英语对外报道并非逐字英译

上海科技翻译

Shanghai J our nal of T r anslators f or Science and T echnology

2001N o .4

[收稿日期]2001-05-29

[作者简介]张　健(1962-),男,上海外国语大学新闻传播学院副教授,副院长,研究方向:新闻翻译,新闻英语文体。

英语对外报道并非逐字英译

张　健　(上海外国语大学新闻传播学院,上海200083)

[摘要]本文借助实例剖析、论证英语对外报道有别于单纯的汉译英,并非是对汉语新闻的逐字英译,两者不能简单地等同视之。文章认为,对外报道的成功与否,首先取决于传播效果,而跨文化传播过程中汉语新闻的英译质量如何直接影响到传播效果的清晰度。[关键词]对外报道;新闻英译;传播效果

[中图分类号]H315.94 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1000-6141(2001)04-0024-051　引言

不少人可能会不假思索地把对外报道推断为单纯的汉语新闻英译,即无非是把《人民日报》、新华社等有关中文新闻媒体的消息、文章译成英语,再通过国内英语报刊等对外传媒提供给国外受众。其实,这种观点是对对外报道工作的误解,缺乏对这项工作的性质、意义、难度及特点的了解,同时,这也说明对报刊英语的特点缺乏足够的认识。一方面,从报刊英语文体特点和大众传播学理论而言,国内英语报刊不同于中文报刊的简单翻版,对外报道也不同于单纯的汉译英,两者之间不能简单地划上等号;另一方面,对外报道英译具有其特殊性。现论述如下:

一、对外报道英译不同于单纯的汉译英用英文向国外报道新闻内容不同于单纯的中译英文字翻译。这是因为前者不得不注重传播效果(communication effect ),而后者一般则需侧重忠实于原文。美国传播学先驱拉斯韦尔(Haro ld L assew ell,1902-1977)提出的“传播五要素”论认为,任何传播行为都包括这样一个模式,即:谁(W HO )→说什么(SA Y S W HA T )→通过什么渠道(IN WHICH CHA N N EL )→对谁(T O W HO M )→取得什么效果(W IT H W HA T EFF ECT S)。此处的效果指传播效果,即信息到达目的地后引起的各种反应。它虽然没有明显地出现在传播过程中,但却是检验传播活动成败得失的重要尺度(张健,1994:230)。如果传播者发出信息(messag e)想达到某种意图,但不为受众(audience )所接受,效果不佳或甚至适得其反,那就等于失去了传播的意义。同样,对外报道的

成功与否,首先取决于传播效果。有的人一味突出强调对外报道的政治意义而忽视了对对外报道艺术的研究。然而,实践证明,大轰大嗡式的对外报道,不但达不到预期的目的,反而会使受众望而生厌,产生逆效应。有鉴于此,若要达到预期的对外传播效果,英译前必须对汉语新闻稿的语言进行一番“译前处理”,即在抓住原文主旨、领会原文精神的前提下,对原文语言的方方面面进行处理,或重组,或增删,或编辑,或加工(李欣,2001:18)。正如译界前辈王佐良先生所言,翻译要“为读者着想”(王佐良,1989:52)。美国当代著名翻译理论家尤金?奈达(Eugene N ida )认为:“翻译即译意(T r anslating mea ns t rans-lat ing the meaning )。”(张经浩,1996:7)。奈达先生还认为“T r anslating co nsist s in r epr oducing in the r ecepto r languag e t he closest natural equivalent of the sour ce languag e messag e,fir st in ter ms of meaning ,and second in ter ms of sty le.”(N ida,Eugg ene A.&T aber C,1982:12)奈达的这一定义说明了翻译的实质:第一,翻译中人们要译的是信息(m essag e);第二,由于语言文化的差异,原文和译文只能是最贴切的对等(closest equivalent );第三,译文是最自然的对等(nat ur al equiv alent )。这样,才能使原文读者对原文的感受和译文读者对译文的感受达到等效。因此,单就语言转换而言,对外报道英译时要做到灵活变通,甚至于要跟汉语新闻原文“若即若离”,否则,反而难以跨越语言和文化的障碍,不可能达到对外传播应有的效果。英语对外报道实践证明,凡亦步亦趋紧跟汉语新闻原文语言表象者,终将

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被原文的精神主旨所抛弃;凡谨小慎微、一味逐字“忠实”照译者,往往以“忠实”开始,以费解告终。的确,包括汉语新闻英译在内的任何类型的文本翻译,都需要忠实于原文。但翻译的目的、受众对象各异,在翻译过程中如何做到“信”?“信”什么?怎么“信”?

