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华科大考博英语写作(学生用)

考博作文

考博英语考试大纲

实际英语应用能力是否达到非英语专业研究生英语教学大纲中《硕士研究生英语教学与考试》规定的要求。考试成绩用于博士研究生的入学选拔。

一、考试设计

本考试共分为四部分：完形填空（10％）、阅读理解（40％）、英汉互译（30％）和英语写作（20％）。

1.完形填空（10％）

语言知识及综合运用能力。测试内容包括词汇的认知能力、搭配知识的掌握，句法结构的理解和篇章阅读、分析能力。使短文的内容和结构完整合理。

2.阅读理解（40％）

阅读获取信息的能力，即对阅读材料的细节、事实、要点、作者观点和态度的理解能力。题材包括社会、文化、史地、科普及人物传记等内容，体裁涉及叙事、议论、描述、说明和应用文等。

3.英汉互译（30％）

原文内容涉及社会、文化、史地和科普知识.准确地翻译成通顺

4.英语写作（20％）

书面表达能力。要求考生根据给出的题目和提纲，或者根据情景或图表自拟题目，约200单词的短文。要求作文切题、意义连贯、文字通顺，并符合英文表达习惯。

写作评分标准说明

写作测试总分为20分，评分标准采用6个档次计分方法，即从内容和语言表达进行全文总体评分。

具体如下：

17~20分内容切题，清楚表达其内涵；文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。

文章长度符合要求。

13~16分内容切题，比较清楚地表达其内涵；文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子

结构和用词无重大错误。文章长度符合要求。

9~12分内容切题，基本清楚地表达其内涵，句子结构和用词有少量错误。文章长度

符合要求。

5~8分内容基本切题，语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和用词错误。文章长度

基本符合要求。

1~4分基本按要求写作，但只有少数句子可理解。

0分文不切题，语句混乱，无法理解。

写作知识及技巧

A．理想的段落要求是什么?

1）主题（Topic）

2）统一（Unity）

3）连贯（Coherence）

4）清晰（Clarity）

5）完整（Completeness）

6) 多样化（Variety）

7) 有效性（Effectiveness）

B．写作技巧（Methods of Paragraph Development）

1) Description

2) Exemplification / Illustration

3) Definition

4) Classification

5) Cause and Effect

6) Comparison and Contrast

7) Listing

8) Progression

C. Pre-writing skills

1) Free-writing

Some people simply need to start writing to find a focus. Take out several sheets of blank paper, give yourself at least ten to fifteen minutes, and begin writing whatever comes to mind on your subject. Don’t change, correct, or delete anything. If you run out of things to say , write “I can’t think of anything to say”

until you can find a new thought. At the end of the time period you may discover that by continuously writing you will have written yourself into an interesting topic.

2) Brainstorming

Brainstorming is a prewriting activity in which two or more people get together to exchange ideas on a given topic. During the brainstorming, there is usually one person who takes notes as others are engaged in conversation.

Brainstorming can be done alone if no other person is available for discussion. In this case, a person makes free associations around the given topic, i.e. makes a random list of ideas associated with the topic as they speed through his mind.

In many ways brainstorming is very similar to free-writing because both enable writers to explore what they truly feel about a topic. However, when several people come together to do brainstorming, ideas often come out much faster than any pen can write, so the notes taken or the list made can only be very sketchy. The note-taker may only have time to jot down single words or phrases summarizing facts, statistics, episodes, descriptions, feelings, attitudes and opinions related to the subject. For example, the following list is the

outcome of a brainstorming session that discusses China’s educational system:

D. How to achieve coherence

In order to have coherence in writing an argumentative essay, the movement from one sentence to the next must be logical and smooth. There must be NO sudden jumps. Since this coherence does not occur naturally, you should take pains to establish it. One of the main ways to achieve coherence is to use transition signals to show how one idea is related to the next. The following are the most common transition signals grouped

according to the kinds of connections they establish.

1) Introducing an additional point or idea (递进)

2) Introducing an opposite point or idea (转折)

3) Moving from general to specific (演绎)

4) Emphasizing a point (强调)

5) Restating a point (重述)

6) Showing sequence (顺序)

7) Showing cause and effect (因果)

8) Showing connections in time (时间连接)

9) Introducing a conclusion or summary (结论)

E．分析作文写作对策

重点放在三段式的写作

（1）文章开头

（2）扩展段写法

（3）文章结尾

1）开篇的写法

写好文章或段落的开头很重要。一般来讲，文章开头既要写出文章的主题，又要能够引起读者阅读的兴趣。不同的文章开头的方式不同，常见的有以下八种：引语法(Quotation)、设问法(Questions)、数据法(Figures and statistics)、背景法(Relevant background information)、定义法(Definition)、主题句法(Topic sentence)、现象法（phenomenon）。

（1）引语法（Quotation）：指通过在开头段引用一些与主题相关的名人名言、成语或谚语等来开始一篇文章。引语法可应用于各种文体。

（2）提问法（Questions）:只用提出问题的方法来引出文章的主题，以激起读者的兴趣。设问法可用于各种文体。

?问句开头，激发兴趣

（3）数据法(Figures and statistics)

数据法就是用数字或数据开头来引出文章的主题。数据法多用于描写文、说明文和议论文。

（4）定义法（Definition)

（5）主题句法（Topic sentence)

（6）现象法

?列出现象或背景

--Nowadays more and more people are showing their concern over…

--With the advent of the new phase of knowledge economy, the terms “…” “…” and “…” have already begun to creep into the popular vocabulary. No one can deny the fact that …

