美国文学简史 期末复习资料

i.T h e C o l o n i a l P e r i o d

1.关键词: America Puritanism

2.Calvinism特点: total depravity, Unconditional election, Limited atonement,

Irresistible grace, Perseverance of the saints

3.Anne Bradstreet( P17 ): a Puritan poet be known as “The Muse”

4.Thomas Paine: one of continual, unswerving fight for the rights of man.

5.works: “Common Sense”“American Crisis”“The Rights of Man”

“The Age of Reason”理性时代

6.Phillip Freneau(P22): 美国文学史上的重要人物

7.dawning nationalism 代表人物

Poems: The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花

first modern American & the last medieval man

8.Jonathan Edwards( Calvinism )

9. a critical role in shaping the First Great Awakening

10.works: “The Freedom of the Will”《自由意志论》“The Great Doctrine

of Original Sin Defended”《伟哉原罪论辩》“The Nature of True Virtue”

“American Dream”“Self-made”

11.Benjamin Franklin(puritanism)

12.“Poor Richard’s Almance”“autobiography”新文学形式

13.“18th century enlightenment”

ii.Romanticism

1.Washington Irving（1783-1859）

2.①titles: “the father of American literature”

3.“the American Goldsmith”

4.②works: The Sketch Book (marked the beginning of American Romanticism

and the beginning of short stories as a genre in American literature)

5.Rip Van Winkle (P47—P48)

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

6.James Fenimore Cooper（1789-1851）

7.①One of the first writer to write American Westward movement

8.②“The Leatherstocking Tales” (novel)

9.first is “The Pioneers”

10.---Plot:

---theme conflict between Natty Bumppo and Judge Temple-

---character:

Natty Bumppo---innocent, simple, honest and generous, for freedom, against civilization, wilderness is good

Judge Temple---just, reasonable, for civilization and law

③Writing style:

intriguing plot

majestic landscape descriptions

rich imagination

wooden characterization

not authentic dialect

iii.New England Transcendentalism---the culmination of American Romanticism

iv.Beginning of the Transcendentalism---1836, Nature, Emerson (1830s –the Civil War)

v.Features：a:emphasizing on spirit or the Over-soul；b:stressing the importance of the individual；c:offering a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.

1.Ralph Waldo Emerson：The founder of the Transcendentalist club and the

editor for a time of the journal the Dial

2.Works:

Nature --- “the Manifesto of American Transcen den talism” “the Bible of

New England”:

The Poet (from Nature)

The American Scholar --- “Intellectual Declaration of Independence”

3.Henry David Thoreau

4.Masterpiece: Walden (Failure first, success in the 20th century)

5.Content---a faithful record of his reflection in communicating with nature

6.Nathaniel Hawthorne

7.“The Scarlet Letter”

8.Plot(P74)

Theme:

---(general theme) evil and sin exist in human heart and will be punished one

day

moral, emotional and psychological effect of the sin on the people in general

---(specific theme) a hymn on the moral growth of the woman Hester when sinned against

symbolism象征主义: “A”—Adultery—able—angel

“pearl”—treasure

9.Herman Melville

10.works: Moby Dick (1851)---little response, famous until the 20th century

11.Content:

---(general content) an encyclopedia of everything

---(specific content) a tragedy of man fighting against overwhelming power

in an indifferent even hostile world

12.Edgar Allan Poe

13.Theme: The death of beauty

Sense of loss

Works:

Poem--- “The Raven” “To Helen” “Annabel Lee”

Writing style:

Musical

Repetition of words

Paralleled structure

Melancholy atmosphere(tone)

Short story---The Fall of the House of Usher

Plot: (P112)

Theme: the fall of the house---the annihilation (disintegration) and of person 14.Emily Dickinson

15.Subject and theme:

①(almost one third) Death and immortality

②“My life closed twice before its close”

③“Because I could not stop for death”

④theme: Everyone can’t live forever. Only after death can we get

immortality (immortality of soul)

⑤“ I heard a Fly Buzz- When I died”

⑥theme: skeptical & ambivalent about death

⑦reluctance to death

⑧Love

⑨“Wild Nights-Wild nights” (P99)

⑩nature (both benevolent and cruel)

“I’ll tell you how the sun rose”

?emphasis of free will and human responsibility

?“To fight aloud”

?“A triumph may be”

?soul ( conviction of her sovereignty)

?“I know that He exists”

“The Brain is wider than the sky”

Theme:

influence of Transcendentalism

Human being’s mind (soul) is as divine as God

?beauty, truth and goodness are ultimately one

“I died for beauty-but was scare”

“Tell all the truth but tell it slant” (P102)

Writing style: emotional, original, against tradition

Choice of words, verbal construction (capitalized and dash), spelling, full of

fresh images, brief, direct, plain words but not easy to read

Influence: precursor to the Imagist movement

16.Walt Whitman

17.Works: “Leaves of Grass”草叶集(9 editions from 1855 to 1892, Famous

until the 5th edition)

18.Poems in Leaves of Grass:

19.“Song of Myself”(most famous one)

“Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking” (1859)

“When Lilacs紫丁香Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d” (1865)

“O Captain My Captain!”

