英语国家概况笔记(全)

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Part one the United Kingdom of Britain and North Ireland

p3 1 What’s the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the UK and the British Commonwealth?

2 tell

3 geographical names of the UK

3 tell the 3 political divisions on the island of Great Britain

p4 1 the British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth of the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931

2 the Commonwealth

3 Describe the geographical position(features) of Britain

4 it is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and

the North Sea in the east

5 the English Channel

p5 1 Chunnel

2 the north and west of Britain are mainly highlands.

3 England occupies the largest, southern part of Great Britain with Wales to its

west and Scotland to its north.

4 Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland

p6 1 the Pennines

2 tell the

3 natural zones in Scotland

3 Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Britain is located Scotland.

p7 1 in Britain, the longest river is the Seven River

2 Thames River

p8 the largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland

p9 1 What factors influence the climate in Britain

2 tell the chara cteristics of Britain’s climate

p11 1 Describe the distributi on of Britain’s population

2 Britain has a population of 57,411,000

3 Britain is a densely populated country with an average of 237 people per square kilometre and it is very unevenly distributed.

p12 1 What is the difference between ancestors of the English and Scot, Welsh and Irish

2 During the fifth century when the Roman Empire fell, the Germanic Angles and Saxons

invaded and conquered Britain.

3 It was from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that the

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English people and the English language were born.

p13 1 What are the differences in character and speech between southern England and northern England

2 in Britain, southerners speak the type of English closer to BBC English

3 Cockney

4 the ancestors of the Welsh were the ancient Britons

p14 1 Eisteddfodau

2 How do the Welsh keep their language and culture?

3 What’s the main problem in North Ireland?

p15 1 the immigrants came from the West Indies, India and Pakistan(排除型选择)

2 Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest?

p16 1 the first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians

2 Why do we say that English nation is a mixture on nationality of different origin? p17 1 Earliest invasion of England is by Celts

2 the Celts began to arrive about 700 BC and kept coming until the arrival of the Romans.

p18 1 the Celts’s r eligion was Druidism

2 British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion

3 Julius Caesar

4 for nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation

p19 1 Hadrian’s Wall

2 Antonine Wall

3 York had been created as a northern stronghold

p20 1 the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, was proclaimed in AD 306

2 tell why the Roman impact upon the Britons was surprisingly limited

3 Who were the Anglo-Saxons, how did Heptarchy come into being?

p21 1 Angles

2 seven principal kingdoms

3 Heptarchy

4 when the Northumbrians submitted to him and took him for their master in 829, Egbert actually became an overlord of all the English

5 the Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain

p22 1 a monk called Columba established a monastery.

2 St. Augustine

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3 What contributions did the early Anglo-Saxons make to English state?

p23 1 Witan

2 Anglo-Saxons also established the manorial system

3 Anglo-Saxons created the Witan

4 Alfred

5 the Danelaw

6 Alfred is known as ―the father of the British navy‖

7 Alfred the Great

p24 King Edward, the ―Confessor‖, seemed more co ncerned with the building of Westminster Abbey than with affairs of state.

p25 1 tell the reason of the battle on Hastings

2 1066, William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop

of York

p26 1 the Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best known event in English history.

2 William the Conqueror

3 the Norman Conquest

4 the modern names of England English derive from the Angles

5 Who were the Vikings?

6 What do you know about St Augustine?

p27 1 under William’s system, at the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins

or serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than slaves.

2 William replaced the Witan, the council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, with the Grand Council of his new tenants in chief

p28 1 Domesday Book

2 Domesday Book completed in 1086, was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085

p29 1 William, known as William Rufus because of his red complexion

2 Henry II was the first king of the House of Plantagenet.

3 How did King Henry II consolidate the monarchy?

p30 1 How did Henry II reform the courts & law?

2 In Henry II’s reign a common law, was gradually established in place of the customs of the manor.

3

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p31 1 What was the qurrel between King Henry II and Thomas Becket?

