internantional finance的双语名词

internantional finance的双语名词

Professonal terms

1、balance of payments; 贸易支付差额a system of recording all of a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world over a period of one year

2、the current account; the current account is one of the two primary components of the balance of payments：货物、服务、收入和经常转移。

3、the capital account; It is the sum of the balance of trade (exports minus imports of goods and services)

资本与金融账户（Capital and Financial Account）与经常账户相对，国际收支上本国与外国之间资本流动的记录，反映本国资产和负债状况的变动，包含贷款和投资相关的资本流动。

4、the double-entry bookkeeping; The basic principle of double entry bookkeeping is that every transaction has a twofold effect.复式记账法的基本原理是每笔交易都有借贷双方。This system is called double-entry because each transaction is recorded in at least two accounts. Each transaction results in at least one account being debited and at least one account being credited, with the total debits of the transaction equal to the total credits

5、merchandise trade balance; 商品贸易的平衡The Merchandise Trade Balance is a measure of "visible" trade

6、current account balance; 经常账目平衡The current account balance is the difference between a country's savings and its investment指对实际资源的流动行为进行记录的帐户，包括：货物、服务、收入和经常转移。

7、The overall balance; 综合平衡An overall measurement of a country's private financial and economic transactions with the rest of the world

8、the official reserve asset balance; 官方储备。官方储备是指一个国家由官方所持有的国际储备资产，包括黄金、外汇和特别提款权。一个国家在一定时期的国际收支不可能完全平衡，总会发生差额。如果不平衡，就要通过动用官方储备，来弥补或轧平这个时期国际收支的差额，实现该时期国际收支的平衡。

9、the Errors and Omissions; 错误与遗漏(0) Error & Omission insurance protects a business professional whose clients could claim damages as a result of business professional's faulty performance.

10.residents;

11.the international investment position; 国际投资头寸外汇头寸——是指外汇银行所持有的各种外币帐户余额状况，即外汇银行

的外汇买卖的余缺状况。A country's international investment position (IIP) is a financial statement setting out the value and composition of that country's external financial assets and liabilities.

12.the IMF; The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that oversees the global financial system by following the macroeconomic policies of its member countries, in particular those with an impact on exchange rates and the balance of payments. It also offers financial

and technical assistance to its members, making it an international lender of last resort. Its headquarters are located in Washington, D.C., USA. 国际货币

基金组织（或国际货币基金，英文简称：IMF）是国际金融组织，职责是通过监察货币汇率和各国贸易情况、以及提供技术和资金协助，确保全球金融制度运作正常。1945年12月27日正式成立。总部设在华盛顿

13.the reserve position in the IMF; 国际货币基金有储备金，供国家借用，以在短时间内稳定货币；做法类似在往来户口中透支。所借款项必须于5年内清还。

14.SDRs 特别提款权（special drawing right,SDR)是国际货币基金组织创设的一种储备资产和记帐单位，亦称“纸黄金(Paper Gold)”。它是基金组织分配给会员国的一种使用资金的权利。会员国在发生国际收支逆差时，可用它向基金组织指定的其他会员国换取外汇，以偿付国际收支逆差或偿还基金组织的贷款，还可与黄金、自由兑换货币一样充当国际储备。但由于其只是一种记帐单位，不是真正货币，使用时必须先换成其他货币，不能直接用于贸易或非贸易的支付。因为它是国际货币基金组织原有的普通提款权以外的一种补充，所以称为特别提款权（SDR）。

15.foreign exchange; 外汇foreign exchange (FX市场)通常指以外国货币表示的可用于国际结算的各种支付手段。包括:外国货币、外币存款、外币有价证券(政府公债、国库券、公司债券、股票等)、外币支付凭证(票据、银行存款凭证、邮政储蓄凭证等)。

16.exchange rate; 汇率(exchange rate) 【概念】汇率亦称“外汇行市或汇价”。一国货币兑换另一国货币的比率,是以一种货币表示另一种货币的价格。

17.spot exchange rate; 即期汇率

现汇汇率：分买入汇率和卖出汇率。买入汇率（ByyingRate)又称外汇买入价，是指银行向客户买入外汇时所使用的汇率。一般地，外币折合本币数较少的那个汇率是买入汇率，它表示买入一定数额的外汇需要付出多少本国货币。卖出汇率（sellingRate）又称外汇卖出价，是指银行向客户卖出外汇时所使用的汇率。一般地，外币折合本币数较多的那个汇率是卖出汇率，它表示银行卖出一定数额的外汇需要收回多少本国货币。

18.forward exchange; 远期汇率

外汇期货是交易双方约定在未来某一时间，依据现在约定的比例，以一种货币交换另一种货币的标准化合约的交易。是指以汇率为标的物的期货合约，用来回避汇率风险。

19.intangible market; 无形资产，是指企业拥有或者控制的没有实物形态的可. 辨认非货币性资产。

20.a vehicle currency;