Writing style: free verse( no regular rhyme, but musical)

vi.过渡时期

Harriet Beecher Stowe

work: Uncle Tom’s Cabin---The greatest manifesto of American anti-slavery (最有名的反奴隶制作品)

Content: a faithful record of American black people's miserable life.

vii.Realism 镀金时代Gilded Age

1.William Dean Howells豪厄尔斯

2.①title: “champion of literary realism in US”“first president of American

Academy of Arts and Letters”

3.②works:

4.essay--- Criticism and Fiction

5.novel---The Rise of Silas Lapham

6.Plot: P120-121

Character: Silas Lapham---common Bostonian of the late 19th century, average America happy with his family and proud of his success in the world

Theme:

house---symbol of Lapham’s success (in material) and aspiration for the polite society

the burning of the house---financial fall and moral rise

7.Henry James

8.①themes:exchanges between Americans and Europeans美国和欧洲文化的

冲突

9.②写作手法：a. eliminates the author and gives the reader the illusion of being

present at the scene of action让读者置身于情境中

10.b. without comments or explanations: Dramatize, only dramatize, is his lesson

作者只设定情境

11.③Three distinctive periods:

12.a. 1865-1882 novels

13.The American (1877) 美国人

The Europeans (1878) 欧洲人

The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 淑女本色贵妇的肖像

Daisy Miller(1878) 短篇小说

b.1882-1895 plays

c.1895-1990 novels

The Turn of the Screw(1898)短篇小说碧庐冤孽（螺丝在旋紧）

The Wings of the Dove (1902) 鸽之翼

The Ambassadors (1903) 大使（奉使记）

The Golden Bowl (1904) 金碗

14.Mark Twain(Local Colorism)

15.①Works: The Adventure of Tom Sawyer

16.The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn 汤姆索亚历险记的续集，海明

威称赞“all modern American literature comes”

17.②theme: racism& slavery

18.intellectual& moral education

The hypocrisy of civilized” society

③real name: Samuel Langhorne Clemens

④背景: Mississippi River

viii.Naturalism(是现实主义的高级阶段)

Time: at the end of the 19th century

Subject of naturalist: detailed description of lives of the low and the abnormal,

frank description of human passion and sexuality, and portrayal of men overwhelmed by nature

Theme of naturalists: pessimistic, deterministic

自然主义的起源：Emile Zola “surrounding and heredity遗传can decide one’s destiny”

写作手法：ironic讽刺, less sympathy, more serious than realism, deterministic 决定论

1.Stephen Crane

2.①Works: (novels) Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) and The Red Badge of

Courage (1895) (short stories) “The Open Boat”

3.②Writing style: psychological description, visual beauty with symbols

4.Frank Norris

5.①works: (Novel) McTeague麦克提格(1899)首部全面展示自然主义的作品

the Octopus章鱼(best work) (1901) railway

Writing style:

rich material

fresh imagery

poetic mode of fiction

precise and exact word

(Essay of literary criticism) The Responsibilities of the Novelists (1903)

6.O. Henry(a prolific American short-story writer)多产短篇小说家

①Real name: William Porter

②The Gift of the Magi

③Writing style: short, interesting and clever plot, good-natured humor,

surprising end, keen observation of details, slang and colloquial

expressions

7.Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞

8.works:Sister Carrie(1990)《嘉丽妹妹》

Jennie Gerhardt (1911)《珍妮姑娘》（姐妹篇）

The Financier (1912) 《金融家》“Trilogy of Desire” (欲望三部曲) The Titan (1914)《巨头》

The Stoic(1947)《斯多葛》

The "Genius" (1915) 《天才》--autobiographical novel

An American Tragedy--greatest and most successful Political

commentary set

9.Jack London

10.Works:

---Reflection of his Involvement in the socialist movement:

The Iron Heel, The People of the Abyss

---Reflection of his belief in Darwinism:

The Call of the Wild (1903)适者生存, The Sea Wolf (1904)

---Reflection of the conflicting view :

autobiographical novel Martin Eden (1909)

ix.Modernism

Two literary periods

?1920s --- The First World War (a decade of great joy and happenings )

?1930s--- The Great Depression

1.Ezra Pound--- the founder of Imagist movement(深受中国文化的影响)

2.works: translations of Lipo’s poems “The River- Merchant’s Wife”翻译

李白的《长干行》

3.In a Station of the Metro

The apparition of these faces in the crowd ;

Petals on a wet, black bough.—Ezra Pound

4.T. S. Eliot

5.Poems

The Waste Land (1922)---spiritual crisis of postwar Europe, like a manifesto of the “Lost generation”

The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock (1917)--- a poem with a notable modern emotional color，意识流，现代主义情感色彩

6.Wallace Stevens

7.Basic theme: interrelationship between reality and art, power of imagination

Works: “Anecdote of the Jar”古坛轶事

8.William Carlos Williams

9.Works: Famous poem: Paterson 帕特森(1946–58).

Subject: everyday circumstances of life and the lives of common people.