笔者认为,英语对外报道工作者在汉语新闻英译标准的掌握上要有弹性,除了顾及“信”以外,还应根据英译的新闻内容的特殊性,考虑到传播效果、读者反馈(r eader's feedback)以及英语报刊语言的风格特色等因素,采取变通手段。这方面,我国近代著名翻译大师严复(1853-1921)为我们创立了许多成功的范例,有助于我们灵活把握“信”的尺度。例如,赫胥黎原著的书名是“E volution and E thics and Other Essay s”,严复译为《天演论》,虽字面有减,然灵活而切题。进化论的核心思想是“sur vival o f the fitt est”,严复译为“物竞天择,适者生存”,虽字面有增,却忠实达意。正因如此,“严译才能为当时的知识界所喜闻乐见,迅速传播(李欣,2001:18)。显然,严复的“信”绝非一味逐字“忠实”于原文,而在始终注重翻译的目的和译文可能引起的读者反应。严复先生的这番苦心对于我们做好对外报道过程中所需的新闻英译工作仍然不无启迪。英语对外报道既为“报道”,就必须注意读者反应,注重传播效果,因为对外报道绝非逐字英译,这无论从理论上还是实践上讲都是不无根据的。

二、对外报道英译具有其特殊性

对外报道的翻译不是一般意义的翻译,而是用外文进行“再创造”。所谓“一般意义的翻译”是把中文变成外文,意思不走样就行,外文文字能漂亮一点更好。但对外报道的翻译不能以此为满足,还要去掉或尽量减少“翻译味”,使外文稿读起来像是直接用外文写的,并进行必要的外文编辑加工,使外文稿易于为外国读者所理解和接受。之所以需要这样做是因为外国受众不准备、也不喜欢去阅读或收听“翻译稿件”,他们要看或要听的是地道的外文——内容和形式都十分适合他们的外文(沈苏儒,1990:224)。换言之,对外报道的英译具有其诸多特点与要求,主要表现为:

1.准确性

毫无疑问,新闻报道的第一要求是准确性。新闻报道的准确性,不仅要求报道事实准确无误,也要求报道语言的准确性,因为语言虽是为内容服务的,但语言失误会引起受众误解,甚至还会无意中导致常识性错误甚至政治思想性错误。如美国的国务院为“the State D epar tment”,而中国的则译为“t he State Council”。又如,英文中“首相”或“总理”一般使用“pr ime m inister”或“pr emier”,但德国、奥地利等国则应用“chancellor”。再如,“minister”和“vice-minis-ter”一般通指“部长”、“副部长”,但美国、英国等政府机构中则用“secreta ry”和“undersecret ary”来表示。还有,同样是“议会”,英国等国的英译是“par lia-ment”,日本的却是“Diet”,而以色列则应译成“K nesset”或“Knesseth”。即使一般地名或国名的英语表达,也得慎重其事、小心翼翼才行——特别是定冠词,马虎不得。“海牙”不是“Hag ue”,而是“the Hague”;“刚果”则须作“the Congo”而别作“Cong o”;苏联解体前,“乌克兰”的传统英语译名为“the U kr aine”,苏联解体后,乌克兰就是乌克兰,而再也不是苏联或以俄罗斯为中心的“边疆”,所以现在作为一个独立主权国家的乌克兰自己使用的英语名称再也不作“the U kra ine”,而改称“U kr aine”了。

简言之,在对外报道中,新闻事实的准确性和工具语言的准确性之间关系极为密切。以英语作为对外报道的工具时,我们必须熟悉其性能特点。对于工具语言的准确性,无论怎么强调也不能算过分。