--Rec ently the issue of …has aroused wide concern

●-- Nowadays there is a growing concern over the issue/problem…

●-- In recent years, many…have been faced/confronted with the problem …

●-- One of the most popular topics people often talk about today is…

●-- With t he (rapid) development of the society/science and technology, more and more …

●-- With the improvement of people’s living condition/standard, more and more…

2）扩展段的写法

扩展段是一篇文章的主体段。文章的主题在扩展段展开，常用的展开段落的方法有下面九种：

列举法（Listing）

举例说明法（Examples）

因果关系法（Cause and effect）

定义法（Definition）

分类法（Classification）

比较对照法（Comparison and contrast）

时间顺序记叙法（Time order）

空间顺序描述法（Space order）

过程描述法（Process description）

(1) 列举法（Listing）列举法

列举法是指在主题句之后列举一些足以支持主题句观点的具体细节。这种具体细节一般是事实描述、数据、例子等。一般来讲，所列举的具体细节按照重要性递增的顺序排列。列举法常常和举例法结合起来使用。列举法常用的过渡词有以下几组。一般要相对呼应，不混用。

i.First, second, third, … last

ii.firstly, secondly, thirdly, … finally

iii.the first …, the second …, the third …, …the last

iv.to begin with/ to start with/ in the first place, then, next, in addition (to),besides, also, moreover, furthermore, what is more, finally

运用列举法展开段落的写作模式如下：

Topic sentence

Detail 1

Detail 2

Detail 3, …

Concluding sentence

(2) 举例说明法（Examples）

举例说明法是指用具体的事例来阐述主题句中的中心思想，举例说明法常与列举法结合使用。使用这种写作方法要注意所选事例应与文章主题密切相关，具有典型性和代表性。举例法常用的句型句式和词语有：

This can be illustrated by …

An example of this is/involves …

…can be illustrated/shown by the following examples/instances.

There are many examples to show that …

One example is … . Another example is …

The … shows/illustrates …

For example, for instance, say, suppose, such as, such … as, to provide a specific example, as an illustration 运用举例法展开段落常用的模式如下：

Topic sentence

Example 1

Example 2, …

Concluding sentence

(3) 分类法（Classification）

当要说明的事物比较复杂或包括的内容比较多时，常常将其分成更小的类别，这便是分类法。使用这种写作方法要注意分类的标准一定要明确，而且标准只有一个。分类法常用的句型句式有：

1. … may be classified into several types according to …

divided the following kinds on the basis of …

categorized two categories depending upon …

put three main groups

2. … consists of …

comprises …

3. The classification is based upon …

4. … may be divided …

sub-divided …

further sub-divided

分类法的写作模式如下：

主题句+所分类别+各个类别的具体事例+结束句

(4) 比较对照法（Comparison and contrast）

比较法是将人们熟悉的事物与其他事物放在一起分析其相似之处，比较的目的在于表现不同事物的相似之处；对照法则是将人们熟悉的事物与其他事物放在一起分析其不同之处，其目的在于表现同类事物的不同方面。两者强调的重点不同，但结构相似。常用的结构有两种：第一种称之为块式结构，假

如比较的事物为A和B，文章首先把有关事物A的全部要讨论的内容讨论完，再转入B事物。第二种结构称之为点式结构，即首先就事物A和事物B的要比较的内容的第一方面进行比较或对照，然后在比较或对照A和B的第二个方面，

比较与对照法

1.Obviously, it ha s both negative effects and positive effects….

2.However, like many other things, … has both advantages and disadvantages.

3.Many argue that …, while others maintain that …

4.There is much controversy nowadays over …. Some people are of the opinion that …, but t here are others

who ….

5.While there is a great deal of enthusiasm nowadays over the advantages of …, its drawbacks should not be

neglected. For one thing, …. For another, …

6.There is certainly some truth on both sides. But neither … nor … holds the key to th e problem. In my

opinion, we should …

比较：

Both A and B are …

A and

B seem to have much in common.

A and

B seem to have some features in common.

A is similar to

B in …

There are a lot of similarities between A and B.

A has something in common with B.

A and

B share similar …

A shares some common features with B.

A is like

B in …

A is the same as

B in …

Both, too, compare with, similarly, likewise, also, in comparison, just like, just as, also, both … and, similar to 对照：

A is different from

B in …

A differs fr om

B in …

There are many differences between A and B.

A has nothing (little) in common with B.

The difference between A and B lies in …

Compared with A, B …

Unlike, on the contrary, in contrast, on the other hand, while, whereas, however, although

块式结构模式：

Topic sentence

Subject A Subject B

Feature 1 Feature 1

Feature 2, Feature 2,

Concluding sentence

点式结构模式：

Topic sentence

Feature 1 Feature 2 Feature 3, …

Subject A Subject A Subject A

Subject B Subject B Subject B

Concluding sentence

（5）因果法

因果关系法是通过分析事物的因果关系来展开段落。如果是一果多因的情况，一般先写结果后分析多种原因；如果是一因多果，一般实现写原因后写结果。运用因果分析法展开段落最好把主题句放在开头，这种段落展开方法的结构常见的有两种：即分块法和连环法。

分块法指的是先说原因后说结果（一个原因引起一个或多个结果）；或者先说结果后说原因（多个原因引起一个结果）。连环法指的是先叙述的一个原因及结果，再叙述第二个原因及结果，以此类推。

形象一点表示，运用因果关系法展开段落常见的模式有3种：

模式1 Topic sentence

Effect 1

Effect 2, …

Concluding sentence

模式2 Topic sentence

Cause 1

Cause 2, …

Concluding sentence

模式3 A

Cause B

Effect C

(Cause) Effect D

(Cause) Effect E

(Cause) Effect

因果关系常用的句型句式和词语有：

原因：

The explanation is that …

There are several reasons why/ for …

The cause of … is …

The reasons for … are …

…is the result of …

… is caused by/ due to/ because of …

because, since, now that, because of , as a result of , on account of , for this reason, owing to, due to, for, as, thanks to, result from

结果：

The result/ effect/ consequence of … is …

… will result in …

Therefore, …

As a result (of), …

Lead to, result in, contribute to, so that, thus, hence, consequently, so, accordingly, in view of …

文章结尾

结论

1.Therefore, we can come to a conclusion that…

2.In a word, it is important…

3.All in all….