2 exceptional privileges enjoyed by the clergy that brought King Henry into

collision with Thomas Becket

3 the Great Council of Henry II drew up the Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164

p32 Geoffrey Chaucer

p33 1 What was the contents and significance of Great Charter?

2 the Baron’s charter

3 Magna Carta

4 with the utmost reluctance, the king was forced to put his seal to the Great

Charter on June 19, 1215

5 Magna Carta had altogether 63 clauses

6 a committee of 24 barons plus the Mayor of London was chosen to help the king carry

out the Great Charter

p34 1 Why and how did the English Parliament come into being?

2 in 1242 HenryIII undertook an expensive war with France which ended with the loss of the whole of Poitou.

3 Simon de Montfort

4 Provisions of Oxford

5 Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the Great Council to meet at Westminster.

p36 1 handreds years war between England and France lasted from 1337—1453

2 What were the causes of Handreds Years War?

3 Battle of Argencourt

4 Joan de Arc

5 By 1453, Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English.

6 Why the expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries?

p37 1 Black Death

2 as a result of the black death, much land was left untended and there was a

terrible shortage of labour.

3 during the black death period, in 1351, the government issued a Statute of Labourers

p38 1 What do you know about Wat Tyler’s Uprising?

2 the Peasant Uprising

3 the Lollards

p39 during the peasant uprising, many hundreds of rebels were put to death by

4

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King Richard.

p40 1 Wars of the Roses

2 the instablility was caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family,the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485.

p41 1 on Aug 22, 1458 at Bosworth Field in Leicstershire the last battle of Wars

of the Roses was fought between Richard III and Henry Tudor, Henry Tudor won.

2 although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for thirty years, ordinary people were little affected.

p42 1 What was the effect of Wars of Roses?

2 the English Reformation began with Henry VIII

3 Henry VIII

p43 Why and how did Reformation happen in England? and What was the effect?

p44 Bloody Mary

p45 1 Elizabeth I

2 Elizabeth’s religious r eform was a compremise of view. She broke Mary’s ties

with Rome and restored her father’s independent Church of England

3 How did Queen Elizabeth deal with the religious problem after she became Queen of the country?

p46 tell Elizabeth’s foreign policy

p47 1 Renassance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times,

covering the years c1350-c1650

2 in England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accession of the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485.

3 tell the characteristics of the English Renaissance.

p49 1 Christopher Marlowe

2 Ben Jonson

3 William Shakespeare

p50 1 Edmund Spenser

2 Francis Bacon

p51 1 Gunpowder Plot

2 on Nov.5 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the Houses of Parliament.

5

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p52 1 in 1620 a small group of the Puritans, called the Pilgrim Fathers, sailed from Plymouth in the Mayflower.

2 Charles I was the son of James I

3 Charles I’s relations with the Parliament were from the start disastrous.

p53 Petition of Right

p55 1 Cavaliers

2 Roundheads

p56 1 What were the consequences of the Civil Wars?

2 the English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution

3 Puritan Revolution

p57 1 after King Charles’s execution in 1649, there was public outrage in England

2 the “Rump”

p58 1 when Oliver Cromwell died in 1685, and was succeeded by his son, Richard.

2 Parliament passed a series of severe laws called the Clarendon Code against the Puritans, now known as Nonconformists

p59 1 tell the 2 of the most famous literary works of the late 17th century

2 John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress

3 John Milton’s Paradise Lost

4 How did the “glorious Revolution” break out? What was the significance of it?

p60 Bill of Rights (1689)

p61 1 What was the absolute rule of James I of England?

2 Give a brief account of Henry VII

p62 1 the Whigs

2 the Tories

3 the Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.

p63 the Tories were greatly influenced by Jeremy Bentham’s ideals known as

―Utilitarianism‖

p65 1 Enclosure Acts

2 in England, the 18th century also saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep and horses by Robert Bakewell

3 What’s your comment on land enclosures in England?

p66 1 What was the industrial revolution?

6

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2 tell why Britains is the 1st country to start the industrial revolution?

p68 1 How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed?