2.背景解释:对外报道英译中不可或缺的要素

背景解释(backg r ounding)是新闻写作中不可或缺的要素,它在我国英语报刊等涉外新闻媒体的对外报道中尤为重要,占有十分重要的位置。善于运用背景解释是加强英语对外报道可读性的关键之一。这不仅因为外国人对中国的情况不了解,需要通过交代背景加以解释,更因为任何一个事物都是从它和其他事物的关联中才能体现出它的意义。外国记者非常重视在新闻中运用背景材料,他们称之为“解释性报道”(interpr etativ e repo rting)。在一定意义上说,背景解释是一篇对外稿能否成功的关键。

当前,国际传播(g lobal communicatio n)已成为世界各国极为关注的一个重要领域和一项日益发展的事业,为此,各国政府都希望影响国际舆论,使之有利于本国。对外报道最起码的要求是让对方能看懂、听懂。世界上各个民族历史文化传统不同,生活环境、发展程度迥异,在思想沟通、信息交流过程中必然遇到不少困难。在此一国是家喻户晓的事情,在彼一国竟如天书,反之亦然。对外报道也是思想、信息交流的一种形式,其中许多事件都是需要向受众解释清楚的。这里首先要搞清楚一个问题,即“解释”

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与“意见”以及“解释”与“客观性”的关系。“解释”(interpr etatio n)只是根据某个情况的背景知识所作出的客观判断,是对新闻事件的估价与客观显示,而“意见”(o pinion)则是对新闻事件的主观、片面的判断,两者根本不同。诚然,新闻“客观性”(o bjectiv ity)是新闻的一条基本规律,但是,中外新闻界对新闻客观性并没有一个可称之为科学的认识。西方新闻界曾一直认为,不掺杂任何解释性成分的报道叫客观报道,他们把客观性当作一条法则加以肯定。但究竟是否存在这种纯客观报道呢?经过近百年的实践,西方新闻界修正了这一理论,不得不承认这种所谓的客观性已经不再是新闻业所追求的目标,而成为一个崇拜的偶像。为此,解释性报道(inter pretat ive r e-po rt ing)应运而生,认为不能仅仅报道事实,还应报道事实的真相或内涵。可见,解释性与客观性不是对立的,前者是为了更好地为后者服务的,这在对外报道中尤为如此。倘若一味注重纯客观报道,记者始终以一种超然、客观的态度去报道事实而无意在报道的“清晰度”(clarity)上为国外受众着想作些必要的“解释”,那实际上误解了解释性与客观性的关系。

因此,一方面,对外报道工作者不可低估外国读者或听众的智力,另一方面也切勿高估国外受众对我国的了解水平(段连城,1988:91)。由于大多数外国读者对中国的事情知之甚少或一无所知,在中国人看来许多是家喻户晓的专用名词、地点、术语等,外国人却异常陌生。如果我们不在新闻报道中提供必要的背景材料,就会使他们在阅读过程中由于许多“拦路虎”而对报道感到兴趣索然,使本来很有价值的新闻得不到应有的重视。

3.英译必须清晰易懂

对外报道不同于中文报刊的简单英译,这并不是说不需要将有关报道译成英语,关键是如何做到正确清晰,以增加传播效果,对外报道中的翻译不应是机械的语言文字的翻版。譬如在编译对外稿件时,怎样避免使用难懂的“行话”和使外国人头痛的“套话”?怎样明了达意地译好汉语中丰富的典故和谚语?等等。鉴于一般外国受众对中国了解甚少,我们在对外报道中,翻译有关历史事件、地理名称、风俗、机构名称等词语时应尽可能地予以简短的说明、解释,并有机地揉和进译文之中。