4.As has been mentioned above, a conclusion can be drawn that some effective steps should be taken in no

time. For example, …. In addition, …

5.In my opinion,

6.From this point of view,…

?号召性和意义

1.It is high time that we urged an immediate end to…

2.Only by doing so, can we…

?展望, 后果

1.We res t assured that …

2.We only hope that some day there can be a solution to this problem.

F．作文经典句型

1) It + 被动语态+ that…

1)It is widely acknowledged ( recognized ) that extensive deforestation contributed to heavy summer flooding.

2)It is reported that 800000 applicants sat for the National Master’s Entrance Test in 2003.

3)It is estimated that two thirds of the cities of our countries will be in acute shortage of fresh water by 2010.

4)It is generally accepted that to practice euthanasia on a patient who is still alive is inhuman.

5)It must be admitted that the price war will disturb the normal order of the market. (admittedly)

6)It cannot be denied that the overgrowth of tourism may destroy the ecological balance of some scenic

resorts.

7)It is known to all that physical exercises can improve and enrich our physical and mental well-being.

2) It is + 形容词+ that…(形容词+ly，也可)

1)It is obvious ( evident, clear, undeniable, apparent) that the situation is caused directly by excessive

commercial fishing.

2)It is understandable (inevitable) that people’s attitudes are divergent on this controversial issue.

3)It is unimaginable (incredible / unbelievable ) that such a boy of 17 should have had three novels published.

3) It is + 形容词+ for sb (sth ) to do sth

1)It is important (vital) for everyone to participate in physical exercises, for they will do good not only to our

body but also to our mind and personality.

2)It is currently difficult for a university student to find an ideal job upon his graduation, especially those

majoring in fundamental courses such as history and mathematics.

3)It is highly necessary for our government to stop the corruption of government officials.

4)It is imperative that something urgent be done to combat the widespread use of illegal drugs among

teenagers.

4) with/as “随着”句型

1)With the rapid growth of economy, the living standards of the Chinese people have greatly improved. Many of

them can now afford to buy houses and cars.

2)With the growing number of college graduates being turned out each year, the situation in the job market is

getting tighter and tighter.

3)As industry and agriculture develops, the problem of water shortage will be the more serious.

4)As the reform process of state enterprises speeds up, more and more workers are likely to be laid off, entering

the competition in job market.

5) There be句型

1)In the past ten years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have

children.

2)Recently, there has been a strong debate on whether human beings should be cloned.

3)There are still quite a number of children who cannot afford to go to school because of poverty.

4)As the Internet industry develops, there will be more and more people surfing on the web.

5)Now there is a growing concern over the heavy burden, both academic and psychological, our children have to

bear.

6)There is no doubt that space exploration will greatly influence our way of life and way of thinking.

7)There is no need for people to worry about the possible effects of donating blood.

6) 图画主题句型

1)The pictures indicate that there has been significant changes in the ways of communication in the last 30

years.

2)By showing …, the examiner tries to convey the message that …

3)Through the pictures the author tries to warn us of the serious problem of endangered animals.

4)The purpose of this picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the diminution of ocean

resources.

5)The cartoon describes a very common phenomenon in our society that….

6)The cartoon ridicules/criticizes some producers and companies that often make empty promises in the

advertisement of their products.

7)The picture reveals a serious problem in public examinations----hiring ringers, those who take tests for

others.

8)It can be seen in the picture that two cars collided and the two drivers were quarreling with each other.

9)As shown/illustrated/can be seen/depicted/described in the picture, a number of TV manufacturers are in

fierce price cut competition to enlarge their share of market.

10)At the upper part of the picture there are some Chinese characters, which reads “Like a lamp love burns

most brightly in the darker places.”

7）图表句型

1) From the figures given in the graphs, we learn that the average housing space for city residents increased to

10 square meters in 2000.

2) As is shown in the table, there exists a big difference between the life expectance in the developed countries

and that in the developing countries.

3) According to the charts, China’s higher education has been developing rapid ly with the growth of the gross

domestic product.

4) The number of single people establishing their own households reached/hit 14 percent in 2000.

5) From the table we can see that within half a year of 1998, a total of 532 people became the victims of traffic

accidents, of whom 460 were injured and 72 killed.

6) From the graph we can see that there were a total of 142 fire accidents in the city in 1999, most of which

were caused by defective electrical appliances, smokers and children playing with fire.

7) From the chart we learn that the proportion of part-time education has increased substantially in the last 5

years.

8) The curve graph shows that the percentage of family income has declined sharply, accounting for only 13

percent of the total.

9) Forest coverage was reduced from 28 percent of total land area in 1954 to 12 percent in 1998.

10) There is a sharp increase in the expenses on housing and medical care, increasing by 8% and 6%

respectively.

11) Asia ranks first both in area and in population among the seven continents. Europe is second to Asia in

population, but in area it is the last but one.

