曼昆微观经济学英文版课后练习题第一章
Chapter 1
Ten Principles of Economics
Multiple Choice
1. The word that comes from the Greek word for "one who manages a household" is
a. market.
b. consumer.
c. producer.
d. economy.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-0
TOP: Economy MSC: Definitional
2. The word “economy” comes from the Greek word oikonomos, which means
a. “environment.”
b. “production.”
c. “one who manages a househol
d.”
d. “one who makes decisions.”
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-0
TOP: Economy MSC: Definitional
3. Resources are
a. scarce for households but plentiful for economies.
b. plentiful for households but scarce for economies.
c. scarce for households and scarce for economies.
d. plentiful for households and plentiful for economies.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-0
TOP: Resources, Scarcity MSC: Interpretive
4. Economics deals primarily with the concept of
a. scarcity.
b. poverty.
c. change.
d. power.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 1-0
TOP: Scarcity MSC: Definitional
5. Which of the following questions is not answered by the decisions that every society must make?
a. What determines consumer preferences?
b. What goods will be produced?
c. Who will produce the goods?
d. Who will consume the goods?
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-0
TOP: Economies MSC: Interpretive
6. The overriding reason as to why households and societies face many decisions is that
a. resources are scarce.
b. goods and services are not scarce.
c. incomes fluctuate with business cycles.
d. people, by nature, tend to disagre
e.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-0
TOP: Scarcity MSC: Interpretive
7. The phenomenon of scarcity stems from the fact that
a. most economies’ production methods are not very good.
b. in most economies, wealthy people consume disproportionate quantities of goods and services.
c. governments restricts production of too many goods and services.
d. resources are limited.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-0
TOP: Scarcity MSC: Interpretive
1
2 Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics
8. Approximately what percentage of the world's economies experience scarcity?
a. 25%
b. 50%
c. 75%
d. 100%
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-0
TOP: Scarcity MSC: Interpretive
9. When a society cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have, it is said that the economy is
experiencing
a. scarcity.
b. shortages.
c. inefficiencies.
d. inequities.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-0
TOP: Scarcity MSC: Interpretive
10. For society, a good is not scarce if
a. at least one individual in society can obtain all he or she wants of the good.
b. firms are producing the good at full capacity.
c. all members of society can have all they want of the goo
d.
d. those who have enough income can buy all they want of the good.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-0
TOP: Scarcity MSC: Interpretive
11. Which of the following products would be considered scarce?
a. golf clubs
b. Picasso paintings
c. apples
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-0
TOP: Scarcity MSC: Interpretive
12. Economics is the study of
a. production methods.
b. how society manages its scarce resources.
c. how households decide who performs which tasks.
d. the interaction of business and government.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 1-0
TOP: Economies, Scarcity MSC: Definitional
13. Economics is the study of
a. how society manages its scarce resources.
b. the government's role in society.
c. how a market system functions.
d. how to increase production.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 1-0
TOP: Economies, Scarcity MSC: Definitional
14. In most societies, resources are allocated by
a. a single central planner.
b. a small number of central planners.
c. those firms that use resources to provide goods and services.
d. the combined actions of millions of households and firms.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-0
TOP: Resource allocation MSC: Interpretive
Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics 3
15. The adage, "There is no such thing as a free lunch," is used to illustrate the principle that
a. goods are scarce.
b. people face tradeoffs.
c. income must be earne
d.
d. households face many decisions.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Tradeoffs MSC: Interpretive
16. The adage, "There is no such thing as a free lunch," means
a. even people on welfare have to pay for food.
b. the cost of living is always increasing.
c. to get something we like, we usually have to give up another thing we like.
d. all costs are included in the price of a product.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-1
TOP: Tradeoffs MSC: Definitional
17. Economists use the phrase "There is no such thing as a free lunch," to illustrate the principle that
a. inflation almost always results in higher prices over time.
b. nothing is free in a market economy.
c. making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.
d. if something looks too good to be true, it probably is not worth pursuing.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Tradeoffs MSC: Interpretive
18. Which of the following statements best represents the principle represented by the adage, "There is no such thing as
a free lunch"?
a. Melissa can attend the concert only if she takes her sister with her.
b. Greg is hungry and homeless.
c. Brian must repair the tire on his bike before he can ride it to class.
d. Kendra must decide between going to Colorado or Cancun for spring break.
ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: 1-1
TOP: Tradeoffs MSC: Applicative
19. The principle that "people face tradeoffs" applies to
a. individuals.
b. families.
c. societies.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-1
TOP: Tradeoffs MSC: Applicative
20. A typical society strives to get the most it can from its scarce resources. At the same time, the society attempts to
distribute the benefits of those resources to the members of the society in a fair manner. In other words, the society faces a tradeoff between
a. guns and butter.
b. efficiency and equity.
c. inflation and unemployment.
d. work and leisur
e.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 1-1
TOP: Efficiency, Equity MSC: Interpretive
21. Guns and butter are used to represent the classic societal tradeoff between spending on
a. durable and nondurable goods.
b. imports and exports.
c. national defense and consumer goods.
d. law enforcement and agricultur
e.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-1
TOP: Tradeoffs MSC: Interpretive
4 Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics
22. When society requires that firms reduce pollution, there is
a. a tradeoff because of reduced incomes to the firms' owners and workers.
b. a tradeoff only if some firms are forced to close.
c. no tradeoff, since the cost of reducing pollution falls only on the firms affected by the requirements.
d. no tradeoff, since everyone benefits from reduced pollution.
ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: 1-1
TOP: Tradeoffs MSC: Applicative
23. A tradeoff exists between a clean environment and a higher level of income in that
a. studies show that individuals with higher levels of income actually pollute less than low-income individuals.
b. efforts to reduce pollution typically are not completely successful.
c. laws that reduce pollution raise costs of production and reduce incomes.
d. by employing individuals to clean up pollution, employment and income both ris
e.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Tradeoffs MSC: Applicative
24. Which of the following phrases best captures the notion of efficiency?
a. absolute fairness
b. equal distribution
c. minimum waste
d. equitable outcome
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-1
TOP: Efficiency MSC: Interpretive
25. Which of the following is true?
a. Efficiency refers to the size of the economic pie; equity refers to how the pie is divided.
b. Government policies usually improve upon both equity and efficiency.
c. As long as the economic pie continually gets larger, no one will have to go hungry.
d. Efficiency and equity can both be achieved if the economic pie is cut into equal pieces.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Efficiency, Equity MSC: Interpretive
26. Efficiency means that
a. society is conserving resources in order to save them for the future.
b. society's goods and services are distributed equally among society's members.
c. society's goods and services are distributed fairly, though not necessarily equally, among society's members.
d. society is getting the maximum benefits from its scarce resources.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-1
TOP: Efficiency MSC: Definitional
27. Economists use the word equity to describe a situation in which
a. each member of society has the same income.
b. each member of society has access to abundant quantities of goods and services, regardless of his or her income.
c. society is getting the maximum benefits from its scarce resources.
d. the benefits of society's resources are distributed fairly among society's members.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Equity MSC: Interpretive
28. Senator Smith wants to increase taxes on people with high incomes and use the money to help the poor. Senator Jones
argues that such a tax will discourage successful people from working and will therefore make society worse off. An economist would say that
a. we should agree with Senator Smith.
b. we should agree with Senator Jones.
c. a good decision requires that we recognize both viewpoints.
d. there are no tradeoffs between equity and efficiency.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Efficiency, Equity MSC: Applicative
Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics 5
29. Which of the following words and phrases best captures the notion of equity?
a. minimum waste
b. maximum benefit
c. sameness
d. fairness
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-1
TOP: Equity MSC: Definitional
30. When government policies are enacted,
a. equity can usually be enhanced without an efficiency loss, but efficiency can never be enhanced without an
equity loss.
b. efficiency can usually be enhanced without an equity loss, but equity can never be enhanced without an
efficiency loss.
c. it is always the case that either efficiency and fairness are both enhanced, or efficiency and equity are both
diminished.
d. None of the above are correct.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Government, Efficiency, Equity MSC: Applicative
31. A likely effect of government policies that redistribute income and wealth from the wealthy to the poor is that those
policies
a. enhance equity.
b. reduce efficiency.
c. reduce the reward for working har
d.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Government, Efficiency, Equity MSC: Interpretive
32. When the government implements programs such as progressive income tax rates, which of the following is likely to
occur?
a. Equity is increased and efficiency is increased.
b. Equity is increased and efficiency is decreased.
c. Equity is decreased and efficiency is increase
d.
d. Equity is decreased and efficiency is decreased.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Government, Efficiency, Equity MSC: Interpretive
33. As a result of a successful attempt by government to cut the economic pie into more equal slices,
a. it is easier to cut the pie, and therefore the economy can produce a larger pie.
b. the government can more easily allocate the pie to those most in need.
c. the pie gets smaller, and there will be less pie overall.
d. government will spend too much time cutting and it causes the economy to lose the ability to produce enough pie
for everyone.
ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 1-1
TOP: Government, Efficiency, Equity MSC: Analytical
34. When the government attempts to improve equity in an economy the result is often
a. an increase in overall output in the economy.
b. additional government revenue since overall income will increase.
c. a reduction in equity.
d. a reduction in efficiency.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Government, Efficiency, Equity MSC: Interpretive
35. When the government redistributes income from the wealthy to the poor,
a. efficiency is improved, but equity is not.
b. both wealthy people and poor people benefit directly.
c. people work less and produce fewer goods and services.
d. wealthy people consume fewer goods, but poor people consume more goods, resulting in no real chang
e. ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Government, Efficiency, Equity MSC: Interpretive
6 Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics
36. In economics, the cost of something is
a. the dollar amount of obtaining it.
b. always measured in units of time given up to get it.
c. what you give up to get it.
d. often impossible to quantify, even in principl
e.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-1
TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Definitional
37. What you give up to obtain an item is called your
a. opportunity cost.
b. explicit cost.
c. true cost.
d. direct cost.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 1-1
TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Definitional
38. The opportunity cost of going to college is
a. the total spent on food, clothing, books, transportation, tuition, lodging, and other expenses.
b. the value of the best opportunity a student gives up to attend college.
c. zero for students who are fortunate enough to have all of their college expenses paid by someone else.
d. zero, since a college education will allow a student to earn a larger income after graduation.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Interpretive
39. Maurice receives $100 as a birthday gift. In deciding how to spend the money, he narrows his options down to four
choices: Option A, Option B, Option C, and Option D. Each option costs $100. Finally he decides on Option B. The opportunity cost of this decision is
a. the value to Maurice of the option he would have chosen had Option B not been available.
b. the value to Maurice of Options A, C and D combined.
c. $100.
d. $300.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Applicative
40. A furniture maker currently produces 100 tables per week and sells them for a profit. She is considering expanding
her operation in order to make more tables. Should she expand?
a. Yes, because making tables is profitable.
b. No, because she may not be able to sell the additional tables.
c. It depends on the marginal cost of producing more tables and the marginal revenue she will earn from selling
more tables.
d. It depends on the average cost of producing more tables and the average revenue she will earn from selling more
tables.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Applicative
41. For most students, the largest single cost of a college education is
a. the wages given up to attend school.
b. tuition, fees, and books.
c. room and boar
d.
