3月阅读

3月阅读（每日持续更新ing）

(2012-02-28 20:27:28)

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考研

分类：考研英语阅读每日段落练习

教育

1.

Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are. Consider the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly tended to live shorter lives. This suggests that dimmer bulbs burn longer, that there is an advantage in not being too bright.

对动物智力进行的研究总是使我们想知道人类到底有多聪明。思考一下卡尔齐默在《科学时代》上发表的文章中所描述的果蝇实验吧。那些被训练得比普通果蝇更聪明的果蝇往往寿命比较短。这表明暗淡的灯泡（笨脑瓜）更耐用，不是特别明亮（聪明）也有它的好处。

2.

Intelligence, it turns out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow off the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual process— instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to stop. Is there an adaptive value to limited intelligence? That's the question behind this new research. Instead of casting a wistful glance backward at all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real costs of our own intelligence might be. This is on the mind of every animal I've ever met.

智力本身被证明是一种代价高昂的选择。它需要更多的保养，消耗更多的燃料，而且起步缓慢，因为它取决于学习--一个渐进的过程--而不是本能。许多其他物种也有学习能力，并且它们显然已经学会的一件事是什么时候停止学习。

有限的智力是否也有一个（生存）适应值？这正是此项新研究试图解答的问题。该研究并不是要我们对那些在智力方面已经被人类远远抛在后面的物种投以

悲悯的目光，而是含蓄地提出这样一个问题：人类智力的真正代价可能是什么？我们所遇到的每个动物都在思考这个问题。

3.

Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would perform on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, for instance, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. We believe that if animals ran the labs, they would test us to determine the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for locations. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really for, not merely how much of it there is. Above all,they would hope to study a fundamental question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? So far the results are inconclusive.

对动物智力的研究同样使我们想知道，如果有机会的话，动物会在人类身上做什么样的试验。比如，每一只有主人的猫都在进行一项有关操作性条件反射的小型研究。我们认为，如果是动物控制实验室的话，它们将通过测试来确定我们耐心、忠诚和方位记忆方面的极限。它们将试图弄清人类智力的真正用途，而不仅仅是人类智力的程度高低。最重要的是，它们希望研究这样一个根本性的问题：人类是否真正的了解他们所生活的世界？到目前为止，对此仍无定论。

4.

Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. "Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd," William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative connotatio n.

So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.

习惯是件有趣的事情。不知不觉之中我们便养成了习惯，任由大脑自动导航，无意识地进入常规惯例带来的舒适的放松状态。威廉华兹华斯在19世纪曾经说

过，―不是选择而是习惯支配着不善于思考的人们。‖在不断变化的21世纪，甚至―习惯‖这个词都带上了贬义色彩。

因此，把习惯于创新和变革放在同一个背景下探讨就显得有些矛盾了。然而大脑研究人员却发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯时，我们会在脑中建立相应的路径，甚至生成全新的脑细胞，这些路径能使我们的思路跳转到新的、具有创造性的轨道上去。

5.

Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact, the more new things we try--the more we step outside our comfort zone--the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.

But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they're there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.

我们不必将自己看成是一成不变的习惯性生物，相反，我们可以通过有意识地培养新习惯来主动地做出改变。实际上，无论是在职场上还是在个人生活中，我们尝试的新事物越多，我们离习惯的舒适区域越远，我们就会变得具有更大的内在创造力。

但不要费力去摒弃就有的习惯；一旦习惯的车辙印入大脑，它们就会永远存在。而我们有意铭刻在脑中的新习惯会绕过旧有的车辙，建立起平行的路径。

6.

"The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder," says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind. ―But we are taught instead to ?decide,‘ just as our president calls himself 'the Decider.' "She adds, however, that "to decide is to kill off

all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities."

All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.

《开放性思维》的作者道娜玛克娃：“创新的首要条件是对新奇事物的迷恋。”但是她又补充说：“但是我们所学的却是‘做决定’，就像我们的总统称自己为‘决策者’那样。决定意味着除了一种可能性，其他可能都被排除了。一个优秀的具有创新精神的思想家总是探索其他多种可能性。”

道娜玛克娃说，我们都是以自己浑然不知的方式来处理问题。在20世纪60年代末，研究人员发现人类生来具有的应对挑战的方法主要有四种：分析的方法，程式化的方法，相关联的方法（也称协作性方法）和创新性的方法。然而，在青春期末期，我们的大脑关闭了一半的能力，只保留了在生命的前几年中似乎最有价值的思维方式。

7.