12) The number of death and injury was more than 3 times greater than that of the July.

13) And in August as many as 39 car accidents were reported, indicating an increase of about 79 percent as

compared with the number of January.

14) The population rose rapidly until it reached 600 000 in 1990. Since 1990 the growth has continued but the

population has risen relatively slowly.

15) Before 1970 the birth rate remained level. Then in 1970 it fell until it reached 30 per thousand in 1930.

16) After a steady decline for a whole decade the country’s fertility rate shows signs of leveling off.

8）表示“使…….变得…”的句型；make ＋宾语＋形容词；make ＋形容词＋for sb to do sth 1) The widespread introduction of information technology will make our work and life more convenient and

more beautiful.

2) Most importantly, we should increasingly heighten our environmental awareness and make our world a

better place to live in.

3) Modern transportation means make it very convenient for people to travel far away from home.

4) Advanced medical science has made it possible for human beings to lead a much longer life and suffer less

from different kinds of diseases.

9）so that 句型

1) They are so eager to master new skills so that they can be qualified to the job market.

2) There are so many people, bicycles, cars in the streets that you will sometimes feel it difficult to move

along.

10）非限制性定语从句

1) Some people may be addicted to netsurfing, which impairs their physical and mental health.

2) Lakes and rivers are becoming seriously polluted, which aggravates (worsens) the shortage of fresh water.

3) The increasingly high divorce rate will cause a series of problems, which deserves great public attention.

11）用分词结构扩展内容

1) People, not realizing that water resources on the earth are limited, waste a great amount of water every day.

2) Citizens have the right to know the truth and supervise the celebrity, thus forming a kind of public opinion.

3) Having placed great expectations on their son, they couldn’t hold back huge disappointment and anger when

they learnt their son’s failure to pass the test.

4) With the improvement of living standards, more and more people begin to buy cars to meet the needs of work

and life, thereby worsening the traffic problems.

12）用并列结构陈述内容

1) I love my parents because they give me life, have sacrificed a lot in bringing me up, and are always there

for me whenever I need them.

2) Most men would like their spouses to be young and beautiful whereas women often put emphasis on

their spouses’ character, education, profession, income or family background.

3) I realized I’d grown up when I knew I should be responsible for my own actions, make decisions for

myself, and work to earn my own living expenses.

13）分析原因句型

1) There are a number of causes for the great increase in divorce rate in our country.

2) In general, there are two main reasons leading to the prevalence of the cheating in exams.

3) Three are several factors contributing to the booming of China’s higher education.

4) Several reasons/factors are responsible for/may account for/contribute to the coming back of many Chinese

overseas students.

5) Its popularity is due to/results from/is caused by/can be attributed to the clean and comfortable environment

and the excellent service.

14）“对…来说”

1) Thus, for some students, cheating, though risky, is absolutely a shortcut to get a satisfying academic evaluation.

2) As for (as to) the society, the 7-day holiday well serves the purpose of stimulating consumption and promoting

the development of tourism.

15) “谈及…问题” / “就（某人/某事）而言”

1) When it comes to whether college students should be involved in business activities, there are different

opinions.

2) When it comes to individuals, no matter what reasons drive them to buy lottery tickets, they actually contribute

to the society by lending a helping hand to unfortunate people and to the development of sports in our country.

3) As far as I’m concerned you can do what you like.

4) The rise in interests rates will be disastrous as far as small firms are concerned.

16）“毫无疑问/必须承认/不能否认”

1) It goes without saying that the love of beauty is an essential part of all healthy human nature.

2) The fast growth of space exploration will undoubtedly influence our way of life and way of thinking.

3) It must be admitted that the price war will disturb the normal order of the market.

4) Admittedly, there are advanced research environment and better living conditions in developed countries, and

students from developing countries can not resist the temptation of earning more salary in the west.

5) No one can deny that E-economy has great potentials and advantages in many aspects.

6) There is no denying the fact that money is indispensable to us in the consuming society.

17）“尽管”

1) Though it is a very difficult task, we should try all means to bring the birth rate under control.

2) In spite of what has been achieved in controlling the birthrate, there is much to be desired.

3) They had a wonderful holiday, despite the bad weather.

18）“有了…就能”/“没有…就不能”

1) With money, they can buy cars, houses and many luxuries, and lead a comfortable life.

2) With private cars, people are able to enjoy their leisure time to the full by making trips in their cars to the

countryside or seaside at the weekends.

3) Without adequate latest information necessary in his work, one will achieve no success in his career.

19）“把…看作为”

1) However, some people consider mankind’s exploration into the space as a waste of time, money and

resources.

2) In spite of these arguments, there are those who see (view) it as a hasty decision, which has some

potential problems.

3) A doctor should look on (regard/think of) his work not as a money-making business, but rather as a

social service.

20）表示“看法/观点”

1) There are different opinions on (People have different ideas about / Different people may hold different

views about) whether firecrackers should be banned.

2) Recently, there has been a heated debate (discussion) over whether or not sports stars can go to college or

graduate school without taking the entrance exams.

3) The issue of whether or not students should take a part time job has been widely debated currently.

4) University merger, a hot topic on and off campus, is obviously a controversial problem.

5) Views on the issue in question vary widely from person to person.

6) Quite a lot of people hold/claim/argue/advocate/suggest that owning private cars is of great benefit, while

others say/assume/maintain/stress that there may be problems with the increasing number of private cars.

7) On the surface of it, the above arguments seem nice and convincing, but on second thoughts, we may find

that they can hardly hold water.