2 John Kay’s flying shuttle

3 James Hargreaves’spinning jenny

4 James Watt

p69 1 as a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the ―workshop

of the world‖

2 “workshop of the world”

3 Luddites

4 What do you know about parliamentary reforms?

5 the Whigs under Lord Grey were returned to power after more than half a century

p70 Why should Parliament be reformed in England?

p71 1 a Peop le’s Charter in 1838

2 What do you know about the chartist Movement and People’s Charter? What’s your comment on them?

p74 Trade Union Act of 1871

p75 1 tell the Colonial Expansion of the English

2 English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583

3 Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris.

4 1763 Treaty of Paris

p79 1 by the Treaty of Nanking 1842, China cede Hong Kong to Britain

2 by 1900 Britain had built up a big empire which included 25% of the world’s population and area

p81 1 During WWI Britain lost over a million people, most of them under the age of 25.

2 Out of the war settlement came the establishment of the League of Nations

p82 in 1936 Edward VIII succeeded his father George V but abdicated.

p83 Winston Churchill

p84 1 one of the most far-reaching consequences of the war was that it hastened

the end of Britain’s empire

2 the Labour Party won the election after WWII, but Conservatives came back to power in 1951.

7

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p85 in Jan, 1973, Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic Community.

p86 1 the election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party

2 Thatcherism

p87 What were the Parliamentary politics like in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?

p88 1 soon after the Second World War, Britain not noly gave up its ecnomic hegemony

but also sugffered a deep loss of its position of industrial leadership

2 Between 1950 and 1973, Britain’s GDP grew at an average annual rate of 3.0%

3 British disease

p89 1 What are the 3 periods as far as the evolution of British economy is concerned?

2 in 1950, Britain’s GDP and its foreign trade ranked second and its per capita income third in the world

3 John M. Keynes

p90 1 in the 1970s among the developed countries Britain maintained the lowest growth

rate and the highest inflation.

2 in 1979, the new government adopted an economic programme known as Medium-term

Financial Strategy

3 Privatiztion, deregulation and market liberalization replace prices and incomes control and state interventionism.(排除型选择)

p91 an outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length, by 1988, the recovery had lasted seven years.

p92 1 just as the 1940s decade is remembered in Britain as the era of nationalization, the 1980s will be remembered as the decade of privatization.

2 During the pas decade almost 40% of the British state enterprises were privatized.

p94 rich deposits of iron ore were found in central England.

p98 1 in the early 20th century the motor vehicle in dustry in Britain was developed

in the West Midlands and South-East of England

2 tell the areas in England where we can see some high-tech industrial growth

p99 1 in Britain only 3% of the population are farmers but they manage 70% of the

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land area.

2 agribusiness

p100 1 in some areas factory faming methods are used, particularly for rearing poultry of pigs.

2 Wheat and Potatoes are staple food of the British.

p103 1 Britain is the 5th largest trading nation in the world.

2 nation of shopkeepers

3 tell the trade pattern that Britain’trade has

4 What has Britain traditionally been in terms of foreign trade?

p104 1 the City of London

2 Lloyd’s

p105 1 Where are oil and natural gas found in Britain?

2 Where are the main textile producing regions in Britain?

3 What are new industries in England?

4 How has Britain’s trade pattern changed in recent years?

p106 1 constitutional monarchy

2 the head of the UK is a king or a queen

3 the British constitution is made up statute law, common law and conventions

(排除型选择)

4 the monarchy is the oldest institution of government, going back to at least the

9th century.

p107 the present Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II, was born on April 21, 1926, she came to the throne on Feb.6, 1952, and she was crowned on Jun 2, 1953.

p108 the Queen of Britain is the symbol of the whole nation

p110 1 What do you know the Parliament in Britain?

2 a Parliament has a maximum duration of 5 years.

p111 in Britain, the House of Lords is presided over by the Lord Chancellor

p112 1 the House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament

2 it is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority for law-making resides.