The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. "This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything," explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book "This Y ear I Will..." and Ms. Markova's business partner. "That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in.

目前对标准化考试的侧重，强调了分析方法和程式化的方法，这意味着我们很少有人运用自身固有的创新型和协作性思维模式。2006年出版的《今年我将.....》一书的作者，同时也是玛克娃的商业伙伴，MJ赖恩说：―这违背了美国信仰体系中的一条重要原则--人人都无所不能。‖―人们总是认为知道你擅长什么，然后付出更多的努力便会造就杰出。其实这是一个我们使之不灭的谎言，并且只能滋生平庸。‖这就是培养新习惯的意义所在。

8.

It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he's the kid's dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.

More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.

即使再聪明的父亲，也未必了解自己的儿子，而如今男人可以提升其为人父的智慧--或者至少能够确定自己是孩子的亲生父亲。他所需要做的就是花30美元在附近药店购买一套亲子鉴定设备(PTK)--再花120美元来获得检测结果。

道格福格是Identigene公司的首席运营官，该公司负责生产这种非处方鉴定设备。据道格福格介绍，自从去年亲子鉴定设备不需处方即可购买以来，购买者已逾6万。市场上至少有24家公司直接向公众出售DNA检测服务，价格从几百美元到2500多美元不等。

9.

Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption. DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots .

Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.

其中最受欢迎的是亲子鉴定和亲族鉴定。被领养的孩子可用这种鉴定找到有血缘关系的亲属；家庭可以用此来追踪被收养孩子的下落。DNA检测最近在充满激情的系谱学者中十分流行，它也成为那些提供寻找家族发源地服务的公司的技术支持。

大部分的检测需要通过棉棒蘸取唾液的方式收集细胞，然后将收集的唾液送到检测公司。所有的检测都需要一个与之进行DNA比对的潜在人选。

10.

But some observers are skeptical, "There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people

claiming they are doing ancestry testing," says Trey Duster, a New Y ork University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Y et most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father's line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.

但一些评论家对此持怀疑态度。纽约大学的社会学家特洛伊迪斯特说：―那些声称可以提供血统鉴定的人在兜售虚假的准确性‖。他指出每个人都有许多祖先--仅上溯几百年祖先的书目就可达数百位。然而，大部分血统鉴定只考虑单线谱系，要么只检测从父系一方继承的Y染色体，要么只检测从母系一方遗传的线粒体DNA。这种DNA检测只能检测出一两位祖先的基因信息，而仅上溯三代，每个人还有6位曾祖父母，上溯四代，还有14位高祖父母。

11.

Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.

批评者还认为商业性基因检测的准确性取决于用来与样本对比的参考数据。很多公司所采用的数据库并不是依靠系统收集的数据建立起来的，而是不同研究项目中所收集信息的混杂。这意味着某个DNA数据库拥有来自某些地区的大量数据，但缺乏其他地区的数据。因此，同一个人的检测结果会因为处理结果的公司不同而有所差异。此外，检测公司用以判定血缘关系的计算机程序可能申请了专利保护，因此便不受同行的评审或外界的评估。

句子分析：in addition连接词，the computer programs(主语），a company uses to estimate relationships（定语从句，修饰主语），may be（谓语），patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.（表语）。

12、

The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the

conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.

经济学家和政治学家普遍地误解了贫穷国家的正规教育和经济增长之间的关系。毫无疑问，教育和经济的发展对于贫穷国家以及其他国家的社会、政治和文化的发展十分必要；然而，传统观点认为，教育应成为促进贫穷国家经济快速发展的首要任务之一，这种观点是错误的。

13、

We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.

我们很庆幸这种观点是错误的，因为在这些国家建立新的教育体制并通过这种体制培养足够的人才来提高经济效益需要两三代人的时间。一家研究机构的各项研究结果一致表明，所有国家的工人都可以通过在岗培训，从根本上达到较高的生产率，进而从根本上达到较高的生活水平。

14、

Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counter par ts--a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.

具有讽刺意味的是，这一观点最先在美国得到证实。不久前，当美国经济进入衰退期，日本经济却正处在泡沫破裂前的繁荣期，人们嘲讽美国的劳动力受教育程度低，并认为这是美国经济低迷的主要原因之一。日本曾经是而且现在仍然是全世界汽车装配生产率最高的国家。然而研究表明，美国的本田、尼桑和丰田的生产工厂可以达到日本生产工厂生产率的95%--这是美国工人接受在岗培训的结果。

15、

More recently, while examin ing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building

industry's work.