21.SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications); SWIFT全世界银行间金融电信学会是一个协作组织，它运营着世界级的金融电文网络，银行和其他金融机构通过它与同业交换电文（message），从而完成金融交易。除此之外，SWIFT还向金融机构销售软件和服务，其中大部分的用户都在使用SWIFT网络。到2006年4月为止，SWIFT的服务已经遍及205个国家，接入的金融机构超过7800家。

22.CHIPS (Clearing House International Payments System);

23. floating exchange rate; 1. 概念:一国货币当局不再规定本国货币与外国货币比价和汇率波动的幅度，货币当局也不承担维持汇率波动界限的义务，而听任汇率随外汇市场供求变化自由波动的一种汇率制度。

24.the equilibrium exchange rate;

25.fixed exchange rate; 这种制度规定本国货币与其他国家货币之间维持一个固定比率，汇率波动只能限制在一定范围内，由官方干预来保证汇率的稳定。

26.the band of exchange rate;

27.par value; Par value, in finance and accounting, means stated value or face value.

28.the appreciation; 升值

29.the depreciation; 贬值

30.the revaluation;货币升值

31.the devaluation; 货币贬值货币贬值（又称通货贬值），是货币升值的对称，是指单位货币所含有的价值或所代表的价值的下降，即单位货币价格下降货币贬值可以从不同角度来理解。

32.arbitrage; 套利( spreads):

指同时买进和卖出两张不同种类的期货合约。交易者买进自认为是"便宜的"合约，同时卖出那些"高价的"合约，从两合约价格间的变动关系中获利。在进行套利时，交易者注意的是合约之间的相互价格关系，而不是绝对价格水平。套利Arbitrage：试图利用不同市场或不同形式的同类或相似金融产品的价格差异牟利。最理想的状态是无风险套利。In economics and finance, arbitrage is the practice of taking advantage of a price differential between two or more markets:

33.biangular arbitrage;两角套利假设在不考虑交易费用的情况下，纽约市场上美元对欧元的汇率是0，61，而在伦敦市场上美元对欧元是0.65，这样就出现了两角套利的机会，在纽约市场买入欧元然后在伦敦市场上卖出，在这里能产生4%的利润在每卖出去的欧元。但是这种个行动会导致纽约市场上欧元的需求量增加导致美元对欧元的汇率升高，例如到0.63；另一方面，在伦敦市场上欧元的供给增加导致汇率下降，例如0.63. 这些套利的行动最终使得美元对欧元的汇率相符合。

34.triangular arbitrage; 三角套利

35.basic rates; 基本汇率（也叫直盘或基础汇率）：一般指一国货币与美元的比价。

36.cross rates交叉汇率（也叫交叉盘）：是指两种非美元货币之间的比价，交叉汇率可从基本汇率套算而来。

套汇率- 任何两种货币间的汇率，这两种货币在给出这对货币对报价的国家被认为是非标准的。比如，在美国，英镑/日元的报价可能被看作一种套汇率，然而在英国或日本它可能是交易中主要的货币对之一。

37.exchange rate risk; 汇率风险:又称外汇风险,指经济主体持有或运用外汇的

经济活动中,因汇率变动而蒙受损失的可能性。

38.international financial investment; 国际投资（International Investment）,又称对外投资（Foreign Investment）或海外投资（Overseas Investment），是指

跨国公司等国际投资主体，将其拥有的货币资本或产业资本，通过跨国界流动和营运，以实现价值增值的经济行为。

39.international investment with cover;

40.international investment without cover;

41.hedging; 对冲交易即同时进行两笔行情相关、方向相反、数量相当、盈亏相抵的交易。

42. hedgers;

43.speculating;投机投机(Speculation)指根据对市场的判断，把握机会，利用市场出现的价差进行买卖从中获得利润的交易行为。

44. speculators;投机者

45. the forward premium; 升水率

46.the forward discount; 贴税率

贴水值,贴水率,.和升水值,升水率如果是指外汇方面：

远期差价有两种，升水和贴水，在直接标价法（1外币＝n人民币）下外汇贴水意味着外汇在远期贬值，人民币升值，贴水值就是外汇贬值多少基点（一般将0.0001，日元为0.01称为1基点），例如现在即期汇率$1=￥7.7613，假设1个月后为$1=￥7.7583，那么美元贴水值为30点，贴水率为0.003/7.7613。

升水则是与之相反的概念

47.covered interest arbitrage; 抵补套利(Covered Arbitrage)是指把资金调往高利率货币国家或地区的同时，在外汇市场上卖出远期高利率货币，即在进行套利的同时做掉期交易，以避免汇率风险。实际上这就是套期保值，一般的套利保值交易多为抵补套利。