Writing style: unusual meters and styles, easy and enjoyable to read

10.Carl Sandburg---One of The greatest poets in the “Chicago Renaissance”

---Chicago Poems

11.Robert Frost

12.Subject: the people and landscape of New England.

(Misconception of him as a lyric poet or as an authentic painter of local landscape)

Theme: (universal and abstract) the complexity of human existence

Works:

poem collection：

A Boy’s Will (1913), North of Boston(1914)

New Hamphshire(1923),

Collected Poems(1930),

A Further Range(1936),

A Witness Tree(1942)

Some famous poems:

“After Apple Picking”

“Mending Wall”

“Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening”

“The Road not Taken”

“Design”

“The Wood-Pile”

Writing style:

---form

to retain traditional forms of poetry

---theme

deceptively simple (trivial subjects)

---language

lucid, easy, fluent

13.William Faulkner: one of the twentieth century’s greatest writers

---one of the southern writers (fictional Yoknapatawpha County)

---the Nobel Prize-winning novelist(1949)

---a famous short story writer

Works: 19 novels, 3volumes of short stories

?poem collection: The Marble Faun, 1924)

?Novel:The Sound and the Fury, 1929喧哗与躁动

As I Lay Dying, 1930

Light in August, 1932

Absalom, Absalom!, 1936

Go Down, Moses, 1942

?short story: “A Rose For Emily”

Theme: general human situation

Writing style: difficult and experimental

?Vivid characterization( character with great independence)

?Multiple narrators

?Story-novel (emphasis on narrative)

?Modern stream of consciousness (fragmentary and obscure)

? A variety of English

14.F. Scott Fitzgerald

15.work: The Great Gatsby(1925)

16.Themes: The decline衰落of American Dream in the 1920s

The Hollowness空虚of the upper class

Symbols: The green light

17.Ernest Hemingway

18.①Nick Adams, a Hemingway hero, first appears in the novel In Our Time

(1925)

19.②The Sun Also Rises (1926)

20.Jake Barnes

A Farewell to Arms (1929)

Frederick Henry & Catherine Barkley

Death in the Afternoon (1932 )

Green Hills of Africa (1935)

For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)

The Old Man and the Sea (1952)

Manolin & Santiago

x.American drama

1.Eugene O’Neil(1888 – 1953)

2.father of American drama

3.Works:

first published play, Beyond the Horizon (1920) on Broadway

The Iceman Cometh (1946)

Long Days Journey into Night (1956)：an autobiographical play and released after O'Neill's death.

4.John Steinbeck

5.the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962

Famous for The Grapes of Wrath (1939), a novel widely considered to be a 20th-century classic.

案例分析题

1. 组织文化的层次理论有两层次说和三层次说，两层次说分为物质文化和精神文化，三层次说分为器物层，制度与行为层以及精神层。我比较赞同三层次说。其中，器物层是精神层的载体，是企业的经营思想、经营管理哲学、工作作风和审美意识的具体体现。它属于表层文化，又叫实体文化，反映了企业的外在形象。如阿里巴巴集团使命是让天下没有难做的生意；阿里巴巴的愿景是分享数据的第一平台，努力成为第一家为全部用户免费提供市场数据的企业，同时希望成为员工幸福指数最高的企业，并成为一家“活102年”的企业，横跨三个世纪。制度与行为层是指对企业员工和企业组织行为产生规范性、约束性影响的部分，它规定企业成员在共同的生产经营活动中应遵循的行动准则和风俗习惯。它属于中层文化，或叫制度文化。如阿里巴巴要求员工要站在客户的角度思考，对客户负责，对事不对人，创造变化。精神层是指企业的领导和职工共同信守的基本信念，价值标准和职业道德等，它是企业文化的核心和灵魂。它属于深层文化，或叫观念文化，精神文化，反映了企业的核心价值观。如阿里巴巴坚持着“客户第一、员工第二、股东第三”的价值观以及六个核心价值观。 2. 我觉得马云“阿里文化”的塑造中担任了变革者的角色。他为企业提供了新的管理理念，激励下属，不担心下属超越他，关怀员工的个人需求。 领导者应该对企业文化的塑造发挥着巨大的作用，首先，领导者应该是企业文化的奠基者，领导者的自身素质就是企业文化建设的基础之一，领导者的精神先进，作风优良，也会成为企业员工的榜样，进而发展为企业文化。如马云相信太极哲学，并把这个哲学贯穿企业管理。其次，领导者应担任起企业文化建设者的角色，领导者要把先进积极的思想、观点、理念完全渗透到企业的组织运行过程和所有员工心中，形成一个共同的愿景，在经营中逐步地形成完善的企业文化。如马云提出信仰，把它放到文化里面，就形成管理体系的价值核心，然后所有的管理都按照这个价值核心来设计。最后，领导者又应该是企业文化的改进者，领导者不应该一成不变，墨守成规，而是要跟紧时代的脚步，积极吸收新的先进的理念，不断为企业注入更好的经营理念，价值观念等，这样企业才能够适应时代的变化，使企业能够更好地发展。

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