8) From the above discussion, I think that both sides of the argument are right in some way. However, I would

like to take a more neutral position.

9) There is some truth in these arguments, but they overlook a deeper and more basic factor that…

10) Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play

games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably some truth in both arguments, but it is still my strong conviction that…

11) It is true that money can bring us a comfortable life, but it is not the only thing that we are seeking after.

12) As far as the personal insurance in China is concerned, I think, there is bound to be a bright future.

13) As to the role of information in the future, I believe that it will play a more and more important role in the

modern society.

14) As for their differences, my opinion is that both generations should make allowance for each other.

15) Personally, I am in favor of education entering market since it is a service industry.

16) To my mind, we should attach great importance to the balanced ecology and well-protected environment.

17) I strongly suggest that the first priority should be given to education because science and technology are

the prime productive force.

21）比较对比句型

1) Just as woods are indispensable to birds, so is the earth to human beings.

2) As far as personality is concerned, they have almost everything in common.

3) My hobby is similar to his in that we both like collecting records, foreign and domestic.

4) As the economies of all countries are closely interrelated no country can develop in self-seclusion. The

same is true of China.

5) Beijing is populous and crowded, while Canberra is just the opposite.

6) China’s condition differs from ours in that China has the largest population in the world.

7) It seems safe to say that the advantages of marriage outweigh the disadvantages of divorce.

8) Perhaps nothing can rival the pleasure from reading.

9) There could be no doubt that job-hopping has its drawbacks as well as merits.

10) Men may be superior to women in physical affairs. Yet, there is no difference in intelligence.

11) People’s attitude towards drugs varies from person to person.

22）结论句型

1) As long as we act intelligently and promptly, we can surely solve the problem of water shortage.

2) As long as we take effective measures, the problems caused by the aged society will be reduced to the

smallest extent.

3) As long as the government and individuals strive hard, there will certainly be a way out for the laid-off

workers.

4) Whatever changes are responsible for the rise in divorce rate, one thing is certain: there is a significant

change in people’s traditional views of marriage and divorce.

5) In short (In a word/All in all/To sum up), great efforts should be made to enhance ethic and moral

education when high priority is given to the economic development.

6) It is only when these measures are put into practice that the shortage of water can be solved.

7) Only when the old age problem is well handled can we maintain a stable and harmonious society.

8) If people from all walks of life pay enough attention to this problem, our life in the city will certainly be

more enjoyable.

9) Judging from all evidence offered, we can safely come to the conclusion that coeducation is beneficial to the

psychological and intellectual growth of both boy and girl students.

10) From what has been discussed above, we may come to (arrive at/reach/draw) the conclusion that the city is

a better place for children’s education.

G．增加练习写作的力度

(1) 复习考试常用句型

1. This can be stated by…

2. There are many examples to show that…

3. A high premium comes to be placed on …

4. It is/was reported that …

5. No one can deny the fact that …

6. We should lay down / formulate laws and regulations to protect / to ensure …

7. All of us should form the consciousness of environmental protection.

8. Legal education should be strengthened and the awareness of laws among all citizens should be raised.

9. Funds should be raised nation-wide to set up/ to help …

10. The governments at all levels should set aside adequate amount of money for…

11. It is a common view that…

12. There is a growing awareness of the importance of…

13. I take the view that …

14. There is no reason for us to doubt that …

15. In terms of information technology, there will be several impressive characters to mention.

16. When it comes to higher education, …

17. Many positive trends appear to be associate d with …

18. In the minds of many people, economic success and affluence are equated with goodness or at least with

rightness.

19. Working is more than earning for a living.( more than 不仅仅是)

20. They spend much time (in) doing homework.

21. They spend a lot of money on books.

22. The markets are flooded with fake commodities.

（2）图表/图画法

图表中常表示“开端、导论”的句式（一）：

The figure indicates/shows/displays/proves that…

Eg.1) The chart reflects/displays the number of population in Africa.

2) These figures show that college students can budget their expenses fairly well.

3) The chart indicates the subjects studied by university students in New Zealand during the latter of last

century.

图表中常表示“开端、导论”的句式（二）：

According to the/As is shown in the/As can be seen from the table/bar/pie chart/figures/graph/diagram, we can see clearly that…

图表中表示“升降”趋势的句式或词（一）

The number of increased/rose/decreased/dropped/fell suddenly/rapidly/dramatically/sharply/steeply/slightly from…to…/between…and…

1) The eastern Territories increased slightly in the same period

2) It increased substantially at the beginning of the year.

3) The number of women grew sharply from 1,000 to 50,000.

4) The number of male smokers diminished significantly dropped sharply/reduced dramatically after 1986. 图表中表示“升降”趋势的句式或词（二）

There was a sudden/rapid/dramatic/significant/slight increase/rise/decrease/drop/fall in the number of…from…to…/between…and…

1)There was a gradual increase in industry.

2)India experienced a steady rise between 1950 and 1960.

3)There was a dramatic/big/huge increase in computer.

漫画/图示作文中表示“开端、导论”的句式：

According to the/As is shown in the/As can be seen from the cartoon/figures/picture, we can see clearly that…The purpose of this cartoon/picture is to tell us/show us/indicate that…

表示“所占比例”或“百分比”的句式：

（1）Therefore, magazines accounted for the greatest number of sales.

（2）Rent and food stand at exaltly a third of the total amount spent by students amounting to $ 100 per week.

（3）Here women represent 45% and men 60% of the teachers in the category.

图表中表示结尾总结的句式：

（4）What has been said may be summed up in a few words.