48.uncovered interest arbitrage; 不抵补套利（uncovered interest arbitrage）指把资金从利率低的货币转向利率高的货币，从而谋取利率的差额收入。这种交易不必同时进行反方向交易轧平头寸，但这种交易要承担高利率货币贬值的风险。。

49.covered interest parity; 套补的利率平价。假定iA是A 国货币的利率，iB是B国货币的利率，p是即期远期汇率的升跌水平。假定投资者采取持有远期合约的套补方式交易时，市场最终会使利率与汇率间形成下列关系：p = iA ? iB。其经济含义是：汇率的远期升贴水平等于两国货币利率之差。在套补利率平价成立时，如果A 国利率高于B国利率，则A 国远期汇率必将升水，A国货币在远期市场上将贬值。反之亦然。汇率的变动会抵消两国间的利率差异，从而使金融市场处于平衡状态。

50. uncovered interest parity非套补的利率平价。假定投资者根据自己对未来汇率变动的预期而计算预期的收益，在承担一定的汇率风险情况下进行投资活动。假定，Ep表示预期的汇率远期变动率，则Ep = iA ? iB。其经济含义是：远期的汇率预期变动率等于两国货币利率之差。在非套补利率平价成立时，如果A国利率高于B国利率，则意味着市场预期A国货币在远期将贬值。

51.PPP; 购买力平价理论两国货币的汇率主要是由两国货币的购买力决定的。

52.the law of one price; 一价定律可表述为：当贸易开放且交易费用为尽时，同样酌货物无论在何地销售，其价格都相同* 国际金融中的“一价定律”是指：一种商品在各国间的价值是一致的，即是说，通过汇率折算之后的标价是一致的，若在各国间存在价格差异，则会发生商品国际贸易，直到价差被消除，贸易停止，

这时达到商品市场的均衡状态。该定律适用于商品市场，与之相似的适用于资本市场的定律是利息平价理论。

53.absolute PPP;

绝对购买力平价认为：一国货币的价值及对它的需求是由单位货币在国内所能买到的商品和劳务的量决定的，即由它的购买力决定的

54.relative PPP; 相对购买力平价弥补了绝对购买力平价一些不足的方面。它的主要观点可以简单地表述为：两国货币的汇率水平将根据两国通胀率的差异而进行相应地调整。它表明两国间的相对通货膨胀决定两种货币间的均衡汇率。55.overshooting; 汇率超调（Sticky-Price Monetary Approach/Overshooting）是由美国经济学家鲁迪格?多恩布什(Rudiger?Dornbusch)于20世纪70年代提出的。又称为汇率决定的粘性价格货币分析法

所谓超调通常是指一个变量对给定扰动做出的短期反应超过了其长期稳定均衡值，并因而被一个相反的调节所跟随。导致这种现象出现的起因在于商品市场上的价格存在“粘性”或者“滞后”的特点。56.bandwagon effects; 流行影响或羊群效应The bandwagon effect, also known as social proof or "cromo effect" and closely related to opportunism, is the observation that people often do and believe things because many other people do and believe the same things. “羊群效应”也称“从众心理”。是指管理学上一些企业的市场行为的一种常见现象。经济学里经常用“羊群效应”来描述经济个体的从众跟风心理。羊群是一种很散乱的组织，平时在一起也是盲目地左冲右撞，但一旦有一只头羊动起来，其他的羊也会不假思索地一哄而上，全然不顾前面可能有狼或者不远处有更好的草。因此，“羊群效应”就是比喻人都有一种从众心理，从众心理很容易导致盲从，而盲从往往会陷入骗局或遭到失败。57.bubbles; 泡沫经济：虚拟资本过度增长与相关交易持续膨胀日益脱离实物资本的增长和实业部门的成长，金融证券、地产价格飞涨，投机交易极为活跃的经济现象。泡沫经济寓于金融投机，造成社会经济的虚假繁荣，最后必定泡沫破灭，导致社会震荡，甚至经济崩溃。

58. nominal bilateral exchange rate;名义双边汇率

59. nominal effective exchange rate;名义有效汇率

名义汇率和实际汇率

名义汇率就是现实中的货币兑换比率，它可能由市场决定，也可能由官方制定。名义汇率是两种货币之间的双边汇率，运用名义汇率值的变化说明汇率的变动幅度和趋势存在一定的局限性。实际汇率是名义汇率用两国价格水平调整后的汇率，即外国商品与本国商品的相对价格，反映了本国商品的国际竞争力。