3 a General Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals

4 Black Rod

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p114 shadow cabinet

p115 the great majority of these are Government measures introduced by a Minister p116 in Britain, the Prime Minister is appointed by the Queen, and always sits in

the House of Commons, receives ￡ 78,292.

p117 1 Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister

2 the Privy Council

3 the Privy Council is presided over by the Lord President

p118 the government departments are staffed by members of the Civil Service

p121 Local authorities in Great Britain raise revenue through the council tax.

p122 1 When did a constitutional monarchy begin in Britain?

2 What does the Cabinet consist of?

3 Who are the members of the House of Lords?

4 What is the function of the House of Lords?

5 What are the two major parties in Britain today?

6 How many constituencies are there in Britain today?

7 How many members are there in the House of Commons?

8 How often does a general election take place?

9 Give a brief account of British Parliament.

p123 1 criminal law

2 civil law

p124 the Crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case and independently reviews the evidence to decide whether to prosecute

p125 1 Magistrates’Courts try summary offences

2 either way

3 in 199

4 there were 79 stipendiary magistrates in England and Wales.

p126 1 the Crown Court tries the most serious offences

2 England and Wales are divided in six circuits for the purpose of hearing criminal cases.

3 tell the three criminal courts in Scotland

4 tell the two types of criminal procedure in Scotland

p127 appeals in criminal cases in England and Wales may be heard by the Crown Court, the High Court, the Court of Appeal(排除型选择)

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p128 1 the main courts of civil jurisdiction in England and Wales are County

Courts of which there are 270

2 all judges of the Supreme Court and all circuit judges and recorders have the power to sit in the county court

p129 in the UK, Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor, the Home Secretary and the Attorney General(排除型选择)

p130 1 in Northern Ireland, court administration is the responsibility of the Lord Chancellor

2 London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of the Home Secretary.

p131 1 in England and Wales a Magistrates’court cannot impose a term of more than six month’s imprisonment for an individual offence tried summarily

2 Capital punishment remains the penalty for treason and piracy

p132 1 there are about 130 prisons establishments in England and Wales and some 20 in Scotland, and 4 prisons and 1 young offenders’ centr e in Northern Ireland

2 in England and Wales young people aged 18-20 serve custodial sentences in a young offender institution

3 What are the common features of all systems of law in Britain?

4 How do you divide the British courts according to the nature of cases?

5 What is the jury’s job?

6 How many divisions is the High Court divided into?What are they?

7 How many police forces are there in the UK?

8 How different is the Metropolitan Police Force(London) from other police force

in Great Britain?

9 Discuss the treatment of offernders in the UK.

p134 1 welfare state

2 NHS

3 NHS was established in the UK in 1948, and it was based at first on Acts of Parliament.

p135 1 over 82% of the cost of the health service in Great Britain is funded out

of general taxation.

2 prescription charges do not apply to th e ……(排除型选择)

p136 in Great Britain, every year there are about 200 million consultations with family doctors and about 6 million people visit a pharmacy every day.

p138 NHS service(排除型选择)

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p139 1 NHS services for elderly people(排除型选择)

2 Britain has about 6 million adults with one or more disabilities, of whom around

7% live in communal establishments.

p141 1 Nearly a third of government expenditure is devoted to the social security programme

2 the non-contributory benefits include……(排除型选择)

3 in UK, women at the age of 60 and men at the age of 65 are entitled to a state retirement pension.

p143 most pregnant working women receive their statutory maternity pay directly from

their employer for a maximum of 18 weeks

p144 war pensions

p145 only that the Lord Chancellor may not be a Roman Catholic.

p146 Church of England

p147 the government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian

p148 1 the Methodist Church

2 the Baptists

3 the United Reformed Church

4 the formal structure of the Roman Catholic church in England and Wales was restored

in 1850

5 there are now 7 Roman Catholic provinces in Great Britain.

p151 1 about Easter(排除型选择)

2 Hogmanay

p153 1 in the UK, the only really important patriotic festivalis Remembrance Sunday ----Armistice Day

2 Boxing Day

p154 1 What is the most important established church in Britain?

