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初中英语 第2章名词

初中英语  第2章名词
初中英语  第2章名词

第二章名词

名词是表示人或事物的名称的词。人们认识事物时首先接触到的就是名词。名词属于实词,有具体的含义。所以,名词可以在句子中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语或定语。我们是最重要的词类之一。下面开始上课吧,一定要记住名词的分类和用法啊,课后还要你亲自动手操作呢。)

一、名词的种类

名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。

专有名词指特定的人、地方、机构等专有的名称。注意专有名词开头要大写,并且其前面不用冠词。如:New York 纽约,John 约翰,French 法语,Congress 议会等。

普通名词是指一般的人、事物或是一个抽象概念的名称。

如doctor 医生,school 学校,team 队,ink 墨水,peace 和平等。

提示:普通名词之前可以用冠词a、an和the。

普通名词又可以分为:

1.个体名词:表示某类人或事物之中的某一个体。

如:teacher 教师;hospital 医院;ca r小汽车;daughter 女儿。

2.集体名词:表示相关的人或事物所构成的集合体。

如:class 班级;team 队;police 警察;government 政府。

3.物质名词:表示无法分为个体的,不具备确定的形状和大小的物质。

如:tea 茶;air 空气;cotton 棉花;fire 火;butter 奶油。

4.抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念的词汇。

如:hate 恨;beauty 美人;health健康,experience 经验;advice 劝告;business 生意。

二、名词的数

1.可数名词与不可数名词

①可数名词:表示能够以数计算的事物的名词。通常个体名词和集体名词都属于可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数的区别,表示一个时用单数,多于一个用复数。如:a cat 一只猫;

a pupil 一个学生;an apple 一个苹果;an envelope 一个信封;two birds 两只鸟;many people 许多人。

②不可数名词:不能以数计算而必须通过用容器的量来表示的名词,叫作不可数名词。物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词。其通常的使用形式是:容器单位+of+物质名词,如a glas s of milk 一杯牛奶;two bottles of orange 二瓶桔子水;three boxes of chalk 三盒粉笔;four bowls of rice 四碗米饭。

注意:当不可数名词作主语的时候,该句的谓语动词一定要用单数形式。

如:There is no milk in the bottle.

瓶子里没有牛奶了。

当一些用来指数量或数额的复数名词作主语时,该句子的谓语动词仍然用单数形式。

如:A thousand kilometers isn't a long distance for the plane.

对这架飞机来说,一千公里并不是一个很远的距离。

A million dollars is a big sum of money for the man in the street.

对普通人来说,一百万美元是一大笔钱。

普通名词之中,有一些词既可以作可数名词,又可以作不可数名词,但在意义上有一些区别。如:a fish 一条鱼(可数名词)

fish 鱼肉(不可数名词)

a paper 报纸(可数名词)

paper 纸(不可数名词)

a power 大国(可数名词)

power 威力(不可数名词)

a dress 一件女服(可数名词)

dress 女服(统称)(不可数名词)

2.名词的数

①单数

表示“一个”,“一本”,“一只”,“一座”等概念时,应该使用可数名词的单数形式。其方法是在该名词之前加a或an。例如:

It is a dog.

这是一只狗。

Give me an apple, please.

请给我一个苹果。

注意:以辅音开头的名词之前,加a。

如:a man 一个男人,a bank 一家银行

以元音开头的名词之前,加an。

如:an orange 一个桔子,an egg 一个鸡蛋

但如果a 和an 之后紧接着形容词修饰名词,这时就要看该形容词开头字母是元音还是辅音,然后决定用a,还是an,而不管名词开头是什么字母。例如:

a woman 一位妇女

an old woman 一位老太太(不能说:a old woman)

an egg 一个鸡蛋

a big egg 一个大鸡蛋(不能说:an big egg)