例如,连“解放前”、“解放后”这两个常用词语,一般外国人并不熟知,他们经常看到或听到的是“befo re/after co mmunist takeo ver”(共产党接管之前/后)或“befor e/aft er co mmunist v ictor y”(共产党胜利之前/后)之类的词汇,我们又不宜沿用。如将“解放前”和“解放后”逐字译成“befo re liber atio n”和“after liber atio n”也显得不妥,不如译成“befo re/af-ter the founding of the Peo ple's R epublic o f China (in1949)”或“befor e/aft er the founding o f new Chi-na(in1949)”,这样显得更清晰易懂,也较客观。同样,有关两岸关系的报道中经常提及的“海协会”和“海基会”这两个机构,哪一个指大陆方面的,哪一个是指台湾方面的?都有必要分别阐译为“the(Bei-jing-based)A ssociation fo r Relatio ns Acr oss the T aiwa n Str ait s”和“the(T aibei-based)Str aits Ex-chang e Fo undatio n”。又譬如,我们谈到台湾问题时,常常使用“和平统一”一词,其中“统一”的英译按字面意思应为“unificatio n”,然而,在对外英文报道中已经约定俗成的译法是在“unificatio n”之前加有一个前缀“re-”,改为“r eunifica tio n”。前缀“re-”表示“a-gain”,也就是说我们的国家重新统一。这样译是有道理的。中国的统一早在公元前221年就由秦始皇完成了。台湾自古以来就是中国不可分割的一部分,由于历史的原因,台湾尚未回到祖国的怀抱。现在常说的祖国的和平统一,实际上指的是台湾重新回到祖国的怀抱,是指祖国的重新统一,而不是第一次统一。基于这样的理解,把“和平统一译成“peaceful r e-unificatio n”可谓是完美的表达,既突出了政治观点与立场,又便于读者理解,又增加了对外的传播效果。

不管写得多好的中文,若机械地逐字逐句译成外文,而不在翻译阶段进行必要加工,就不能成为流畅的外文(段连城,1992:30)。实际上一名称职的译员不是词句转换的“对号者”,而应是沟通思想的“搭桥人”。他应该懂得怎样译才能使读者感到清晰易懂,喜闻乐见。为此,他可以,而且应该在无损基本原意的范围内,进行必要的词句加工,或增译,或作些必要的解释。那么,如何才能确保对外报道的英译清晰易懂?最有效的方法之一就是力争做到“译”+“释”并举。一般而言,对外报道英译过程中若需翻译下列各种情况时,最好酌情补充背景知识,予以阐释,把“译”和“释”有机地揉和进译文之中:

□历史事件。例如,中国小学生都知道“五四运动”和“辛亥革命”,但一般外国人并不知道,因此,往往需要采用“直译+背景注释”的手段分别译成长长的一串:the M ay4th M ov em ent(in1919,ag ainst

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f or ei

g n im p er ialism and domestic f eudalism)和the Chinese Rev olutio n o f1911(w hic

h overthr ew the Qing Dy nasty,China's las t f eudal dy nasty)。同样,对外报道涉及长城和兵马俑时,自然会提到“秦朝”,但是一般外国人不会记得“秦”是中国第一个封建王朝,建于2200多年前。而若再谈到北京的故宫和颐和园,又会提到清朝。按汉语拼音,“秦(q n)和“清”(q ng),一般外国人很难辨别。因此在“秦”和“清”之后,至少加个年代解释,那就清楚的多了:t he Q in Dy nasty(221-201B.C.,China's f ir st f eud al dy-nasty);the Qing D ynasty(1644-1911,China's last f eudal dy nasty)。

□地理名称。一般的外国读者对中国地理名称没有感性认识,概念模糊。就连“北京”、“上海”和“海南”等著名的地方,最好也不要简单地译成汉语拼音,不妨分别加以简要说明:“the cap ital city of Bei-jing”,“the lar gest indus tr ial city o f Shanghai in east China”和“Hainan,China's souther nmost,y oung est p r ovince and the second lar gest island nex t to T ai-w an”。对外报道英译中的这些背景解释,在我们看来,似乎既罗嗦又欠完整准确,但对西方的受众来说很有必要。之所以费这么大的劲,归根到底旨在使对外报道清晰易懂,帮助受众更好地理解新闻内容,从而达到良好的传播效果。

□人物名字。在对外报道中如出现人名,不宜仅仅译成汉语拼音,不妨作点简介。“江泽民”的名字尽管在国际舞台上经常出现,但译作“(Chinese Pr esid ent)Jiang Zemin”更清楚些,因为一般外国人念不准,也常常记不清中国人名字的汉语拼音。甚至连“周恩来”也最好予以解释性翻译,译作(China's late Pr emier)Zhou Enlai。至于历史人物,也许像孔夫子、成吉思汗等少数人可以例外,其他最好都加背景注译。不要想当然认为所有或大多数外国读者都知道李白、鲁迅是何许人。