2 What festival is the greatest in Britain?

3 What is the Scottish tradition concerning New Year’s Day?

4 Describe briefly the contribury social security benefits in the UK.

p156 1 in the UK, compulsory education begins at five in Great Britain and four

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in Northern Ireland, when children go to infant schools

2 eleven-plus

p157 1 about 90% of the state seconday school population in Great Britain attend comprehensive schools

2 comprehensive schools(in the UK)

3 sixth-form college

4 Teriary college

5 publish school(in the UK)

p158 there are some 90 universities in the UK

p159 What do you know about the university-industry links to the UK?

p160 1 in the UK, with about 130 daily and Sunday newspapers published nationwide.

2 on an average day 60% of people over the age of 15 read a national morning newspaper.

p161 1 How the national newspapers are divided in the UK?

2 quality dailies(排除型选择)

3 quality papers

p162 1 the Economist

2 periodicals in the UK(排除型选择)

p164 1 tell the four national channels of the TV in the UK

2 apart from a break during the Second World War, the BBC has been providing regular television broadcasts since 1936.

p165 Reuters

p166 1 it is estimated that 29 million people over the age of 16 regularly take

part in sport or exercise

2 football is the most popular sport in England

3 Cricket is the most typical English of sports

p171 in the UK, about 80 million people a year attend more than 2,000 museums

and art galleries open to the public.

p172 the Beatles

p173 1 Andrew Lloyd Webber

2 Andrew Lloyd Webber’s the Phantom of the opera

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p176 1 among all the arts festivals in the UK, the most famous is the Edinburgh International Festival of Music and Drama

2 BFI

p177 1 copyright libraries(排除型选择)

2 For whom is compulsory education in the UK?

3 What distinguishes the Open University from all other British Universities?

4 How is the BBC financed?

5 list some most important journals in the UK.

6 Where would you find many of London’s theatres?

7 Describe briefly the higher education in the UK

Part two the Republic of Ireland

p181 1 Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because of its rich green country

side

2 the Republic of Ireland is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland.

3 the capital is Dublin. It is located on Dublin Bay at the mouth of the Liffey

River at its confluence with the Dodder River.

4 Ireland has been compared to a basin

p182 Shannon River

p183 1 what remain the most significant feature of Irish landscape?

2 How to describe the weather of Ireland?

P184 For the whole country the chance of an unusully wet or an unusually dry year

Is estimated at 25%

P186 1 In Ireland the basic ethnic stock is Celtic

2 Ireland is unique among European countries for its century-long population decline p187 There are two official languages in Ireland . They are Irish (Gaelic) and English p188 1Catholicism

2 Catholic religious practice is extremely high in Ireland

p189 1 What was perhaps the most important event in Irish history?

2 Henry viii was the first king to bring all Ireland under English control.

3 The Tudors forced the Protestand Reformation and English law on the Irish.

4 Scottish settlers established a colony in Ulster in 1610

5 How did the conflict begin between the English and the Irish?

P190 1 IRA

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2 Easter Uprising

3 Anglo-Irish Treaty

4 Under Eamon de Valera, who took office in 1932, Ireland kept out of World War

II to demonstrate its continued displeasure with the British.

P191 foreign policy of Ireland

P192 1 both Ireland and Britain have agreed to hold regular meetings to negotiate a peaceful settlement of the problem of Northern Ireland

2 Ireland established diplomatic relations woth China on June 22, 1979

3 Ireland currently maintains diplomatic relations with 46 countries

4 What is the largest river in Ireland?

5 Why is Shannon River important to Ireland?

6 What has been a traditional source of conflict between the English and the Irish?

7 When did Ireland declare itself a republic?

P193 1 president of Ireland

2 taoiseach

P194 all the legislative powers are vested in the national parliament

P195 Irish law is based on English common law as modified by subsequent legislation and the 1937 Constitution

p196 1 two major parties , Fianna Fail and Fine Gael

2Sinn Fein

3 Sinn Fein was the guerrilla movement that wrested independence from the British in 1921

4Anglo-Irish Treaty

p197 Fine Gael

p198 1 the Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland.