60. real bilateral exchange rate; 实际双边汇率

61.real effective exchange rate实际有效汇率

Real Effective Exchange Rate （REER）

名义汇率是又称“市场汇率”。“实际汇率”的对称。一种货币能兑换另一种货币的数量的名义汇率，通常是先设定一个特殊的货币加美元、特别提款权作为标准，然后确定与此种货币的汇率。汇率依美元、特别提款权的币值变动而变动。名义

汇率不能反映两国货币的实际价值，是随外汇市场上外汇供求变动而变动而变动的外汇买卖价格。

名义有效汇率是对所有双边汇率按照贸易金额进行加权平均计算出来的汇率；实际有效汇率是在名义有效汇率的基础上，对双边的通胀水平予以剔除。事实上，在经常账户的盈余或赤字、一国的竞争力的决定方面，真正起作用的是实际有效汇率。

实际汇率最普通的定义是指两国商品和劳务的相对价格，即是相对于本国的商品和劳务而言，外国商品和劳务以本币表示的价格。若实际汇率上升，意味着外国商品和劳务的本币价格相对上涨，本币在外国的购买力相对下降，本币实际贬值，外币实际升值；若实际汇率下降，意味着外国商品和劳务的本币价格相对下降，本币在外国的购买力相对上升，本币实际升值，外币实际贬值。

人民币实际汇率的具体计算公式如下：

REER＝（ER×CPI*）/ CPI （1）

其中：ER表示中美双边名义汇率，REER的人民币兑美元双边名义汇率（ER），CPI为以**年为基期的中国消费物价指数，根据中国统计年鉴和统计公报中的环比CPI换算所得；CPI*为以**年为基期的美国城市消费物价指数，根据美国劳工部**年的定基CPI换算所得。

62.convertible currency; 货币自由兑换（Currency Convertibility）货币自由兑换是指在一个统一的或健全的国际货币体系下，一国货币与他国货币可以通过某种兑换机制自由地交换。63.exchange control; 外汇管制Foreign exchange control

指一国或经济体对本币与外国货币在境内的自由兑换施加限制和干预的强制政策，以达到维持本国货币币值稳定和实现国际收支平衡等目的。

64.a clean float; 浮动汇率制度的一种，亦称清洁浮动。是指一国的货币汇率完全由外汇市场的供求关系决定，货币当局不采取斜体干预本币汇率波动的措施。

65.a dirty float; 肮脏互动汇率制/有管理浮动汇率制(dirty float/managed float)

指一种官方不公开汇率目标的汇率制度。中央银行或货币当局通过干预外汇市场以使汇率维持在其不公开的目标水平，而目标水平可能会随环境的变化而改变。

66. a managed float; 由政府操纵的汇率浮动

67.adjustable peg; 可调整的钉住汇率制（adjustable pegged exchange rates,Adjustable Peg）可调整的钉住汇率制概述

通常，各国既不会采用完全的固定汇率制，也不会完全让汇率由市场的供求力量来决定，而是有限度地追求汇率的灵活性，就是所谓的可调整的钉住汇率制。可调整的钉住汇率制（adjustable pegged exchange rates）源于1944的布雷顿森林协定(Bretton Woods system)。在这种体制中，各国的汇率既可以保持稳定又可以具有灵活性。在短期，各国可以使用外汇稳定基金把汇率维持在固定的水平；而在长期，则通过贬值和升值保持收支平衡。

?

68.crawling peg; 爬行钉住汇率制(crawling peg) 爬行钉住汇率制概述

爬行钉住汇率制是固定汇率制和浮动汇率制的折中，其含义是一国对货币平价进行细微的、经常性的调整，扭转一国的国际收支失衡，是将汇率钉住某种平价，

但根据一组选定的指标频繁地、小幅度地调整所钉住平价的一种汇率安排。赤字国和盈余国都会一直调整汇率水平，直到满意为止。并且平价的变动分许多小步进行，汇率的调整尽可能地接近连续。其调整是按照这些指示变量来进行的：相对于主要贸易伙伴国的本国价格的变化；外汇储备水平；出口业绩；国际收支经常账户的状况。巴西、阿根廷、智利等国家使用该制度。爬行制的基本思想是：一国可以小幅度地、经常地调整平价，一年可以调整几次，使平价按市场条件的变化缓慢爬行。

69.reserve currencies; 储备货币储备货币是指中央银行长期持有的具备国际清偿力的货币。

70.foreign exchange market intervention; 外汇市场干预

外汇市场干预是指中央银行(或货币当局)为管理本国货币的汇率,在外汇市场上

进行的外汇买卖.其中包括外汇市场干预的目标选择、干预的组织、干预的途径、干预的频度等

71.sterilized intervention; 外汇冲销干预

“中和干预”又叫冲销式干预，它是政府管理汇率的重要政策之一，也称冲销政策。它是指中央银行进行数量相等但方向相反的国外和国内资产交易，以抵消外汇干预对国内货币供给的影响。72.non-sterilized intervention; 非冲销干预

非冲销式干预就是指中央银行在干预外汇市场时不采取其他金融政策与之配合,即不改变因外汇干预而造成的货币供应量的变化.