□特有机构名称。中国特有的机构名称一般都需要加简短的说明。例如,不是所有的外国读者都了解“中国人民政治协商会议”是一个什么性质和职能的机构,有的外国人甚至认为仅仅是一个“会议”而已。因此,可作一番背景解释,以提高对外报道的传播效果:T he Chinese Peo ple's Po lit ical Co nsultative Confer ence(CP PCC),a national advisory body on p olicy matter s w ith considerable inf luence。

□政治术语或流行语。现在时见报端的政治术语或流行语,同“十年内乱”中那些“假大空”话不同,都有重要的内涵,不能在对外报道中统统作为“空话”或“套话”略去。从某种意义上说,政治口号或流行语对于外国读者是一种“速记”,几个符号代表着很多内容,难以理解。例如,近年来讨论最多的话题之一也许是经济改革,出现了诸如“抓大放小”、“厂长负责制”、“吃大锅饭”等词语,有的连一般中国读者也不一定明白其确切涵义,译成英语时若不作一番解释,对外国读者来说就更加模糊不清了。

何谓“抓大放小”,其中的“大”(big)和“小”(small)分别是什么?若不作任何解释,译文的传播效果岂不等于零?!原来,这个流行词语中的“抓大”指“抓好(国有)大型企业”,“放小”指“放开或搞活小型企业”,故建议译成“mana ge larg e ent erprises w ell (抓大)w hile easing co nt ro l o ver small o nes(放小)或“manag e larg e enter prises(抓大)w hile a do pting a flex ible policy to war d small o nes(放小)”。当然,“抓大放小”也可用这样一个公式表示:“抓大放小”=“(重点)抓(好)大(型企业的结构性重组)+“放(活)小(型企业,让其自由发展)。基于这层内涵,也可译成“focus o n the r est ructuring of majo r enter-pr ises(抓大)and leav e minor o nes to fend for them-selv es(放小)”。此外,在特定的上下文里,“抓大放小”有时指“抓住抓好大的方面,放开放活小的方面”,在这种情况下,“抓大放小”可译作“ex er cise ef-fectiv e co ntr o l ov er major issues while allo wing flexibility o n minor ones”。

“厂长负责制”也是对外报道中的一个难译之词,若仅按字面意义译成“fact or y manag er r espo nsi-bility sy stem”,外国读者看后可能会茫然不解:除了一厂之长外,还应有谁对工厂负责呢?这也难怪,绝大多数外国人不知道在相当长的时期,中国的工厂是由党委领导的。建议采用解释性译法:fact or y manag er responsibility system(rather than every-thing going through the Par ty committee);system of fa ct or y manag er(assuming f ull r esp onsibility)。

“吃大锅饭”是针对分配方面存在的绝对平均主义现象的一种形象比喻。若按字面意思直译成“eat r ice fro m the same big pot”,恐会造成文化上的差异。建议译出其引申义,作如下通俗解释:“g et an e-qual shar e reg ardless of the w or k do ne”或“be tr eat-ed the same despite the differences in w o rking atti-tude and co nt ribution”,即“不论工作好坏,贡献大

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小,生活待遇或报酬都一样”。

可见,译者在对外报道英译过程中必须充分考虑到“内外有别”的原则和外国读者的阅读心理,对他们可能不熟悉的中国国情、文化背景知识以及不符合国外受众阅读习惯的汉语表达方式进行必要的变通或阐释,该删则删,该增则增。硬用汉语的“习惯表达”套用于国外读者的“阅读心理”显然是行不通的。汉语有什么表达,译文则不假思索地或一字不漏地照常译出,其结果常常是译者煞费苦心,而读者则感到不知所云,甚至莫名其妙,或者哑然失笑,那还有什么“传播效果”而言!