d. transportation, parking, and entertainment.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Interpretive
42. For a college student who wishes to calculate the true costs of going to college, the costs of room and board
a. should be counted in full, regardless of the costs of eating and sleeping elsewhere.
b. should be counted only to the extent that they are more expensive at college than elsewhere.
c. usually exceed the opportunity cost of going to college.
d. plus the cost of tuition, equals the opportunity cost of going to colleg
e.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Applicative
Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics 7
43. For which of the following individuals would the opportunity cost of going to college be highest?
a. a promising young mathematician who will command a high salary once she earns her college degree
b. a student with average grades who has never held a job
c. a famous, highly-paid actor who wants to take time away from show business to finish college and earn a degree
d. a student who is the best player on his college basketball team, but who lacks the skills necessary to play
professional basketball
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Applicative
44. When you calculate your true costs of going to college, what portion of your room-and-board expenses should be
included?
a. Your full room-and-board expenses should always be included.
b. None of your room-and-board expenses should ever be included.
c. You should include only the amount by which your room-and-board expenses exceed the income you earn while
attending college.
d. You should include only the amount by which your room-and-board expenses exceed the expenses for rent and
food if you were not in college.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Applicative
45. The opportunity cost of an item is
a. the number of hours needed to earn money to buy the item.
b. what you give up to get that item.
c. usually less than the dollar value of the item.
d. the dollar value of the item.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 1-1
TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Definitional
46. Mallory decides to spend three hours working overtime rather than watching a video with her friends. She earns $8 an
hour. Her opportunity cost of working is
a. the $24 she earns working.
b. the $24 minus the enjoyment she would have received from watching the video.
c. the enjoyment she would have received had she watched the video.
d. nothing, since she would have received less than $24 of enjoyment from the video.
ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 1-1
TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Applicative
47. Russell spends an hour studying instead of playing tennis. The opportunity cost to him of studying is
a. the improvement in his grades from studying for the hour.
b. the improvement in his grades from studying minus the enjoyment of playing tennis.
c. the enjoyment and exercise he would have received had he played tennis.
d. zero. Since Russell chose to study rather than to play tennis, the value of studying must have been greater than the
value of playing tennis.
ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 1-1
TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Applicative
48. College-age athletes who drop out of college to play professional sports
a. are not rational decision makers.
b. are well aware that their opportunity cost of attending college is very high.
c. are concerned more about present circumstances than their future.
d. underestimate the value of a college education.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Interpretive
8 Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics
49. A rational decisionmaker
a. ignores marginal changes and focuses instead on “the big picture.”
b. ignores the likely effects of government policies when he or she makes choices.
c. takes an action only if the marginal benefit of that action exceeds the marginal cost of that action.
d. takes an action only if the combined benefits of that action and previous actions exceed the combined costs of that
action and previous actions.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Interpretive
50. Rational people make decisions at the margin by
a. following marginal traditions.
b. behaving in a random fashion.
c. thinking in black-and-white terms.
d. comparing marginal costs and marginal benefits.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Interpretive
51. The word "margin" means
a. edge.
b. distance.
c. space.
d. measur
e.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Definitional
52. Making rational decisions "at the margin" means that people
a. make those decisions that do not impose a marginal cost.
b. evaluate how easily a decision can be reversed if problems arise.
c. compare the marginal costs and marginal benefits of each decision.
d. always calculate the marginal dollar costs for each decision.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Interpretive
53. A person’s willingness to pay for a good is based on
a. the availability of the good.
b. the marginal benefit that an extra unit of the good would provide for that person.
c. the marginal cost of producing an extra unit of the goo
d.
d. esoteric factors, the study of which lies beyond the boundaries of economics.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Interpretive
54. To say that "people respond to incentives" is to say that
a. changes in costs (but not changes in benefits) influence people's decisions and their behavior.
b. changes in benefits (but not changes in costs) influence people's decisions and their behavior.
c. changes in benefits or changes in costs influence people's decisions and their behavior.
d. tradeoffs can be eliminated by rational people who think at the margin.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-1
TOP: Incentives MSC: Definitional
55. A marginal change is a
a. change that involves little, if anything, that is important.
b. large, significant adjustment.
c. change for the worse, and so it is usually a short-term change.
d. small, incremental adjustment.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Definitional
Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics 9
56. Which of the following is the best example of a marginal change?
a. After graduating college, Audrey's income increases from $500 per month to $3,000 per month.
b. Morgan gets a raise at her part-time job and is now paid $7.25 per hour instead of $7.00.
c. Housing prices in an area increase by 40 percent when a new interstate is built that passes nearby.
d. A hard freeze wipes out half of the orange crop in Florida and the price of orange juice doubles.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Applicative
57. Which of the following is the best example of a marginal change?
a. The price of housing in Denver increased by 6 percent last year.
b. Kim gets a big promotion at work. She also gets a raise from $35,000 per year to $55,000 per year.
c. Mark graduates from college and takes a job. His income increases from $10,000 per year to $35,000 per year.
d. A drought hits the upper Midwest and the price of wheat increases from $4.00 per bushel to $6.50 per bushel. ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Applicative
58. A marginal change is best illustrated by which of the following?
a. Nancy retires and takes a part-time jo
b. She was working 40 hours per week and now works 15 hours per week.
b. A large, state-supported university has announced that due to state budget deficits, tuition must rise by 20 percent
next year.
c. Ryan moved to a new apartment and now pays 40 percent more rent than before.
d. Arizona, which usually receives 10 inches of rain per year, received 11 inches last year.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Interpretive
59. Teresa eats three oranges during a particular day. The marginal benefit she enjoys from eating the third orange
a. can be thought of as the total benefit Teresa enjoys by eating three oranges minus the total benefit she would have
enjoyed by eating just the first two oranges.
b. determines Teresa’s willingness to pa y for the first, second, and third oranges.
c. does not depend on how many oranges Teresa has already eaten.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Applicative
60. A rational decisionmaker takes an action if and only if
a. the marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal cost of the action.
b. the marginal cost of the action exceeds the marginal benefit of the action.
c. the marginal cost of the action is zero.
d. the opportunity cost of the action is zero.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Interpretive
61. After much consideration, you have chosen Cancun over Ft. Lauderdale as your Spring Break destination this year.
However, Spring Break is still months away, and you may reverse this decision. Which of the following events would prompt you to reverse this decision?
a. The marginal benefit of going to Cancun increases.
b. The marginal cost of going to Cancun decreases.
c. The marginal benefit of going to Ft. Lauderdale decreases.
d. The marginal cost of going to Ft. Lauderdale decreases.
ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Applicative
62. The average cost per seat on the 50-passenger Floating-On-Air Bus company's trip from Kansas City to St. Louis, on
which no refreshments are served, is $45. In advance of a particular trip, three seats remain unsold. The bus company could increase its profit only if it
a. charged any ticket price above $0 for the three remaining seats.
b. charged at least $15 for each of the three remaining seats.
c. charged at least $45 for each of the three remaining seats.
d. paid three people to occupy the three remaining seats.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal cost MSC: Applicative
10 Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics
63. Warren drinks four cups of coffee during a particular day. The marginal benefit he enjoys from drinking the fourth
cup
a. can be thought of as the total benefit Warren enjoys by drinking four cups minus the total benefit he would have
enjoyed by drinking just three cups.
b. determines Warren’s willingness to pay for the fourth cup.
c. is likely different from the marginal benefit provided to Warren by the third cup.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Applicative
64. A rational decision maker takes an action only if the
a. marginal benefit is less than the marginal cost.
b. marginal benefit is greater than the marginal cost.
c. average benefit is greater than the average cost.
d. marginal benefit is greater than both the average cost and the marginal cost.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Interpretive
65. A construction company has built 50 houses so far this year at a total cost to the company of $8 million. If the
company builds a 51st house, its total cost will increase to $8.18 million. Which of the following statements is
correct?
a. For the first 50 houses, the average cost per house was $160,000.
b. The marginal cost of the 51st house, if it is built, will be $180,000.
c. If the company can experience a marginal benefit of $190,000 by building the 51st house, then the company
should build it.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal cost, Marginal benefit MSC: Applicative
66. Mike has spent $500 purchasing and repairing an old fishing boat, which he expects to sell for $800 once the repairs
are complete. Mike discovers that, in addition to the $500 he has already spent, he needs to make an additional repair, which will cost another $400, in order to make the boat worth $800 to potential buyers. He can sell the boat as it is now for $300. What should he do?
a. He should sell the boat as it is now for $300.
b. He should keep the boat since it would not be rational to spend $900 on repairs and then sell the boat for $800.
c. He should complete the repairs and sell the boat for $800.
d. It does not matter which action he takes; the outcome is the same either way.
ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal cost MSC: Analytical
67. A donut shop sells fresh baked donuts from 5 a.m. until 3 p.m. every day. The shop does not sell day-old donuts, so
all unsold donuts are thrown away at 3 p.m. each day. The cost of making and selling a dozen donuts is $1.50; there are no costs associated with throwing donuts away. If the manager has 10 dozen donuts left at 2:30 p.m. on a
particular day, which of the following alternatives is most attractive?
a. Lower the price of the remaining donuts, even if the price falls below $1.50 per dozen.
b. Lower the price of the remaining donuts, but under no circumstances should the price fall below $1.50 per dozen.
c. Throw the donuts away and produce 10 fewer dozen donuts tomorrow.
d. Starting tomorrow, lower the price on all donuts so they will all be sold earlier in the day.
ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Analytical
68. Stan buys a 1966 Mustang for $2,000, planning to restore and sell the car. He goes on to spend $8,000 restoring the
car. At this point he can sell the car for $9,000. As an alternative, he can spend an additional $3,000 replacing the engine. With a new engine the car would sell for $12,000. Stan should
a. complete the repairs and sell the car for $12,000.
b. sell the car now for $9, 000.
c. never try such an expensive project again.
d. be indifferent between (i) selling the car now and (ii) replacing the engine and then selling it.
ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal cost MSC: Analytical
Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics 11 69. Sarah buys and sells real estate. Two weeks ago, she paid $140,000 for a house on Oak Street, intending to spend
$20,000 on repairs sell the house for $175,000. Last week, the city governmen t announced a plan to build a “halfway house” for convicted criminals on Oak Street. As a result of the city’s announced plan, Sarah is weighing two
alternatives: She can go ahead with the $20,000 in repairs and then sell the house for $135,000, or she can forgo the repairs and sell the house as it is for $120,000. Sarah should
a. keep the house and live in it.
b. go ahead with the $20,000 in repairs and sell the house for $135,000.
c. forgo the repairs and sell the house as it is for $120,000.
d. move the house from Oak Street to a more desirable location, irrespective of the cost of doing so.
ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal cost MSC: Analytical
70. People are willing to pay more for a diamond than for a bottle of water because
a. the marginal cost of producing an extra diamond far exceeds the marginal cost of producing an extra bottle of
water.
b. the marginal benefit of an extra diamond far exceeds the marginal benefit of an extra bottle of water.
c. producers of diamonds have a much greater ability to manipulate diamond prices than producers of water have to
manipulate water prices.
d. water prices are held artificially low by governments, since water is necessary for lif
e.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Interpretive
71. Economists are particularly adept at understanding that people respond to
a. laws.
b. incentives.
c. punishments more than rewards.
d. rewards more than punishments.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 1-1
TOP: Incentives MSC: Interpretive
72. Government policies can change the costs and benefits that people face. Those policies have the potential to
a. alter people’s behavior.
b. alter people’s decisions at the margin.
c. produce results that policymakers did not inten
d.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Incentives MSC: Interpretive
73. Ralph Nader's book Unsafe at Any Speed caused Congress to require
a. safety glass in all new cars.
b. seat belts in all new cars.
c. air bags in all new cars.
d. stricter drunk driving laws in all states.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 1-1
TOP: Incentives MSC: Interpretive
74. U.S. laws requiring that drivers wear seat belts have resulted in
a. a reduction in both driver deaths and pedestrian deaths.
b. fewer accidents and fewer deaths per accident.
c. fewer driver deaths, fewer accidents and fewer pedestrian deaths.
d. little change in the number of driver deaths, but more accidents and more pedestrian deaths.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Incentives MSC: Interpretive
75. Evidence indicates that seat belt laws have led to
a. fewer pedestrian deaths.
b. fewer automobile accidents.
c. fewer deaths per automobile accident.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-1
TOP: Seat belt laws MSC: Definitional
12 Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics
76. One effect of the government-imposed seat belt law in the U.S. has been
a. a dramatic decrease in the number of pedestrian deaths.
b. safer driving.
c. an increase in the number of accidents.
d. a dramatic decrease in the number of driver deaths.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Incentives MSC: Interpretive
77. Based on what we know about the effects of mandatory seat belt laws, which of the following groups would be most
likely to mount a campaign to repeal those laws?
a. Owners of collision-repair shops.
b. People who walk rather than drive.
c. Policemen who have better things to do than investigate collisions.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: 1-1
TOP: Incentives MSC: Analytical
78. Based on the available evidence, which of the following groups benefits most from mandatory seat belt laws?
a. automakers
b. pedestrians
c. drivers
d. owners of collision-repair shops
ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: 1-1
TOP: Incentives MSC: Analytical
79. In the former Soviet Union, producers were paid for meeting output targets, not for selling products. Under those
circumstances, what were the economic incentives for producers?
a. to produce good quality products so that society would benefit from the resources used
b. to conserve on costs, so as to maintain efficiency in the economy
c. to produce enough to meet the output target, without regard for quality or cost
d. to produce those products that society desires most
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Incentives MSC: Interpretive
80. Your professor loves her work, teaching economics. She has been offered other positions in the corporate world that
would increase her income by 25 percent, but she has decided to continue working as a professor. Her decision would not change unless the marginal
a. cost of teaching increased.
b. benefit of teaching increased.
c. cost of teaching decrease
d.
d. cost of a corporate job increased.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Interpretive
81. Suppose your management professor has been offered a corporate job with a 30 percent pay increase. He has decided
to take the job. For him, the marginal
a. cost of leaving was greater than the marginal benefit.
b. benefit of leaving was greater than the marginal cost.
c. benefit of teaching was greater than the marginal cost.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Interpretive
82. When policymakers implement policies that alter incentives, they usually
a. have carefully weighed the direct and indirect effects of the policy.
b. do not observe the intended result of the policies.
c. have considered all possible effects of the incentive changes when they developed the policy, which will make
the policy effective.
d. correctly anticipate the indirect effects, but often miss the direct effects.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-1
TOP: Incentives MSC: Interpretive
Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics 13
83. Which of the following principles is not one of the four principles of individual decisionmaking?
a. People face tradeoffs.
b. Trade can make everyone better off.
c. People respond to incentives.
d. Rational people think at the margin.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 1-1, 1-2
TOP: Tradeoffs, Trade, Marginal changes MSC: Definitional
84. Which of the following is a principle concerning how people interact?
a. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.
b. Rational people think at the margin.
c. People respond to incentives.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-1, 1-2
TOP: Markets MSC: Interpretive
85. Which of the following statements exemplifies a principle of individual decisionmaking?
a. Trade can make everyone better off.
b. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.
c. The cost of something is what you give up to get it.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-1, 1-2
TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Interpretive
86. Which is the most accurate statement about trade?
a. Trade can make every nation better off.
b. Trade makes some nations better off and others worse off.
c. Trading for a good can make a nation better off only if the nation cannot produce that good itself.
d. Trade helps rich nations and hurts poor nations.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Trade MSC: Interpretive
87. The principle that "trade can make everyone better off" applies to interactions and trade between
a. families.
b. states within the United States.
c. nations.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-2
TOP: Trade MSC: Applicative
88. Which of the following statements about trade is false?
a. Trade increases competition.
b. With trade, one country wins and one country loses.
c. Bulgaria can benefit, potentially, from trade with any other country.
d. Trade allows people to buy a greater variety of goods and services at lower cost.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Trade MSC: Interpretive
89. Senator Smart, who understands economic principles, is trying to convince workers in her district that trade with
other countries is beneficial. Senator Smart should argue that trade can be beneficial
a. only if it allows us to obtain things that we couldn't make for ourselves.
b. because it allows specialization, which increases total output.
c. to us if we can gain and the others involved in the trade lose.
d. in only a limited number of circumstances because others are typically self-interested.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Trade MSC: Interpretive
14 Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics
90. Benefits from trade would not include
a. the ability of people and nations to specialize.
b. a greater variety of goods and services becoming available.
c. less competition.
d. lower prices.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Trade MSC: Interpretive
91. Trade between the United States and India
a. benefits both the United States and India.
b. is a losing proposition for the United States because India has cheaper labor.
c. is a losing proposition for India because capital is much more abundant in the U.S. than in India.
d. is a losing proposition for India because U.S. workers are more productiv
e.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Trade MSC: Interpretive
92. Canada can benefit from trade
a. only with nations that can produce goods Canada cannot produce.
b. only with less developed nations.
c. only with nations outside of North America.