2 Ireland is a free-market economy with a dominant private sector

p201 Ireland is now the lasgest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europe

p202 What is the chronic problem in Ireland?

P204 1 Today the Irish Times is the nation’smost infuential daily in Ireland.

2 the Irish Independent is a best-selling daily

3 some 250 magazines are published in Ireland, almost 1/5 of them deal with religion.

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P205 1 Irish broadcasting began in 1926 in a small studio called Dublin Broadcasting Station

2 the most well-known Irish writher of the modern period is James Joyce.

3 James Joyce

p206 1 Ulysses is Joyce’s masterpiece.

2Ulysses

3 Who is the head of government in Ireland?

4 What does the Irish Parliament consist of?

5 Discuss the characteristics of Ireland’s economy

6 List Ireland’s main industries

7 Explain the reasons why Ireland has chronic negative balance of trade

8 Identify the periods in the histroy of Irish

Part three the United States of America

p209 1 the continental United States lies in central North America with canada to

its north.

2 Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south

3 the Atlantic Ocean to its east.

4 the United States has an ideal location for trade

5 Why the United States has an ideal location for trade?

6 the United States is the 4th largest country in the world

p210 1 How many states are there in US? Which is the largest, and the smallest?

2 in US, on the mainland Texas is the largest state of the country.

p211 1 The Rockies, the backbone of North american continent, is also known as the Continental Divide.

2 in US, lying betwenn the Appalachian Mountans and the Rocky Moutains is one of the world’sgreat countinental rivers—Mississippi

3Mississippi

4 the Missouri rises in southwest Montana among the Rocky Mountians

5Missouri

6 the Missouri runs 3725 kilometres before it joins the Mississippi at St. Louis

7 the River Ohio flows from the rainy east at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and joins

the Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois

8 father of waters

9 old man river

p212 1 American Ruhr

2 in US, on the Pacific side there are two great rivers: the Colorado in the south,

and the Columbia, which rises in Canada.(colorado西班牙语多彩的)

3 The Rio Grande River rises in the outhern Rocky mountains and flow to the Gulf

16

余志远《英语国家概况》(2015年版)复习笔记和课后习题详解(第7章 英国政治——第9章 美国地理)

第7章英国政治 7.1 复习笔记 【知识框架】 Ⅰ. Constitutional Framework Ⅱ. Parliament 1. The Crown or Sovereign 2. The House of Lords 3. The House of Commons 4. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet Ⅲ. Regional Government Ⅳ. Local Government Ⅴ. Justice Ⅵ. Political Process 1. Elections 2. Two-part System 3. Female Representation in Britain Politics Ⅶ. Security 【重难点归纳】 The UK is a state of constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. In the

UK, the country’s head of state is the reigning king or queen, and the head of government is the prime minister, who is the leader of the majority political party in the House of Commons. 英国是一个君主立宪制和议会民主制国家。在英国，国家元首是在位的国王或女王，政府首脑是首相，他是下议院多数党领袖。 Ⅰ. Constitutional Framework 1. The British constitution is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. 2. The main elements of the government are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. Ⅰ. 宪法框架 1. 英国宪法由成文法、普通法和公约组成。 2. 政府的主要组成部分是立法、行政和司法。 Ⅱ. Parliament The UK Parliament was formed in 1707. The separate British and Irish parliaments are integrated into a single Parliament of the UK from January 1, 1801. Ⅱ. 议会 英国议会成立于1707年。从1801年1月1日起，独立的英国和爱尔兰议会合并为英国的单一议会。 1. The Crown or Sovereign