②复数

表示两个或两个以上的概念时,应该使用名词的复数形式。

名词复数的变化分为规则与不规则两种形式。

(i)名词复数的规则变化

A:一般情况下在名词词尾加-s:

pencil→pencils铅笔,

worker→workers工人,

lamp→lapms灯,

doctor→doctors医生。

B:以s,sh,ch,x结尾的词,加-es:

class→classes 班级,课

dish→dishes 碟子

watch→watches 手表

brush→brushes 刷子

box→boxes 盒子

C:以f或fe结尾的词,去掉f或fe,变成v再加- es:

knife→knives 刀子,

life→lives 生命;

thief→thieves 小偷,

leaf→leaves 叶子,

shelf→shelves 书架,

wo lf→wolves 狼,

wife→wives 妻子,

half→havles半数,self→selves。

但以下几个名词例外,要直接加-s:

chief→chiefs 头领roof→roofs 屋顶

handkerchief→handkerchiefs 手帕

D:以辅音字母加y结尾的词,要把y 改成i 再加-es:

family→families 家庭,

city→cities 城市,

duty→duties 责任,

uni versity→universities大学。

注意:元音字母加y结尾的名词,变成复数时要直接加-s.如:

boy→boys 男孩,

toy→toys 玩具,

monkey→monkeys 猴子

E:以辅音字母加o结尾的名词,一般情况下在后面加-s:也有加es的情况。photo→photos 照片,

piano→pianos 钢琴,

radio→radios 收音机,

zoo→zoos 动物园,

studio→studios 工作室,制片厂。

tomato→tomatoes 西红柿,

hero→heroes 英雄,

potato→potatoes 土豆。

(ii)名词复数的不规则变化

A.单数名词中的元音字母发生变化:

foot→feet 脚

goose→g eese 鹅

tooth→teeth 牙齿

man→men 男人

woman→wom en 女人

mouse→mice 老鼠

B.词尾发生变化:

child→children 孩子

crisis→crises 危机

basis→bases 基础

ox→oxen 牛

C.单复数同形:

a fish→a few fish 鱼

a deer→four deer 鹿

a sheep→some sheep 羊

a Chinese→two Chinese 中国人

a Japanese→three Japanese 日本人

D.只有复数形式

Clothes 衣服trousers裤子glasses眼镜

E.有些单数形式的名词具有复数含义

Pelple 人们,人民police警察public 公众

 (iii)组合名词的复数

A.在组合名词的主体部分之后加s:

brother(s)-in-law 姐夫,妹夫

passer(s)-by 路人

looker(s)-on 旁观者

step-mother(s) 继母

B.如果组合名词之中没有主体部分,就在最后一个词之后加s:

Grown-up(s) 成年人

Talk-back(s) 专线电话

Go-between(s) 中间人

C.将构成组合名词的每个部分都变成复数:

man teacher→men teachers 男老师

woman judge→women judges 女法官

D.将构成组合名词的后一部分变成复数

a boy student→ boy students 男生

a mother tiger→ mother tigers 母

③单复数名词词义的转换

不可数名词本来没有复数形式,但有一些不可数名词变为复数后,其含义发生变化。如:fish 鱼肉→fishes 不同种类的鱼

fruit 水果→fruits 不同种类的水果

iron 铁→irons 熨斗

steel 钢→steels 各种钢

force 力量→forces 军队

paper 纸→papers 报纸,文件

time 时间→times 时代

drink 喝→drinks 饮料

work 工作→works 著作

good 好→goods 货物

water 水→waters 各种水

hair 毛发→hairs (几根)头发

manner 样式→manners 风度

glass 玻璃→glasses 眼镜

rice 米饭→rices 各种稻米

三、名词的所有格形式

名词的所有格是表示名词中所属关系的形式。名词所有格的构成有两种形式:

1.名词+'s

①在单数名词的词尾加's

the girl's doll 这个小姑娘的布娃娃

the teacher's book 那位老师的书

Mary's room 玛丽的房间

My father's office 我父亲的办公室

复数名词词尾如果没有s,也要直接加's。

the children's game 孩子们的游戏

women's room 女洗手间

②如果名词已经有复数的词尾-s或-es,则只需要在词尾加“'”。如:

the students' classroom 学生们的教室

the masses' movement 群众运动

the patients' opinion 病人们的意见

passengers' lounge 旅客休息室

姓氏中以s 结尾,也可单独用“'”。

Mr. Jones' office 琼斯先生的办公室

Mr. Hawkins' works 霍金斯先生的著作

③表示两个或两个以上的人共有一件东西,则在最后一个名词之后加's;如果不是共有的,则需要在每一个名字之后加's。如:

This is Mary and Susan's English teacher.

这是玛丽和苏姗的英语老师。

That's Tom and Peter's school.

那是汤姆和彼德的学校。

Tom's and Peter's fathers are in the teachers' office.

汤姆的父亲和彼德的父亲在老师的办公室里。

注意:名词所有格修饰的词在一些情况下可以省略。如:

1.表示店铺或某人的家的名词:

at the butcher's (shop)在肉店

at the barber's (shop)在理发店

at Mr. White's (house)在怀特先生家

2.被修饰的名词在句中或前文出现过:

Mike's opinion is better than Peter's (opinion).

麦克的主意比彼德的(主意)好。

This is not my bike. It's Susan's (bike).

这不是我的自行车。是苏姗的(车)。

Whose car is that? It's her father's (car).

那是谁的轿车?是他父亲的(车)。

2.名词+of+名词表示所有格

有生命的名词,一般使用's结构表示该名词的所有格。而无生命的名词,一般用名词+ of + 名词的结构表示该名词的所有格。

the gate of the school 学校的大门

the title of the article 文章的标题

the drawer of the desk 写字台的抽屉

the corridor of the house 房子的走廊

注意:上述情况也有例外:

1. 's结构有时可以转换成of结构。例如:

My mother's handbag→the handbag of my mother

我母亲的提包

the woman's name→the name of the woman

那个女人的名字

Lu Xuns works→the works of Lu Xun

鲁迅的著作

Chalplin's films→the films of Chalplin

卓别林的电影

2.一些用于表示距离、时间、国家或者城镇等等无生命的名词,也可以使用's 表示所有格。例如:

today' weather 今天的天气

China' culture  中国的文化

ten minutes' drive 十分钟的车程

Guilin's scenery 桂林风景

3.关于双重所有格形式

双重所有格就是将of 结构与's 结构结合在一起使用的形式。例如:

a painting of Xu Beihong's

徐悲鸿的一幅作品(众多作品中的一幅)

比较:a painting of Xu Beihong

徐悲鸿的画(仅指一张画)

a friend of my daughter's

我女儿的一个朋友(很多朋友中的一个)

比较:a friend of my daughter

我女儿的一个朋友(仅指这一个朋友)

an invention of Edison's

爱迪生的一项发明(指许多发明之一)

比较:an invention of Edison

爱迪生的发明(仅指这一项发明)

四、名词在句子中的作用以及应该注意的问题

1.名词在句子中的作用

(1)作主语。例如:

The girl is good at playing the piano.

这个姑娘钢琴弹得非常好。

The Summer Palace is famous for its scenery.

颐和园以它的风景而著名。

(2)作表语。例如:

His father is a lawyer.

他的父亲是一位律师。

The young man is a hair-dresser in CCTV.

这个小伙子是中央电视台的一位发型师。

(3)作宾语。例如:

They are having a French lesson.

他们正在上法语课。

Do you enjoy this dish?

你喜欢吃这道菜吗?

(4)作宾语补足语。例如:

They called her Xiao Li.

他们都叫她小李。

Most of them made Bush their President.

他们大多数人选了布什当总统。

(5)作定语。例如:

This is one of the best paintings of Qi Baishi.

这是齐白石最出色的作品之一。

They have several school buses for boys and girls.