d. with any nation.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Trade MSC: Interpretive
93. If Japan chooses to engage in trade, it
a. will only benefit if it trades with countries that produce goods Japan cannot produce.
b. cannot benefit if it trades with less developed countries.
c. should first attempt to produce the good itself.
d. can benefit by trading with any other country.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Trade MSC: Interpretive
94. If the United States decides to trade with Mexico, we know that
a. Mexico will benefit, but trade with a less developed country could not benefit the United States.
b. it will not benefit Mexico because workers in the United States are more productive.
c. Mexico and the United States can both benefit.
d. it will not benefit either country because their cultural differences are too vast.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Trade MSC: Interpretive
95. Which of the following statements about markets is most accurate?
a. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.
b. Markets are usually inferior to central planning as a way to organize economic activity.
c. Markets fail and are therefore not an acceptable way to organize economic activity.
d. Markets are a good way to organize economic activity in developed nations, but not in less developed nations. ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 1-2
TOP: Markets MSC: Interpretive
96. Which of the following statements does not apply to a market economy?
a. Firms decide whom to hire and what to produce.
b. No one is looking out for the economic well-being of society as a whole.
c. Households decide which firms to work for and what to buy with their incomes.
d. Government policies are the primary forces that guide the decisions of firms and households.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Market economy MSC: Interpretive
Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics 15
97. In a market economy, who makes the decisions that guide most economic activity?
a. firms only
b. households only
c. firms and households
d. government
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-2
TOP: Markets MSC: Definitional
98. The decisions of firms and households are guided by prices and self-interest in a
a. command economy.
b. centrally-planned economy.
c. market economy.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-2
TOP: Market economy MSC: Definitional
99. In a market economy, economic activity is guided by
a. the government.
b. corporations.
c. central planners.
d. self-interest and prices.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-2
TOP: Market economy MSC: Definitional
100. The term used to describe a situation in which markets fail to allocate resources efficiently is called
a. economic meltdown.
b. market failure.
c. disequilibrium.
d. the effect of the invisible hand.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 1-2
TOP: Market failure MSC: Definitional
101. In an economy in which decisions are guided by prices and individual self-interest, there is
a. the potential to achieve efficiency in production.
b. a strong need for government intervention in the market.
c. less efficiency than would be observed in a centrally-planned economy.
d. more need for a strong legal system to control individual greed than would be needed in a centrally-planned
economy.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Market economy MSC: Interpretive
102. Prices direct economic activity in a market economy by
a. influencing the actions of buyers and sellers.
b. reducing scarcity of the goods and services produced.
c. eliminating the need for government intervention.
d. allocating goods and services in the most equitable way.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Market economy MSC: Interpretive
103. A friend of yours asks you why market prices are better than government-determined prices. Because you understand economic principles, you say that market-determined prices are better because they generally reflect
a. the value of a good to society, but not the cost of making it.
b. the cost of making a good to society, but not its value.
c. both the value of a good to society and the cost of making it.
d. neither the value of a good to society nor the cost of making it.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Markets, Prices MSC: Interpretive
16 Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics
104. Which of the following firms is most likely to have market power?
a. a fast food restaurant in a college town
b. a wheat farm in Kansas
c. the last gas station in New Mexico for 100 miles
d. a shoe store in Kentucky
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Market power MSC: Interpretive
105. An example of a firm with market power is a
a. delicatessen in New York.
b. cable TV provider in St. Louis.
c. clothing store in Los Angeles.
d. family farm in Illinois.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Market power MSC: Interpretive
106. One advantage market economies have over centrally-planned economies is that market economies
a. provide an equal distribution of goods and services to households.
b. establish a significant role for government in the allocation of resources.
c. solve the problem of scarcity.
d. are more efficient.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Market economy MSC: Interpretive
107. Which of the following statements best characterizes a basic difference between market economies and centrally-planned economies?
a. Society relies more upon prices to allocate resources when the economy is centrally-planned than when it is
market-based.
b. The self-interest of households is reflected more fully in the outcome of a centrally-planned economy than in the
outcome of a market economy.
c. Government plays a larger role in the economic affairs of a market economy than in the economic affairs of a
centrally-planned economy.
d. None of the above are correct.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Market economy MSC: Interpretive
108. The collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe took place mainly in the
a. 1960s.
b. 1970s.
c. 1980s.
d. 1990s.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-2
TOP: Communism MSC: Definitional
109. The economy of the former Soviet Union is best described as a
a. primitive economy.
b. market economy.
c. hybrid economy.
d. centrally-planned economy.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-2
TOP: Market economy MSC: Definitional
110. Prior to the collapse of communism, communist countries worked on the premise that economic well-being could be best attained by
a. a market economy.
b. a strong reliance on prices and individuals’ self-interests.
c. a system of large, government-operated, privately-owned firms.
d. the actions of government central planners.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Communism MSC: Interpretive
Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics 17 111. Which of the following observations was made famous by Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations?
a. There is no such thing as a free lunch.
b. People buy more when prices are low than when prices are high.
c. No matter how much people earn, they tend to spend more than they earn.
d. Households and firms interacting in markets are guided by an "invisible hand" that leads them to desirable market
outcomes.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-2
TOP: Invisible hand MSC: Definitional
112. The term "invisible hand" was coined by
a. Adam Smith.
b. David Ricardo.
c. Karl Marx.
d. Benjamin Franklin.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 1-2
TOP: Invisible hand MSC: Definitional
113. The "invisible hand" directs economic activity through
a. advertising.
b. prices.
c. central planning.
d. government regulations.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Invisible hand MSC: Interpretive
114. The idea that only the government can organize economic activity in a way that promotes economic well-being for a country as a whole
a. is a basic principle regarding individual decisionmaking.