73. gold standard; 金本位制就是以黄金为本位币的货币制度。在金本位制下，或每单位的货币价值等同于若干重量的黄金（即货币含金量）；当不同国家使用金本位时，国家之间的汇率由它们各自货币的含金量之比--金平价（Gold Parity）来决定。

74. the Bretton Woods system; 布雷顿森林货币体系是指战后以美元为中心的国际货币体系。75.“two-tier” gold price system. 双重金价制

双重金价制. two-tier gold system. 为保护国际货币储备不受金价高涨压力的影响而作出的安排。

代理业务: Agency Service 银行卡接柜:Inter-Bank Bankcard Business Service 现金审批:Cash Approval Service 开销户: Account Opening/Closing Service

开户的标牌还可以用:New Account/New Client

big macs, big/large-cap stock, mega-issue 大盘股offering, list 上市bourse 证交所

Shanghai Exchange 上海证交所pension fund 养老基金share 股票

valuation 股价underwriter 保险商government bond 政府债券saving account 储蓄账户

equity market 股市shareholder 股东delist 摘牌inventory 存货

traded company, trading enterprise 上市公司market fundamentalist 市场经济基本规则

damage-control machinery 安全顾问efficient market 有效市场

opportunistic practice 投机行为entrepreneur 企业家cook the book 做假账regulatory system 监管体系portfolio 投资组合

money-market 短期资本市场capital-market 长期资本市场

volatility 波动diversification 多元化

real estate 房地产option 期权call option 看涨期权put option 看跌期权

merger 并购arbitrage 套利Securities and Exchange Commission 〈美〉证券交易委员会

dollar standard 美元本位制budget 预算deficit 赤字bad debt 坏账macroeconomic 宏观经济

fiscal stimulus 财政刺激a store of value 保值transaction currency 结算货币forward exchange 期货交易intervention currency 干预货币Treasury bond 财政部公债pickup in price 物价上涨

Federal Reserve 美联储inflation 通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩tighter credit 紧缩信贷

monetary policy 货币政策foreign exchange 外汇spot transaction 即期交易forward transaction 远期交易quote 报价

常见银行英语词汇

account number 帐目编号depositor 存户

pay-in slip 存款单a deposit form 存款单

a banding machine 自动存取机

to deposit 存款deposit receipt 存款收据

private deposits 私人存款certificate of deposit 存单

deposit book, passbook 存折credit card 信用卡

principal 本金overdraft, overdraw 透支

to endorse 背书endorser 背书人

to cash 兑现to honor a cheque 兑付

to dishonor a cheque 拒付

to suspend payment 止付

cheque,check 支票cheque book 支票本

crossed cheque 横线支票

blank cheque 空白支票

rubber cheque 空头支票

cheque stub, counterfoil 票根

cash cheque 现金支票

traveler's cheque 旅行支票

cheque for transfer 转帐支票

outstanding cheque 未付支票

canceled cheque 已付支票

forged cheque 伪支票

Bandar's note 庄票，银票

banker 银行家

president 行长

savings bank 储蓄银行

Chase Bank 大通银行

National City Bank of New York 花旗银行

Hongkong Shanghai Banking Corporation 汇丰银行

Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China 麦加利银行

Banque de I'IndoChine 东方汇理银行

central bank, national bank, banker's bank 中央银行

bank of issue, bank of circulation 发行币银行

commercial bank 商业银行，储蓄信贷银行

member bank, credit bank 储蓄信贷银行

discount bank 贴现银行

exchange bank 汇兑银行

requesting bank 委托开证银行

issuing bank, opening bank 开证银行

advising bank, notifying bank 通知银行

negotiation bank 议付银行

confirming bank 保兑银行

paying bank 付款银行

associate banker of collection 代收银行

consigned banker of collection 委托银行

clearing bank 清算银行

local bank 本地银行

domestic bank 国内银行

overseas bank 国外银行

unincorporated bank 钱庄

branch bank 银行分行

trustee savings bank 信托储蓄银行

trust company 信托公司

financial trust 金融信托公司

unit trust 信托投资公司

trust institution 银行的信托部

credit department 银行的信用部

commercial credit company(discount company) 商业信贷公司（贴现公司）neighborhood savings bank, bank of deposit 街道储蓄所