（5）From the diagram it can be safely concluded that…

（6）In conclusion, the men occupy a greater percentage of…

（7）In summary/In a word/All in all/, we can see that…

H．议论文和说明文句式

（1）首段写作常用的句式：

4)When asked ab out/When it comes to/Faced with the problem, most/some/few students believe that…,

but other students consider…differently

5)With the improvement/progress/invention/growth/development of computer/economy/living

standard/science and technology, great changes have taken place in our life.

6)When it comes to/When asked about the matter, people’s opinions differ, some believe that…, while

others suggest/claim that…

7)There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view/idea/role of…, some people claim

that…,while others believe that…

8)There is general discussion today about the problem/issue of…. Those who criticize…argues that….

They believe that… . But people who advocate…, on the other hand… .

9)Most people are of the opinion that…, but in spite of…. I personally believe that…

10)Recently, the education has become the focus of the society.

11)Nowadays many women are beginning to be aware of the advantages of job.

12)Now, it is generally acknowledged that…, they believe…. But I doubt whether…

13)According to a recent report there is an increasing number of people who indicate concern about the

problem of environment pollution.

14)Nowadays there is a growing concern over the issue/problem of…

15)Recently more and more… are faced/confronted with the problem of…

16)One of the most po pular topics people often talk about today is that…

（2）结尾段写作常用的句式：

1)in general/Generally speaking/It goes without saying that/On the whole…

2)From what has been discussed above/Taking into account all these features/Judging from all evidence

offered, we may safely draw the conclusion that…

3)In my opinion, there is no effective method/simple answer/quick solution to the conflict of…but…

4)There is little doubt/no denying that further attention must be paid to the problem of… There is no denying

the fact that…

5)It is high time that we placed great emphasis on the dev elopment of…(subjunctive mood)

6)All the evidence supports an unshakable conclusion that…

7)It is necessary that effective actions should be taken to prevent the situation.

8)In my opinion, there is no quick solution to the problem of traffic, banning heavy vehicles downtown

might be helpful.

历年考博作文大全

华中科技大学博士生入学考试部分作文题目：

2002年春季

Write a composition entitled My View on University Internationalization of no less than 200 words based on the following Chinese outlines. Be sure to write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.

1)关于“国际化”的理念

2)大学“国际化”的主要标准

3)如何才能实现大学“国际化”

2002年秋季

Directions: A. Title: WWW and the world today; B. Word limit: no less than 200 words; C. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below; D. Your composition should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

OUTLINE: 1. The present situation; 2. WWW caused Benefits and Problems; 3. My opinion

2003年春季

1Write a composition entitled Credibility of no less than 200 words based on the following Chinese outlines. Be sure to write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.

1)诚实与讲信用在当今社会中的重要性

2)目前我们的生活和工作中在诚实和信用方面存在的问题

3)我认为…

2003年秋季

You are going to write about 200 words on the following topic “2008 Olympics: what can we do for it?” You are required to write in three paragraphs. Write your essay on the answer sheet.

2004年春季

Reflection on Bird Flu

2007年考博作文

Directions: You are required to write 200 words on the following topic:

“Brand Awareness of the Chinese Enterprises”

2008年考博作文

Directions: You are required to write about 200 words on the following topic: "To what extent is the use of animals in scientific research acceptable"

2009年考博作文

Part IV Essay Writing (20%)

Directions: You are required to write about 200 words on the following topic:“Should Shanghai build the theme park, Disneyland?”

1999年联考

Directions: In this part, you are expected to write a composition entitled Knowledge Economy of no less than 150 words. Your composition should be based on the following Chinese outlines for each paragraph:

1)知识经济的定义以及它与工业、农业经济的差异.

2)知识经济在发达国家中发挥的作用.

3)中国作为发展中国家如何迎接知识经济的到来.

2000春季联考

Part Ⅵ Writing (15%)

Directions: There is an article in a newspaper entitled “Consumers Await the Maturity of E-commerce”which begins: “E-commerce is providing consumers around the world the option to shop, back and even book plane ticket from the comforts of their own homes. So why is it that we Chinese consumers are still wondering when and how we can realize on-line shopping?”

Write an article for the same newspaper to state your own points of view towards this issue. You should use your own ideas, knowledge or experience to develop the article in some detail. You should write no less than 150 words. Write your article on Answer Sheet.

2000秋季联考

Part Ⅵ Writing (15%)

Directions: In this part, you are expected to write a composition entitled To Relieve Pupil’s Burden of no less than 150 words. Your composition should be based on the following outlines for each paragraph.

1.Present situation

2.Harm to pupil’s development in an all-around way

3.Your suggestion

2001春季联考

Part VI Writing (15%)

Directions: In this part, you are expected to write a composition entitled The Influence of High-tech on the Society. Your composition should be based on the following Chinese outlines for each paragraph:

1．高科技发展现状。

2．高科技给社会生活带来的巨大影响。

3．如何适应高科技的新时代。

You should write no less than 200 words and put your composition clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. 2001秋季联考

Part Ⅵ Writing (15%)

Directions: In the part, you are expected to write a composition entitled China Access to WTO-Opportunities and Challenges of no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outline for each paragraph.

1.the opportunities China will have after her access to WTO

2.the challenges China will be faced with after the access

3.the measures you think China will take after the access’

Note: Write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.

2004春季联考

Directions: In this section you are required to write an essay in accordance with the following requirements:

A.Title: Should all college courses be specifically related to a future occupation?

B.Time limit: 40 minutes

C.Word limit: 180-200 words

D.Your composition must be written on the ANSWER SHEET.