b. amounts to a denial of one of the basic principles regarding interactions among people.
c. supports the idea that the "invisible hand" should guide economic activity.
d. was promoted by the economist Adam Smith in a well-known 1776 book.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Markets MSC: Interpretive
115. Adam Smith argued that in a market system, when people act in their own self-interest, they typically
a. help only themselves.
b. harm others.
c. help others, but not as much as they would have if they were not self-intereste
d.
d. help others even more than when they deliberately try to help others.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Invisible hand MSC: Interpretive
116. The invisible hand's ability to coordinate the decisions of the firms and households in the economy can be hindered by
a. government actions that distort prices.
b. increased competition in markets.
c. enforcement of property rights.
d. too much attention paid to efficiency.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Invisible hand MSC: Interpretive
117. When the "invisible hand" guides economic activity, prices of products reflect
a. only the values that society places on those products.
b. only the costs to society of producing those products.
c. both the values that society places on those products and the costs to society of producing those products.
d. none of the above; when the "invisible hand" guides economic activity, prices of products are set by the
government in a manner that is thought to be "fair."
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Invisible hand, Markets MSC: Interpretive
18 Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics
118. Adam Smith's book The Wealth of Nations was published in
a. 1692.
b. 1776.
c. 1816.
d. 1936.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 1-2
TOP: Invisible hand MSC: Definitional
119. Both The Wealth of Nations and the Declaration of Independence share the point of view that
a. every person is entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
b. individuals are best left to their own devices without the government guiding their actions.
c. the government plays a central role in organizing a market economy.
d. because of human nature a strong legal system is necessary for a market system to surviv
e.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Invisible hand MSC: Interpretive
120. The invisible hand works to promote general well-being in the economy primarily through
a. government intervention.
b. the political process.
c. people’s pursuit of self-interest.
d. altruism.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-2
TOP: Invisible hand MSC: Interpretive
121. Taxes adversely affect the allocation of resources in society because
a. they do not always fall more heavily on the rich than on the poor.
b. the taxes collected are not enough to finance government spending.
c. not everyone pays taxes.
d. they distort prices and thus distort the decisions of households and firms.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Taxes MSC: Interpretive
122. A primary function of prices in a market economy is to provide participants with
a. relevant economic information.
b. relevant spending limits.
c. an equitable distribution of goods and services.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Market economy, Prices MSC: Interpretive
123. When the government prevents prices from adjusting naturally to supply and demand,
a. it stabilizes the economy by reducing market uncertainties.
b. it adversely affects the allocation of resources.
c. the improvement in equity justifies the reduction in efficiency.
d. the improvement in efficiency justifies the reduction in equity.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Prices, Government MSC: Applicative
124. With respect to the attainment of an efficient allocation of resources, which of the following statements is correct?
a. Markets are always a good way to organize economic activity.
b. Markets are often a good way to organize economic activity.
c. Markets are seldom a good way to organize economic activity.
d. Markets are never a good way to organize economic activity.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 1-2
TOP: Markets MSC: Interpretive
Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics 19 125. For markets to work well, there must be
a. market power.
b. a central planner.
c. property rights.
d. abundant, not scarce, resources.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Markets, Property rights MSC: Interpretive
126. One reason we need government, even in a market economy, is that
a. there are insufficient quantities of externalities in the absence of government.
b. property rights become too entrenched in the absence of government.
c. the invisible hand seldom leads to an efficient allocation of resources in any market.
d. the invisible hand, while powerful, is not perfect.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Market economy, Government MSC: Interpretive
127. The basic principles of economics suggest that
a. markets are seldom, if ever, a good way to organize economic activity.
b. government should become involved in markets when trade between countries is involved.
c. government should become involved in markets when those markets fail to produce efficient or equitable
outcomes.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-2
TOP: Markets, Government, Trade MSC: Interpretive
128. One necessary role of government in a market economy is to
a. impose taxes on those goods and services that are most desired by consumers.
b. maintain welfare programs for the poor.
c. provide services such as mail delivery and garbage collection.
d. enforce property rights.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Government, Property rights MSC: Interpretive
129. The government enforces property rights by
a. requiring property owners to pay property taxes.
b. providing police and courts.
c. forcing people to own property.
d. providing public parks and recreation facilities.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Government, Property rights MSC: Interpretive
130. To say that government intervenes in the economy to promote efficiency is to say that government is attempting to
a. create a more fair distribution of income.
b. change the way in which the economic pie is divided.
c. enlarge the economic pie.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Efficiency, Government MSC: Interpretive
131. A company that formerly produced software went out of business because too many potential customers bought illegally-produced copies of the software instead of buying the product directly from the company. This instance serves as an example of
a. market power.
b. market failure.
c. inadequate enforcement of property rights.
d. the invisible hand at work.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Property rights MSC: Interpretive
20 Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics
132. A rationale for government involvement in a market economy is as follows:
a. Markets sometimes fail to produce a fair distribution of economic well-being.
b. Markets sometimes fail to produce an efficient allocation of resources.
c. Property rights have to be enforce
d.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-2
TOP: Government, Markets MSC: Interpretive
133. The term market failure refers to
a. a situation in which the market on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently.
b. an unsuccessful advertising campaign which reduces demand for a product.
c. a situation in which competition among firms becomes ruthless.
d. a firm which is forced out of business because of losses.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 1-2
TOP: Market failure MSC: Definitional
134. Which of the following is not generally regarded as a legitimate reason for the government to intervene in a market?
a. to promote efficiency
b. to promote equity
c. to enforce property rights
d. to protect an industry from foreign competition
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Government, Markets MSC: Interpretive
135. Causes of market failure include
a. externalities and market power.
b. market power and incorrect forecasts of consumer demand.
c. externalities and foreign competition.