credit union 合作银行

credit bureau 商业兴信所

self-service bank 无人银行

land bank 土地银行

construction bank 建设银行

industrial and commercial bank 工商银行

bank of communications 交通银行

mutual savings bank 互助储蓄银行

post office savings bank 邮局储蓄银行

mortgage bank, building society 抵押银行

industrial bank 实业银行

home loan bank 家宅贷款银行

reserve bank 准备银行

chartered bank 特许银行

corresponding bank 往来银行

merchant bank, accepting bank 承兑银行

investment bank 投资银行

import and export bank (EXIMBANK) 进出口银行joint venture bank 合资银行

money shop, native bank 钱庄

credit cooperatives 信用社

clearing house 票据交换所

public accounting 公共会计

business accounting 商业会计

cost accounting 成本会计

depreciation accounting 折旧会计computerized accounting 电脑化会计

general ledger 总帐

subsidiary ledger 分户帐

cash book 现金出纳帐

cash account 现金帐

journal, day-book 日记帐，流水帐

bad debts 坏帐

investment 投资

surplus 结余

idle capital 游资

economic cycle 经济周期

economic boom 经济繁荣

economic recession 经济衰退

economic depression 经济萧条

economic crisis 经济危机

economic recovery 经济复苏

inflation 通货膨胀

deflation 通货收缩

devaluation 货币贬值

revaluation 货币增值

international balance of payment 国际收支favourable balance 顺差

adverse balance 逆差

hard currency 硬通货

soft currency 软通货

international monetary system 国际货币制度

the purchasing power of money 货币购买力money in circulation 货币流通量

note issue 纸币发行量

national budget 国家预算

national gross product 国民生产总值

public bond 公债

stock, share 股票

debenture 债券

treasury bill 国库券

debt chain 债务链

direct exchange 直接（对角）套汇

indirect exchange 间接（三角）套汇

cross rate, arbitrage rate 套汇汇率

foreign currency (exchange) reserve 外汇储备foreign exchange fluctuation 外汇波动foreign exchange crisis 外汇危机

discount 贴现

discount rate, bank rate 贴现率

gold reserve 黄金储备

money (financial) market 金融市场

stock exchange 股票交易所

broker 经纪人

commission 佣金

bookkeeping 簿记

bookkeeper 簿记员

an application form 申请单

bank statement 对帐单

letter of credit 信用证

strong room, vault 保险库

equitable tax system 等价税则

specimen signature 签字式样

banking hours, business hours 营业时间

《概率论与数理统计》基本名词中英文对照表

《概率论与数理统计》基本名词中英文对照表英文中文 Probability theory 概率论 mathematical statistics 数理统计 deterministic phenomenon 确定性现象 random phenomenon 随机现象 sample space 样本空间 random occurrence 随机事件 fundamental event 基本事件 certain event 必然事件 impossible event 不可能事件 random test 随机试验 incompatible events 互不相容事件 frequency 频率 classical probabilistic model 古典概型 geometric probability 几何概率 conditional probability 条件概率 multiplication theorem 乘法定理 Bayes's formula 贝叶斯公式 Prior probability 先验概率 Posterior probability 后验概率 Independent events 相互独立事件 Bernoulli trials 贝努利试验 random variable 随机变量

probability distribution 概率分布 distribution function 分布函数 discrete random variable 离散随机变量distribution law 分布律hypergeometric distribution 超几何分布random sampling model 随机抽样模型binomial distribution 二项分布 Poisson distribution 泊松分布 geometric distribution 几何分布 probability density 概率密度 continuous random variable 连续随机变量uniformly distribution 均匀分布exponential distribution 指数分布 numerical character 数字特征mathematical expectation 数学期望 variance 方差 moment 矩 central moment 中心矩 n-dimensional random variable n-维随机变量 two-dimensional random variable 二维离散随机变量joint probability distribution 联合概率分布 joint distribution law 联合分布律 joint distribution function 联合分布函数boundary distribution law 边缘分布律

经济学名词解释汇总中英文版

经济学名词解释汇总（中英文版)

————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期： ?

经济学名词解释汇总 1.绝对优势（Aｂsolute advａｎtａgｅ） 如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多,那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。 2．逆向选择（Ａdverse ｃhoice） 在此状况下,保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。 3.选择成本（Alｔernatiｖe cost） 如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源,它所能生产的价值就是选择成本，也可以称之为机会成本。 4.需求的弧弹性(Ａｒc elａｓtiｃity of ｄemand) 如果Ｐ1和Ｑ1分别是价格和需求量的初始值,P２和Ｑ2 为第二组值,那么，弧弹性就等于 -(Q1-Ｑ2)(P1+P2)/（P1-P２）（Q１+Q2） 5.非对称的信息（Asyｍmetｒiｃinforｍatiｏn） 在某些市场中,每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。 ６.平均成本（Aｖerａge cosｔ） 平均成本是总成本除以产量,也称为平均总成本。 ７．平均固定成本( Ａverage fixed cost) 平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。 8．平均产品(Aｖeｒａｇe pｒoｄuct) 平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。 ９.平均可变成本（Ａverage vａｒiablｅｃosｔ) 平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。 １0．投资的β(Beta） β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。对于一种股票而言,它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时,一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。 1１.债券收益(Bonｄyｉｅｌd） 债券收益是债券所获得的利率。