他们有几辆接送孩子们的学校班车。

2.名词作主语要注意的问题

(1)hundred, thousand, million, dozen在表达具体的数目时,其后不能加s;但在表达笼统的数目时,其后要加s,并与of连用。例如:

There are two hundred and seventy boy students and about three hundred girl students in our school.

我们学校有275个男生和大约300个女生。

Thousands of people were watching the football game in the Beijing workers stadium at that time. 那时,有成千上万的人正在北京工人体育场观看那场足球赛。

(2)由“the+形容词”构成的名词的用法。

表示人,其谓语一般用复数形式;表示物(包括想法,概念等),其谓语常用单数形式。例如:The young are always regarded as a symbol of hope.

年轻人永远被看作是希望的象征。

The foolish always do something like lifting a rock only to drop it on their own feet.

蠢人总是做那些搬起石头砸自己的脚的事。

All the beautiful is always pursued by the girls.

一切美的事物都总是姑娘们追求的目标。

3.易混淆的名词的使用

(1)voice, sound, noise

voice 是专指人发出来的声音;sound 泛指一切声音(包括悦耳的或不悦耳的);noise 专指噪音,另人心烦意躁的声音。

例如:“May I come in?” she asked in a loud voice.

“我可以进来吗?”她大声地问道。

Can you hear the sound of the sea here?

你在这里能听见大海的声音吗?

Do you think noise is a kind of pollution?

你认为噪音是一种污染吗?

(2)match, game

match是指用于拳击、网球、高尔夫球等场合的比赛;而game是指用于棒球、足球或篮球等以ball为结尾的场合的比赛。

There will be a football game between China and Brazil next Sunday.

下周日有一场中国与巴西的足球赛。

I don't like to watch a boxing match.

我不喜欢看拳击比赛。

(3)salary, pay, wages

pay是泛指一切报酬(包括固定的和临时的);salary一般是指白领阶层如职员、医生、教师等按月领取的报酬;wages是付给蓝领阶层(一般指体力劳动者),按小时、天或星期计算的报酬。

He finally got a job, but the pay wasn't good.

他最后找到一份工作,但工钱不多。

His wife is engaged in a bank and has a very good salary.

他的妻子在一家银行工作,薪酬很高。

He works at the port and usually gets his wages at the weekend.

他在那个港口工作,通常周末发薪。

(4)trip, journey, travel

trip是指短途的旅行;journey是指经过空中或陆地,在外面停留较长时间的长途旅行;tra vel 是指到较远的地方甚至是到国外的旅行。

We'll have a trip to the seaside tomorrow. Do you want to go with us?

我们明天要去海边玩玩,你想跟我们去吗?

They are now on a long journey to Europe.

他们现在在去欧洲旅行的途中。

How long did they travel abroad last year?

去年他们在国外旅行了多长时间?

(5)home, family, house

home 是指家,尤其是指所有的家庭成员生活的地方;family 指家人,尤指全体家人;house 是指家存在的地点,重点强调房子。

How many people are there in your family?

你们家有几口人?

The light is on. She must be at home.

灯亮着。她一定在家里。

Their son bought a large house at the seaside for them.

他们的儿子给他们在海边买了一所非常大的房子。

(6)road, street

street通常是指城市里的街道,是表示两边有房子的那些道路,因此不能用于表示乡村的道路。在城市里street通常指那些东西方向的道路。在一些词组中如street market,street map 等只用street。

road可以用于城市,也可用于乡村。在城市里,road通常是指那些南北方向的道路。Changan Street is just in front of Tian An Men.

长安街就在天安门的前面。

This road leads to the harbour.

这条路通向港口。

(7)cloth,clothes,clothing

cloth是指布料、绸子等做衣服用的原料,是不可数名词,因此它的前面不能加不定冠词。注意:当cloth是指特殊用途的布时,便成为可数名词。例如:

She gave me a beautiful table cloth.

她给了我一块漂亮的桌布。

clothes是指衣服,只有复数形式,因此不能与a或an连用,也不能用数词修饰。不能说a clothes,two clothes等,而只能说some clothes,these clothes。

clothing是集体名词,服装的总称,没有复数,不能说a clothing。

This piece of cloth is very beautiful.

