究历史,按照语法专题的框架,作一番认真的科学的梳理,以便总结成绩,找出不足,看清发展的趋势,为今后的研究提供新的思路。 第一节汉语语法学简史 《马氏文通》的出版至今已逾百年。这一百多年的汉语语法研究,大致上可以分为前五十年和后六十年,以1949年中华人民共和国成立为界。 前五十年又可以分为前三十年和后二十年。 前三十年主要是汉语语法体系的构拟,有两本著作最为重要:马建忠的《马氏文通》以古代汉语为研究对象,仿照拉丁语语法建立了第一个以字(即“词”)为本位的语法体系,虽然还比较粗糙,但毕竟是第一次,所以草创之功不可抹杀。黎锦熙的《新著国语文法》(商务印书馆1924)则以现代汉语为研究对象,仿照纳氏文法(Nes/eildGrammar)建立了一个句本位的语法新体系,这一体系在中学语文学界产生过很大的影响。

后二十年主要有两件大事:第一,中国文法革新运动的讨论,第一次在理论上对汉语语法体系的建构,尤其是词类问题进行了有益的探索,这实际上是结构主义语法理论对传统语法的一次挑战,并且初步形成了语法学界所谓的“京派”和“海派”。海派主要是以方光焘和陈望道为代表。第二,京派的主要成员出版了三本重要的语法著作:王力的《中国现代语法》(商务印书馆1943—1944)、吕叔湘的《中国文法要略》(商务印书馆1942—1944)和高名凯的《汉语语法理论》(开明书店1948),从而形成了汉语语法学界的主流派。 后六十年也可以分为前三十年和后三十年。 前三十年又可以分为前二十年和后十年。前二十年,语法知识的大普及、三次语法问题(汉语词类划分问题、主语宾语区分问题以及单句复句的划界问题)大讨论,以及《中学教学语法暂拟系统》的制订,都给了汉语语法学快速发展的空间,特别重要.的是汉语描写语法学派得到了长足的发展,这可以吕叔湘和朱德熙的研究为杰出代表,他们二位的学说,对汉语语法学界产生了重大的深远的影响。后来的“十年浩劫”期间的语法研究则基本上是一片空白。 后三十年,汉语语法研究空前繁荣,这主要得益于改革开放国策的实施和深化。这三十年大体上可以分为三个阶段: (一)1978—1991,大致以汉语语法研究座谈会(1991年)为界,这前十年左右是后结构主义语法一统天下的局面,朱德熙的语法思想占据主导地位。其特色是: 第一,提出“短语本位”,在传统的词法和句法中间插入“短语

英语语法练习题(答案详细讲解)

英语语法练习题(答案详解) 1. Ms Nancy didn't mind at all ______ to the ceremony. A. being not invited B. not being invited C. not inviting D. not to be invited B 2."_____ your meeting is!" he offered them his sincere congratulations. A. How a great success B. What a great success C. How great success D. What great success B success 名词,保留远动词含义"成功"是不可数名词;如用来代替具体的人(成功者)或具体的事(成功的事情(东西))是可数名词。故排除C,D;A中how是副词,如改成how great a success就是正确的。 3. We must remember that _____fashion is not the most important thing in _______ life. A. /; the B. /; / C. the; / D. the; the B 抽象名词不特指时,前不用冠词。 4. It _____ quite a few years _____ the accused was declared innocent and set free. A. was; since B. is; that C. will be; when D. was; before D 如将A项中was, since改成is, since是正确的;即从句中谓语先发生。如用B项,是强调句,而强调句前后两个谓语动词在时间上必须一致(a);被强调部分能还回原句中(b),即因为句中was declared是过去时, B项中is改成was;因为句中was declared是非延续性动词,在years后加上ago将"一段" 时间变成"一点"就是正确的。C 项前后时间不一致。