美国文学名词解释

1. Transcendentalism The origin of it is a philosophical and literary movement centered in Concord and Boston, which marks the summit of American Transcendentalism. 19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The major features of American Transcendentalism are:It emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. It stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society. It offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. 2.Romanticism The Romanticism period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a term associate with imagination boundlessness, and in critical usage is contrasted with classicism which is commonly associated with reason and restriction. The features of Romanticism are: American Romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works. American romanticism was in essence the expression of "a real new experience "and contained"an alien quality".Representatives:William Cullen Bryant; Henry Longfellow and James Cooper, Washington Irving. 3.Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.The representatives are Howells, James, and Mark Twain. 4. Naturalism American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, it had come from Europe. Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century. The background of naturalism are: In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe. In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features of it are:Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives of it such as Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser. 5.New Criticism The New Criticism as a school of poetry and criticism established itself in the 1940s as an academic orthodoxy in the United States. The school has its beginning in the 1920s. It focus on the analysis of the text rather paying attention to external elements such as its social background, its author's intention and political attitude, and its impact on society. Then it explores the artistic structure of the work rather than its author's frame of mind or its reader's responses. It also see a literary work as an organic entity, the unity of content and form, and places emphasis on the close reading of the text. These New Critics included T.S. Eliot,I.A.Richards,John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate and some other critics. The New Criticism has tended to divorce criticism from social and moral concerns, which was to become one salient feature of the movement. 6.Imagism: Between 1912 and 1922 there came a great poetry boom in which about 1000 poets published over 1000 volumes of poetry. Indeed ,to express the modern spirit, the sense of fragmentization and dislocation, was in large measure the aim of quite a few modern literary movements, of which Imagism was one.The first Imagist theorist, the English writer T.E.Hulme. Hulme suggests that modern art deals with expression and communication of momentary phases in the poet's mind. The most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of dominant image.It is a literary movement launched American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images as a reaction to Victorian sentimentalism. The representatives are Ezra pound, William Carlos Williams and some other poets.

英语语言学名词解释(2)

现代语言学 一绪论 1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants. 3 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others. 9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature. 10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest} 三形态学 1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.

统计学术语中英文对照

统计学术语中英文对照Absolute deviation 绝对离差 Absolute number 绝对数 Absolute residuals 绝对残差 Acceleration array 加速度立体阵 Acceleration in an arbitrary direction 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal 法向加速度 Acceleration space dimension 加速度空间的维数 Acceleration tangential 切向加速度 Acceleration vector 加速度向量 Acceptable hypothesis 可接受假设 Accumulation 累积 Accuracy 准确度 Actual frequency 实际频数 Adaptive estimator 自适应估计量 Addition 相加

Addition theorem 加法定理 Additivity 可加性 Adjusted rate 调整率 Adjusted value 校正值 Admissible error 容许误差 Aggregation 聚集性 Alternative hypothesis 备择假设 Among groups 组间 Amounts 总量 Analysis of correlation 相关分析Analysis of covariance 协方差分析Analysis of regression 回归分析Analysis of time series 时间序列分析Analysis of variance 方差分析 Angular transformation 角转换 ANOVA （analysis of variance）方差分析

英文写作名词解释

What is a summary? A summary is a short piece of writing that gives the main facts or ideas of a story or article,etc. The qualities of a good summary? It should be objective,that is,the writer does not include any ideas of his/her own. It should be complete ,that is,the writer does not leave out important facts or ideas. It should be balanced,in other words,the writer gives equal attention to each main idea. The goal of a summary? It is to give readers an objective,complete,accurate and balanced view of something(an article,a story ,a novel,a play,etc) Paragraph unity A unified paragraph contains only sentences that explain or support the general statement made in the topic sentence.Any sentence that does not relate to (=is not connected in some way)the main idea will not develop it. How to achieve paragraph unity? Begin with a discussable point and express it in a topic sentence. Stick to this single point throughout,that is,all other sentence should be about this point. Prove or develop the point;don 't merely repeat it. Link your sentence to make your ideas easy to follow. How to outline (=to give the main facts about something) a story? Divide the story into smaller parts. Summarize each part in one sentence. Number your sentence summaries to make them an outline of the story. What is a narrative paragraph? A narrative paragraph is one that briefly describes an incident or a personal experience. Requirements that a good narrative paragraph should meet? Though its length is limited,it is complete,that is,it has a beginning,middle and end. It includes as little conversation as possible. Its sentences are connected by suitable linking words or expressions. Here are some common time linking words/expressions. Afterward later when shortly afterward soon while the next day/night then Paragraph coherence(Coherence is connection ) A coherent paragraph is one in which every sentence after the first is connected to the one before it,to the topic sentence ,or to both ,and readers can readily follow the writer 's train of thought(= a related series of thoughts) An incoherence paragraph is one in which the sentences are badly connected or not connected at all,and the readers are likely to lose their way. How to achieve paragraph coherence? Arrange sentence in a clear order. Use correct pronouns Use correct linking words and expressions. What is exposition?