2005春季联考

Directions: In this part, you are required to write a composition of no less than 200 words on Holiday Economy. The composition should be based on the Outline below.

Title: 1) the aim of “Holiday Economy” and its positive effects

2) problems derived from “Holiday Economy”

3) my suggestions

华师考博2004作文

1.China’s immense prospect of the utilization of hydroelectricity

2.China’s great difficulties in developing her hydroelectricity for the time being

3.Importance and advantages of the utilization of hydroelectricity in China

华师考博2005作文

1.the aim of merging universities and its positive effects

2.problems derived from merging universities

3.your suggestions

华师考博2006作文

Directions: Write a composition about Bird Flu and the Deteriorating Environment? You should write no less than 200 words. Write this composition on the ANSWER SHEET.

武汉大学考博2006作文

Which is better? _________ or e-mail

武汉大学考博2005作文

1)这个城市现在存在的问题；

2)假如我是市长的话，如何解决这个问题；

3)问题解决后的城市前景。

武汉大学考博2004作文

1）恐怖活动日益猖獗的表现；

2）分析其猖獗的原因；

3）各国政府应采取的有效措施。

武汉大学考博2003作文

1)有些人认为随着各种高水平电子课件的制作与引进，大学生基本上可以自学英语了；

2)有些人认为英语教师虽然面临挑战，但不可或缺；

3)我对中国大学英语教学改革的看法与建议。

武汉大学考博2002作文

1）现代人会遇到各种各样的压力；

2）压力的来源；

3）如何减轻自己的压力

1999-2003年省考试院所出的作文题目：

1. In this part, you are expected to write a composition entitled Some Lessons Drawn from the Flood in 1998 of no less than 150 words.

2. For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Higher Education in China of no less than 150 words and you should base your composition on the outlines below:

1.The importance of tertiary education

2.The disadvantage of the current system

3.My suggestion

7．Di rections: “Give me a fish and I’ll eat for a day; teach me how to fish and I’ll eat for a life time.” Is a famous saying often quoted. In this part, you are expected to write a composition based on the saying above and the following outline for each paragraph. You should write no less than 200 words.

Outline:

1)interpretation of the saying

2)comments on the saying

3)embodiment of the saying in scientific research or daily life

8. You are expected to write a short article of about 200 words to discuss the topic : “To buy a car or not to buy a car” You can have your article on the outline as follows:

1)The conveniences cars bring us

2)The problems cars cause

3)Why I decide to buy or not to buy a car

9. You are required to write an essay in accordance with the following requirements.

A.Title: Scientific Discovery--- Curse or Blessing

B.Time: 40 minutes

C.Word limit: 180-200 words (not including the given opening sentences)

D.Your composition should be based on the given opening sentences of each paragraph

E.Your composition must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET.

Outline Sentences:

1)New scientific discoveries nearly always bring to mankind a blessing.

2)Yet sometimes scientific discoveries may prove a curse upon human race.

3)The misuse of scientific discoveries must be prevented.

10. You are required to write an essay in accordance with the following requirements.

A.Title: Should all college courses be specifically related to a future occupation?

B.Time: 40 minutes

C.Word limit: 180-200 words (not including the given opening sentences)

D.Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

北京大学2000年入学考试作文题目

Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below:

Topic: What is the most urgent issue facing the world people in the 21st century?

State your reasons.

范文练习

WWW and the World Today

Nowadays more and more people have noticed the fact that lots of great achievements have been made in high-tech in the past decades, especially the computer and the Internet which have brought us an information revolution. In a word, with the help of WWW, our human being has made great progress in such a short period of time!

It is well known that WWW has greatly changed our social life. By means of digital technique we can stay at home to watch high-definition television, to send, receive or even talk face to face with our relatives and close friends far away. Now the popularity of Internet has made our life much more convenient and made the world even smaller. While there is a great deal of enthusiasm nowadays over the advantages of WWW, its drawbacks should not be neglected. For example, hackers can make use of WWW to engage in cyber-terrorist actions to destroy the information systems which are vital to business, government and national defense.

As has been mentioned above, WWW has a great impact on the world today. In my opinion, we should lay down relative laws and regulations to ensure that we can get benefits from WWW and protect us from being attacked by cyber-terrorists. (210 words)

Honesty in Talent Market

Word limit: at least 200 words

Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below.

1. the current situation in talent market

2. the hazards made by fake well-trained personnel

3. the counter-measures

With the advent of a new phase of the knowledge-based econ omy, the terms of “crisis of credibility”, “honesty and moral integrity” and “talent market” have already begun to creep into our popular vocabulary. We have noticed the fact that the crises of credibility not only occur in the fields of fake commodities, cheating advertisements, etc., but also appear in the talent market, which is flooded with fake diplomas, counterfeit degrees, and false resumes.

There are many hazards caused by fake well-trained personnel, but I think the main three ones are as follows: First, the values can be confused. Some people will lose their judgments which is right or wrong. Second, the academic corruption will result in the collapse of social spirit. Last but not least, creative personnel cannot be fostered in such a situation flooded with fake diplomas and counterfeit degrees.

As has been mentioned above, a conclusion can be drawn that some counter-measures should be taken in

no time. For example, a social service system of discriminating real things from false ones should be established. We need to effectively improve social credibility and gradually develop moral standards throughout society based on honesty and moral integrity. In addition, Legal education should be strengthened and the awareness of laws among all citizens should be raised. Only by taking these effective measures can honesty and moral integrity be rooted in our talent market and more and more well-trained personnel be sprung up. (240 words)

Information and My Life

As you know, information plays an important role in our modern society.