最近，研究人员在调查房屋建筑业时发现，尽管建筑业的工作极其复杂，但在德克萨斯州休斯敦市，那些没有受过教育、不会说英语的墨西哥工人却始终能达到劳动生产率的最高标准。

16、

What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.

那么，教育与经济发展之间究竟是怎样的关系呢？我们不得不猜想，即便政府不强制推行教育，经济的持续增长也会促进教育的发展。毕竟，最初的教育就是这样发展起来的。一万年前，当我们的祖先还靠打猎和采集为生时，他们没有时间考虑寻找食物以外的其他事情。只有当人类能够更有效率地获取食物后，他们才有时间去考虑其他事情。

17、

As education improved, humanity's productivity potential increases as well. When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.

随着教育的不断发展，人类的生产率潜能也随之提高。竞争环境迫使我们的祖先开发生产潜能，他们反过来又可以从事更多的教育活动。经济效益的提高需要复杂的政治体制，而这种日益提高的教育水平或许是建立复杂政治体制的必要而非充分条件。因此，没有政治变革，贫穷国家也许无法摆脱贫穷的困境，而政

治变革或许只能通过较广泛的正规教育来实现。然而，缺少正规教育并不会限制发展中国家的劳动力在不久的将来大幅度提高生产率。恰恰相反，对提高生产率的限制则解释了为什么教育没有发展得像预计的那样快。

18.

The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits." According to many other books and articles, New England's leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.

在新世界（即美洲）的历史上，被研究得最为透彻的知识分子是17世纪新英格兰的牧师们和政治领袖们。根据美国标准哲学史的记载，在殖民时代的美国，其他任何地方都不及新英格兰―如此重视对知识的追求‖。根据大量书籍和文献记载，在美国的精神生活中，新英格兰的领袖们确立了清教徒传统的基调和关注焦点，这一传统逐渐占据了主导地位。

19.

To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.

按照这种方法研究新英格兰人，通常意味着要从这些清教徒创新的神学思想以及他们对教会的独特观念入手，而这些都是我们不容忽视的重要主题。但是，为了与我们对美国南部地区精神文化生活的考察相一致，我们可以认为最初的清教徒是欧洲文化的承载者，而他们在适应新大陆的环境。在追求大众认同的文明和技艺理想过程中的几次重大事件都发生在新英格兰殖民地。

20.

The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of

intellectual earnestness.

马萨诸塞湾的早起移民中包括英格兰受过良好教育并极具影响力的人物。除了在1629年之后的十年间来到马萨诸塞教会的约90位学识渊博的牧师外，还有像约翰温思罗普一样的政治领袖。在远渡重洋到达波士顿之前，约翰温思罗普是一位受过良好教育的绅士、律师和皇家官员。这些人写作并出版了大量的著作，影响了新旧世界的读者，这为新英格兰营造了一种求知的氛围。

21.

We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized. Their thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reaso ns for leaving England that is filled with signs.

然而，我们不应该忘记，大多数新英格兰人都没有受过良好的教育。虽然几乎没有工匠或农民--更不要说随从和仆人了--留下可供分析的文学作品，但是很明显，他们的观点是缺乏理性的。他们的思想经常带有一种传统的迷信色彩。一位名叫约翰戴恩的裁缝，在17世纪30年代后期移居新英格兰，对于他离开英国的原因，他的叙述里充满了各种神迹。

查找好每个词汇的意思，一个都不可以漏网~第二天白天记得不时的拿出来读啊读，一直读到熟~

这样才有个好的底子，系统学习语法和长难句的时候头脑中有句子~就会灰常轻松啦`坚持哦~

2020年大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案

As the pace of life continues to increase ,we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through lift,being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body. Stress is an natural part of everyday lift and there is no way to avoid it. In fact ,it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be .A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation adn give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health. The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress,and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress,in whatever form,we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between "fight" or "flight" and in more primitive days the choice made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme,but however little the stress,it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long,through continued exposure to stress,that health becomes endangered.Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease have established links with stress.Since we cannot remove stress from our lives(it would be unwise to do so even if we could),we need to find ways to deal with it. 1.People are finding less and less time for relaxing themselves because_____. a.they do not know how to enjoy themselves b.they do not believe that relaxation is important for health c.they are travelling fast all the time d.they are becoming busier with their work 2.According to the writer ,the most important character for a good manager is his ________. a.not fearing stress b.knowing the art of relaxation c.high sense of responsibility d.having control over performance 3.Which of the follwing statements is ture? a.We can find some ways to avoid stress b.Stress is always harmful to people

三月桃花水阅读答案

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