这块布料很漂亮。

She gave her a lot of old clothes.

她给了她好多旧衣服。

The little girl likes to wear new clothes.

这个小姑娘喜欢穿新衣服。

Children's clothing here is more expensive than in Beijing.

这里的童装要比北京贵一些。

Does this shop sell women's clothing?

这家商店卖女装吗?

(8)work, job

work的意思是“工作,用功”,是不可数名词;job表示“零工,具体的工作、职业”,是可数名词。

She has a lot of work to do on Sundays.

每到周日她都有好多活要做。

He has no way to find a new job.

他没有办法去找到一份新的工作。

(9)country, nation, state

这三个词都含有国家的意思,但各自强调的重点不一样。

Country 侧重于表示国土、疆域或家园;

Nation 侧重于表示民族、国民或人民;

State 主要强调的是政权和国家机器。

China is a great country with 5,000 years civilization.

中国是一个具有五千年文明的伟大国家。

The whole country fell into joy and happiness.

全国都沉浸在欢乐之中。

Do you know when China became a member nation of the UN?

你知道中国是什么时候成为联合国会员国的吗?

He is respected by the whole nation.

他受到全国人民的尊敬。

This former tramp from Austria became the head of state ten years later.

这位前奥地利流浪汉十年后成了国家元首。

State medicine is being reformed.

国家公费医疗制度正在进行改革。

(10)holiday,vocation

holiday 可用于表示各种假日,如公休日,各种节日的假日或寒暑假。通常用单数holiday 表示短期的假期,如three days' holiday(三天的假期),on holiday(在假日)等。

V ocation 专用于英国学校的假期;而在美国所有比较长的时间的休假都用vocation。

We all have two days' holiday every week.

我们现在每周休息二天。

How will you spend your holiday(s) of National Day?

国庆节休假你打算怎样过?

The winter vocation will begin on Jan. 12th next year.

寒假将于明年一月十二日开始。

Her vocation is at an end.

她的休假结束了

(完整版)初中英语语法专项代词练习及答案

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(完整)初中英语名词讲解及专项练习

(课时:2) 一.介绍名词含义:名词是表示人、事物、地方或抽象概念的词。 二.名词的分类: ( 人名,地名,机构 ) William,Linda, Canada,China,the United Nations, WTO 可数名词: 包括单数(只有一个) 和复数(两个以上). 不可数名词: 只有单数. 物质名词 milk, water, tea, bread,beef, meat, rice, fish, coffee,sugar, salt 抽象名词 information, friendship, knowledge, work, advice, science, news, weather 三.重点: 1. 一般情况下,加“s”. eg: books,stamps, pens, tables 2.以“s, x, ch, sh”结尾的,加“es” eg: buses, boxes, foxes, watches, matches, beaches, coaches, brushes 3.以“o ”, 结尾的,加“es ”or “s ” eg: Negroes [?ni:gr??]、 heroes、 volcanoes [v?l?ke?n??]、 tomatoes、 potatoes、 radios、 pianos、 zoos、 photos、 bamboos、video 需加es的记忆技巧:黑人(Negro)英雄(hero)在火山上(volcano)爱吃西红柿(tomato) 和土豆(potato) 4.以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的,把“y”变为“i”,再加“es ”. eg: city -- cities, country -- countries, family -- families, story -- stories 5. 以“f”或“fe”结尾的,把“f”或“fe”变为“ves”。 eg: thief—thieves wife—wives life -- lives half—halves leaf -- leaves, knife -- knives,wolf – wolves, shelf—shelves, loaf—loaves 记忆技巧:贼人(thief)的妻子(wife)在她一生(life)中用半(half)片树叶(leaf) 当刀子(knife)杀死了七匹狼(wolf)然后去偷架子(shelf)上的面包(loaf)。 6)不规则变化:

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