结束语

英语对外报道的一个突出的特点就是它到达读者、听众或观众所凭借的语言文字是英语,而不是汉语。目前,我国既受过对外报道专业训练又精通英语的人才还很少,相当多数从事对外报道的专业人员还不能熟练地使用英语,而相当多从事对外报道英译的翻译又缺乏对外报道专业知识和训练。因此,有必要大声疾呼地指出一种“危险的”误解(沈苏儒, 1990:216)——只要懂英语就能做对外报道的英译工作。这是对英语对外报道工作的误解,缺乏对这项工作的性质、意义、难度及特点的了解与研究。英语对外报道有别于单纯的汉译英,并非是对汉语新闻的逐字英译,两者不能简单地等同视之。对外报道的成功与否,首先取决于传播效果,而跨文化传播过程中汉语新闻的英译质量如何直接影响到传播效果的清晰度,在英译过程中要时刻牢记“从读者对象出发”(r eader s-o rient ed),力求给国外受众提供易于接受的译文,从而最大限度地提高传播效果。

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Reporting on China in English for Foreign Audience vs.Word-for-Word Translation

ZHANG Jian

(Co llege o f Journalism and Co mmunicatio ns,Shang hai Inter natio nal

St udies U niv ersit y,Shang hai200083,China)

[Abstract]Ba sed on first-hand ex amples,this pa per pro bes into the par ticular it ies hig hlighting the tra nsla-tio n of Chinese news in the pro cess of r epo rting on China for for eig n audience.It adopts the v iew t hat r epor t-ing o n China in Eng lish fo r fo reign audience is fa r fr om the w or d-fo r-w o rd tr anslatio n o f Chinese new s.T he paper concludes t hat the for mer hing es,for it s success,on the comm unication effect subjected t o pro per tr anslation of Chinese new s in the cro ss-cultur al co mmunicat ion.

[Key words]r epo rt ing o n China fo r fo r eign audience;tr anslatio n of Chinese new s;co mmunica tion effect ?

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课文翻译综合英语

The pearl 吉纳，一位穷渔夫，刚发现了一颗非常大而且非常珍贵的珍珠，准备去最近的城镇把它卖掉。他急切需要钱给刚给蝎子螫伤的孩子看病。吉纳发现珍珠前，他---一位可以看病的医生拒绝给孩子治病，因为吉纳付不起治疗费。 一个小镇就像个集群动物，有神经系统头肩膀和肢。它与其他城镇不想连。因此没有两座城镇是相似的。城镇里还有完整的感情。要知道消息是怎样传遍整个小镇的可是个难解之谜。消息传得似乎比小男孩冲出去告诉别人的速度还快，比女人隔着篱笆大声说消息的速度还要快。? 在吉纳胡安纳和其他渔夫回到吉纳的茅草屋前，小镇的神经正随着消息--吉纳发现了世界上最大的珍珠--传播而奔腾，跳动。跑得气喘吁吁的小男孩还没说出这个消息，母亲们早已知晓了。消息席卷而过茅草屋，激起波浪泡沫，然后冲进镇里的石头灰泥瓦房里。消息传到正在花园里散步的牧师，他的眼中露出若有所思的表情，他想起教堂的有些地方该维修了，他纳闷珍珠值多少钱。他想知道是否为吉纳的婴儿施过洗礼，或是否主持过他的结婚仪式。消息传到零售商那儿的时候，他们看着卖的不太好的男式衣服。?? 消息传到医生那儿的时候，他正在给一位妇人看病，这位夫人的疾病其实就是“年龄太老的问题”，尽管他们两人都不承认这点。弄清楚谁是吉纳后，医生变得严肃认真而又明智起来。医生说，“他是我的一个病人，我在给他的孩子治疗被蝎子螫伤的伤口。”眼珠在肿眼泡的眼眶内转来转去，医生想起巴黎，想起那他住过的既宽敞又豪华的房间。越过他的老年病人，医生仿佛看见自己坐在巴黎的一家餐馆，男侍者正在打开酒瓶。 消息早早地传到了教堂前乞讨者，他们咯咯地高兴地笑着，因为他们知道没有比突然

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商务英语翻译试题(二)试卷及答案-2

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商务英语翻译测试题及 答案 集团档案编码：[YTTR-YTPT28-YTNTL98-UYTYNN08]

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