语法填空专项训练

语法填空题专项训练 阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 1 When you start talking about good and bad manners you immediately start meeting difficulties. Many people just cannot agree to 1they mean. We asked a lady, who replied that she thought you could tell a well-mannered person by the way they occupied the space around them —for example, when such a person walks down a street he or she is 2(constant) aware of others. Such people never bump into other people. However, a 3(two) person thought that this was 4(much) a question of civilized behavior than good manners. Instead, this other person told us a story, which he said was quite well known, 5an American who 6(invite) to an Arab meal in one of the countries of the Middle East. The American hadn’t been told very much about the kind of food he might expect. If he had known about Arab food, he might have behaved 7 (good). Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked, to him, very much like a napkin (餐巾). 8(pick) it up, he put it into his collar, so that it fell across his shirt. His Arab host, 9had been watching, said nothing, but 10(immediate) copied the action of his guest. And that, said this second person, was a fine example of good manners. 2 There are times when people are so tired that they fall asleep almost anywhere. We can see a lot of people sleeping on the bus or train on their way home 1work in the evening. A man will be reading the newspaper, and seconds later it appears as if he is trying to eat it. Or he will fall asleep on the shoulder of the stranger sitting next to him. Another place where unplanned short sleep goes on is in the lecture hall 2 a student will start snoring so loudly that the professor has to ask another student 3(shake) the sleeper awake. A more 4(embarrass) situation occurs when a student starts falling into sleep and 5weight of the head pushes the arm off the desk, and the movement carries the rest of the body along. The student wakes up on the floor with no memory of getting there. The 6(bad) time to fall asleep is when driving. Police reports are full of 7(accident) that occur when people fall into sleep and go off the road. If the drivers are lucky, they are not 8(serious) hurt. One woman’s car, for example, we nt into the river. She woke up in four feet of water and thought that it 9(rain). When people are really 10 (tire), nothing will stop them from falling asleep — no matter where they are. 3 I decided a few months ago I was going to treat myself to a 4-day getaway from Los Angeles and visit Chicago. I booked an airplane ticket on a website. I also found a travel website where a discounted 3-night stay was purchased from a recently 1(open) hotel. About three weeks 2the trip, I had other plans and had to cancel the trip. Only then did I 3(realize) the room, while transferable to another person, couldn’t 4(change) to a later date and wasn’t refundable. I tried selling it but with no success. Five days before the “big weekend” I gave up 5(try) and decided I would contact some friends who lived in Chicago and would offer someone a free family vacation. After 6(contact) a handful of people, all of

现代汉语语法修辞》平时作业

《现代汉语语法修辞》平时作业 一、简答题(每题20分,共100分) 1.比较形容词和副词的语法功能并判断“偶然”和“偶尔”的词性。 答:形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征;副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。 二者都有形容词和副词的性质,都可以作定语和状语,如:偶然因素/偶尔的事,此处修饰名词是定语;偶然听到鸟鸣/偶尔写,此处修饰动词,是副词。但我们平常使用的时候对“偶然”侧重在它的形容词性,与“必然”相对;对“偶尔”侧重在它的副词性,与“经常”相对。 2.怎样区分宾语和补语? 答:补语和宾语都位于动词后,宾语多数是名词性成分,一般是动作对象,比如吃苹果,苹果就是动词”吃“的宾语;补语是谓词性成分,一般是补充说明动词的,例如想清楚,清楚是补充说明“想”的,即想到的程度。当然还有很多可作补语的,比如看两遍,两遍是补充说明“看”的。 3.什么是助词?常见的助词分哪些类别? 答:助词是附着在词、短语、分句或句子上,表示各种附加语法意义的词。 助词的类型: ①结构助词 结构助词表示附加成分和中心语之间的结构关系。 “的、地、得”都读de(轻声),它们的分工是书面上的。定语后面的de写成“的”,状语后面的de写成“地”,补语前面的de写成“得”。 1、“的” 2、“地” 3、“得” 4、“所” ②动态助词 动态助词表示动作进程状态。汉语中的动态助词主要有: “着” “了” “过” “看” “的” “来”和“来着” “着呢” ③比况助词 比况助词附着在名词性或谓词性词语后面,构成比况短语,表示比喻。常见的比况助词有“似的、一般、一样”等。 例如:

他就像丢了魂儿似的。 导演像说京剧道白似的冲着演员大喊。 他咧着嘴直笑,高兴得孩子一般。 他驱车在大街上,随着流水一样的车河,东西南北地奔波。 他熄了发动机,像猎犬一样警惕地观察着四周 ④表数助词 Ⅰ表示复数的助词 Ⅱ表示概数的助词 4.同义词语在意义方面有什么差别? 答:同义词在附加意义上的不同有:评价不同,语体不同,搭配不同,理据不同。 5.举例说明比喻的修辞效果,说说在运用比喻时应注意的问题。 答:比喻修辞:使形象鲜明生动;使道理浅显易懂。注意的问题:喻体应常见易懂;贴切;富有感情色彩;区分比喻和非比喻;具有新颖性。

相关文档
相关文档 最新文档