Someone says that ours is a society of information. I agree with him. In fact, information is expanding at an increasing rate. As a member of modern society, I am fully aware of the significance of information to my life. It affects nearly every aspect

of my life. Then how to obtain and deal with information seems to be of utmost

importance.

As for me, the first way to obtain information is to go to library. Our library is so large that it covers a wide range of subjects. Various kinds of information can be got in it. Information about society, economy, politics and sciences will give you a fresh mind. Of course, library isn't the only source of information. I can learn much information by other means. Even when talking with my friends I can get a lot of useful information.

But information is so immense that we haven't ample energy and time to deal deeply with' it. Moreover, some of the information might not be true. So, how to select information is also significant to me. Listen to all, trust only three tenths. To obtain accurate information and to throw off the false part of it should be our goal.

Information should be made full use in my life. Right now, I try to use information mostly on my studies. When I get into society several years later, information will probably become more and more important

Today's Luxuries Are Tomorrow's Necessities

By "luxury", we mean "a pleasant and often expensive thing that is not necessary". From a historical point of view, things which Were a luxury when they first came into

being all became necessities later. When the electric bulb was first invented in the

U.S., it was such a luxury that only government bodies could afford to use it.

Nowadays, however, it has reached every part of the world. It is the same case with telephone, TV, and a lot of others, which were all luxuries years ago.

Anything, no matter how luxurious it is, will become a necessity when it is widely used. This is true of many of the present luxuries, including mobile phones, cars, computers and many other things. It is known to all that the purpose of the development of science is to make things easy for the mankind, not for only a small number of people. Therefore, the first thing to do after a new invention occurs is to spread it so as to benefit as many people as possible. In the course of the spread, the luxury becomes decreasingly luxurious until in the end it becomes a necessity. This is an objective law, nothing can be an exception.

With the quick development of science and technology, the process for many things to become a necessity from a luxury will be greatly shortened. Anything that can be imagined will be invented and in no time becomes a necessity accessible to ordinary people.

Value of Knowledge

In the Information Age, public awareness of the value of knowledge critically affects the economic growth of a nation. The schematic diagram clearly shows how the value of knowledge evolved in China in the past 50 years.

The schematic diagram mainly consists of three parts. From 1950 to 1966, the curve was roughly a straight line slightly above zero, showing that China was a poorly-educated nation then. In 1966, the curve drastically dropped below zero, moving down hopelessly in the next 11 years. This period coincided with the "Culture Revolution". Our society went mad then, books were burned, schools were closed and all kinds of academic activities were banned. Knowledge inflicted its masters nothing but disasters. Life was a nightmare for Chinese intellectuals, including famous scholars as well as common people who received higher education or whose profession had anything to do with knowledge. It was a time when ignorance was a virtue and knowledge was a crime. People tried desperately to be away from knowledge. As a result, China lagged farther behind the rapid progressing world. This was the darkest time in the history of New China. The curve returned to its original non-zero position around 1978 and moved up but slowly. From 1984 on, it has been shooting up. The open-up policy encourages people to study and to channel their knowledge to the market economy. Millions of Chinese are bettering off by means of their knowledge and more Chinese enjoy the fruits of knowledge and say goodbye for good to poverty that haunted them for generations.

As our world is rapidly advancing towards the Information Age, increasing number of people realize that knowledge is power and creativity is everything. Only when China becomes a better educated nation, can China be a great nation with international prestige.

Markets and Marketing

In its simplest terms, a market is the place where seller meets buyers to exchange products for money. Traditional markets still function in many parts of the world. Even in the United States, during summer months, there are farmers’ markets where direct selling and buying take place between producers and consumers. Most service industries still operate at this market level. Manufacturing industries and most agricultural enterprises are more distant from the consumers. Their products pass through several hands—truckers, warehouse workers, wholesalers, and retailers before reaching the final consumer. Products, or commodities, are usually divided into two types: consumer and industrial. Consumer goods are those that are sold to final users, the customers. These goods include food, clothing, automobiles, televisions sets, appliances, and all those things people go to stores to purchase. Industrial goods are those that are sold to companies or other businesses for use in manufacturing or other purposes. Automobile makers buy many of the parts used to assemble cars. A tire manufacture buys rubber, synthetic or otherwise, with which to make tires. Eventually these materials will end up in the hands of final users: the owners of the cars. The nature of industrial goods depends on the nature of the goods to be made for final users. The price of industrial goods and raw materials will influence the price of final goods, those that the consumer buys.

The hamburger is the most popular food item in the United States. Every year Americans consume billions of them. They are sold in expensive restaurants and in humble diners. They are cooked at home on the kitchen stove or over a barbecue grill in the backyard. Why are they so popular?

First, a hamburger is extremely easy to prepare. It is nothing more than a piece of ground beef, cooked for a few minutes. Then it is placed in a sliced bun. Nothing could be simpler. Even an unskilled cook can turn out hundreds of them in an hour. Besides that, the simple hamburger can be varied in many ways. You can melt some cheese on top of the beef to create a cheeseburger. You can also add some grilled bacon for an interesting flavor contrast. In addition, you can garnish the hamburger with other things such as lettuce, tomato, onion, mushrooms, avocado, pickles, hot pepper, ketchup, relish, mayonnaise, mustard or whatever you wish!

Cats and Dogs

I’ve been a round cats and dogs most of my life and thus know exactly the differences between cats and dogs as pets.

First of all, dogs are smarter than cats. You can teach them to sit up, roll over, fetch, shake hands, stay in place, or come when called and they can be trained as hunters or police dogs. However, you can’t teach cats to

2018考博英语写作万能模板

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