英语国家概况期末考整理

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专八人文知识吐血整理版.概要

Part 1 英语国家概况 第一章英国 第一节概述 1 英国四部分首都 英格兰(England)首都London， 苏格兰（Scotland）首都爱丁堡（Edinburgh）， 威尔士（Wales）首都加的夫（Cardiff） 北爱尔兰（Northern Ireland）首都贝尔法斯特（Belfast） 2 英格兰占地面积为整个岛屿的60%（13万平方公里） 3 南面的（south）的英吉利海峡（English channel）与东面的（east）的北海（North sea）将英国与欧洲其他部分隔开。 4 爱尔兰的官方语言（official language）是Irish，第二语言是English 5 Scotland 位于北部（northernmost part） 6 主要作物是大麦（wheat）和小麦（barley） 7 最佳农业区是英格兰的东南部（northeast） 8 70%的劳动力集中在服务业（service） 9 农民仅占人口2%，管理70%的土地。 10 运输业，家庭取暖系统（domestic heating system），食品供应（food supply）很大程度上依赖于石油（oil ） 11 在19世纪造船业（shipbuilding）中世界领先

12 England 的人口最多 第二节地理 1 本尼维斯山（Ben Nevis）是英国最高的山（highest mountain） 2 斯克菲尔峰（Scafell）是英格兰最高峰（highest peak） 3 塞文河（Severn River）是英国最长的河（longest river） 4 泰晤士河（Thames River）是英国第二大河和最重要的河流（second and most important river） 5 内伊湖（Lough Neagh）是英国最大的湖（largest lake），位于北爱尔兰 6 英吉利海峡（The English Channel）是分隔England和France的狭窄海道，连接大西洋（Atlantic ocean）与北海（North Sea） 7 英国是海洋性气候（the maritime type），由于受墨西哥湾流（the Gulf Stream）的影响，比同纬度其他地方温度高（warmer），温和适中，冬天温和，夏天凉爽，天气多变（changeable），有时会在一天经历四季变化。 第三节历史 1 伊比利亚人（Iberian）是英国最早的居民 2 罗马两次入侵英国，第一次由朱利尤斯·凯撒(Julius Caesar)领导，第二次由克劳迪斯大帝（the Roman Emperor Claudius）领导。 3 5th century，日尔曼部落（Germanic tribes），盎格鲁人（the Angles），撒克逊人（Saxons）,朱特人（Jutes）入侵英格兰，他们发明了庄园制（manorial system），罗马帝国陷落。（罗马帝国统治了4个世纪1th-5th） 4 1066，诺曼底公爵威廉（William the Conqueror）渡海征服英格兰。建立封建制度，并在英国建立一个强大的君主政体。 5 《大宪章》（The Great charter)于1215年订立，用来限制英国国王的绝对权力（当时英王King John). 6 1265 西蒙·德·蒙特福特（Simon de Montford）召集了大议会（the great council），后来发展成为上议院（the House of Lords）和下议院（the House of Commons） 7 1337-1453 英法百年战争（The Hundred Year War with France），英国战败，大大减少了英国人口。 8 1455-1485 玫瑰战争（The War of Roses），以红玫瑰为象征的的兰开斯特大家族（Lancaster）和以白玫瑰为象征的约克家族（York），战争本质是王权争夺（English Throne）玫瑰战争最后一场战役中，亨利·都铎（Henry Tudor VII )获胜，建立了都铎王朝（the Tudors）9 1642-1651 英国内战（The Civil War）是英王查尔斯（King Charles）与议会（Parliament）之间的战争，最终以查尔斯失败告终。 1948年第二次内战，查尔斯于1649年被处死，克伦威尔（Oliver Cromwell）建立英伦三岛共和国，成为英格兰共和国护公（Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England）10 克伦威尔儿子理查德（Richards）继位，1660年，国会让King Charles II继位，被称为王朝复辟（The Restoration) 11 1688,奥兰治亲王威廉（William of Orange）夺取王位，被称为光荣革命（The Glorious Revolution）,威廉和玛丽登上王位，签署了《权利法案》（Bill of Rights），君主立宪制（Constitutional monarchy ）开始了。 安娜于1707年签署《联合法》（the Act of Union），将英格兰和苏格兰统一。