美国文学名词解释

Allegory is a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have both literal and figurative meanings. One well-known example of an allegory is Dante’s The Divine Comedy.In Inferno, Dante is on a pilgrimage to try to understand his own life, but his character also represents every man who is in search of his purpose in the world. Alliteration is a pattern of sound that includes the repetition of consonant sounds. The repetition can be located at the beginning of successive words or inside the words. Poets often use alliteration to audibly represent the action that is taking place. Aside is an actor’s speech, directed to the audience, that is not supposed to be heard by other actors on stage. An aside is usually used to let the audience know what a character is about to do or what he or she is thinking. Asides are important because they increase an audience's involvement in a play by giving them vital information pertaining what is happening, both inside of a character's mind and in the plot of the play. Gothic is a literary style popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. This style usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque and other “dark” subjects. Gothic literature was named for the apparent influence of the dark gothic architecture of the period on the genre. Also, many of these Gothic tales took places in such “gothic” surroundings. Other times, this story of darkness may occur in a more everyday setting, such as the quaint house where the man goes mad fro m the "beating" of his guilt in Edgar Allan Poe's “The Tell-Tale Heart.”In essence, these stories were romances, largely due to their love of the imaginary over the logical, and were told from many different points of view. CATHARSIS is an emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ultimate end of any tragic artistic work. IMAGERY: A common term of variable meaning, imagery includes the "mental pictures" that readers experience with a passage of literature. It signifies all the sensory perceptions referred to in a poem, whether by literal description, allusion, simile, or metaphor. Surrealism is an artistic movement doing away with the restrictions of realism and verisimilitude that might be imposed on an artist. In this movement, the artist sought to do away with conscious control and instead respond to the irrational urges of the subconscious mind. From this results the hallucinatory, bizarre, often nightmarish quality of surrealistic paintings and writings. Sample surrealist writers include Frank O'Hara, John Ashberry, and Franz Kafka.

英语语言学名词解释

Chapter 12 : Lan guage And Brain 1. n euroli nguistics: It is the study of relati on ship betwee n brain and Ian guage. It in eludes research into how the structure of the brain in flue nces Ian guage lear ning, how and in which parts of the brain Ian guage is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use Ian guage. 2. psycholinguistics: ____ t he study of Ian guage process in g. It is concerned with the processes of Ian guage acqisiti on, comprehe nsion and product ion. 3. brain lateralizati on: The localizatio n of cog nitive and perceptive fun cti ons in a particular hemisphere of the brain. 4. dichotic listening: A technique in which stimuli either linguistic or non-linguistic are presented through headphones to the left and right ear to determine the lateralization of cog nitive fun cti on. 5. right ear advantage: ___ The phe nomenon that the right ear shows an adva ntage for the perception of linguistic signals id known as the right ear advantage. 6. split brain studies: The experiments that investigate the effects of surgically severing the corpus callosum on cog niti on are called as split brain studies. 7. aphasia: It refers to a number of acquired Ianguage disorders due to the cerebral lesions caused by a tumor, an accide nt and so on. 8. non- flue nt aphasia: Damageto parts of the brain in front of the cen tral sulcus is called non-flue nt aphasia. 9. flue nt aphasia: Damage to parts of the left cortex beh ind the cen tral sulcus results in a type of aphasia called flue nt aphasia. 10. Acquired dyslexia: Damage in and around the an gular gyrus of the parietal lobe ofte n causes the impairment of reading and writing ability, which is referred to as acquired dyslexia. 11. phono logical dyslexia: ___ it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patie nt seems to have lost the ability to use spelli ng-to-so und rules. 12. surface dyslexia: it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patie nt seems un able to recog nize words as whole but must process all words through a set of spell in g-to-so und rules. 13. spo on erism: a slip of ton gue in which the positi on of soun ds, syllables, or words is reversed, for example, Let' s have chish and fips instend of Let' s have fish and chips. 14. prim ing: the process that before the participa nts make a decisi on whether the stri ng of letters is a word or not, they are prese nted with an activated word. 15. freque ncy effect: Subjects take less time to make judgeme nt on freque ntly used words tha n to judge less com monly used words . This phe nomenon is called freque ncy effect.