d. incorrect forecasts of consumer demand and foreign competition.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Market failure MSC: Interpretive
136. Which of the following statements is not true?
a. In the presence of a market failure, government action will always improve on the market outcome.
b. In the presence of a market failure, government action can sometimes improve on the market outcome.
c. In the presence of a market failure, government action might not improve on the market outcome because some
leaders are not fully informed about the effects of their actions.
d. In the presence of a market failure, government action might not improve on the market outcome because
sometimes public policies simply reward the politically powerful.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Market failure, Government MSC: Interpretive
137. Market failure can be caused by
a. low consumer demand.
b. government intervention and price controls.
c. externalities and market power.
d. high prices and foreign competition.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Market failure MSC: Interpretive
138. The term "market failure"
a. means the same thing as "market power."
b. refers to the dissolution of a market when firms decide to quit producing a certain product.
c. refers to the failure of a market to produce an efficient allocation of resources.
d. refers to government's failure to enforce the property rights of households or firms that participate in a certain
market.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-2
TOP: Market failure MSC: Interpretive
微观经济学(曼昆)案例分析练习题
微观经济学（曼昆）案例分析练习题 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bf5246770.html,/ 1、假设我们有以下自行车的市场供给与需求表： a．画出自行车的供给曲线和需求曲线。 b．自行车的均衡价格是多少? c．自行车的均衡数量是多少? d．如果自行车的价格是100美元，存在过剩还是短缺?有多少单位过剩或短缺?这将引起价格上升还是下降？ e．如果自行车的价格是400美元，存在过剩还是短缺?有多少单位过剩或短缺?这将引起价格上升还是下降? f.假设自行车市场的工会为增加工资而谈判。此外，再假设这个事件增加了生产成本，使自行车制造不利，而且，在每种自行车价格时减少了自行车供给量20辆。在图4_2中画出新的供给曲线以及原来的供给和需求曲线。自行车市场新的均衡价格和数量是多少? 【参考答案】： a．
b ．300美元。 c ．50辆自行车。 d ．短缺，70—30=40单位，价格将上升。 e ．过剩，60—40=20单位，价格将下降。 f.均衡价格为400美元，均衡数量为40辆自行车。 2、假设《每日新闻》估计，如果它把自己报纸的价格从1美元提高到1．5美元，那么订 户数就将从5万下降到4万。 a ．当用中点法计算弹性时，《每日新闻》的需求价格弹性是多少? b ．使用中点法的好处是什么? c ．如果《每日新闻》只关心总收益最大化，它应该把报纸的价格从1美元提高到1．5美元吗?为什么该提价或不该提价? 【参考答案】： a ．(10000／45000)／(0.50美元/1.25美元)=0.56。 b ．用中点法的好处是，无论你从价格为1美元开始上升到1.5美元，还是从1.5美元开始下降到1美元，弹性的值是相同的。 c ．应该提价。因为需求价格弹性小于1(缺乏弹性)，价格上升将增加总收益。 3、对下列每一对物品，你预期哪一种物品更富有供给弹性?为什么? a ．电视；海滩的地产
曼昆微观经济学习题.doc
1. Describe some of the trade-offs faced by each of the following: a. a family deciding whether to buy a new car b. a member of Congress deciding how much to spend on national parks c. a company president deciding whether to open a new factory d. a professor deciding how much to prepare for class e. a recent college graduate deciding whether to go to graduate school 2. You are trying to decide whether to take a vacation. Most of the costs of the vacation (airfare, hotel, and forgone wages) are measured in dollars, but the benefits of the vacation are psychological. How can you compare the benefits to the costs? 3. You were planning to spend Saturday working at your part-time job, but a friend asks you to go skiing. What is the true cost of going skiing? Now suppose you had been planning to spend the day studying at the library. What is the cost of going skiing in this case? Explain. 4. You win $100 in a basketball pool. You have a choice between spending the money now or putting it away for a year in a bank account that pays 5 percent interest. What is the opportunity cost of spending the $100 now? 5. The company that you manage has invested $5 million in developing a new product, but the development is not quite finished. At a recent meeting, your salespeople report that the introduction of competing products has reduced the expected sales of your new product to $3 million. If it would cost $1 million to finish development and make the product, should you go ahead and do so? What is the most that you should pay to complete development? 6. The Social Security system provides income for people over age 65. If a recipient of Social Security decides to work and earn some income, the amount he or she receives in Social Security benefits is typically reduced.
曼昆_微观经济学_原理_第五版_课后习题答案
第三章 6．下表描述了Baseballia国两个城市的生产可能性： 一个工人每小时生产的红补袜子量一个工人每小时生产的白袜子量 A．没有贸易，波士顿一双白袜子价格（用红袜子表示）是多少芝加哥11双白袜子价格是多少答：没有贸易时，波士顿1 双白袜子价格是1 双红袜子，芝加哥1 双白袜子价格是2 双红袜子。B．在每种颜色的袜子生产上，哪个城市有绝对优势哪个城市有比较优势 答：波士顿在生产红、白袜子上都有绝对优势。波士顿在生产白袜子上有比较优势，芝加哥在生产红袜子上有比较优势。 C．如果这两个城市相互交易，两个城市将分别出口哪种颜色的袜子 答：如果它们相互交易，波士顿将出口白袜子，而芝加哥出口红袜子。 D．可以进行交易的价格范围是多少 答：白袜子的最高价格是2 双红袜子，最低价格是1 双红袜子。红袜子的最高价格是1 双白袜子，最低价格是1／2 双白袜子。 7．假定一个美国工人每年能生产100件衬衣或20台电脑，而一个中国工人每年能生产100件衬衣或10台电脑。 A．画出这两个国家的生产可能性边界。假定没有贸易，每个国家的工人各用一半的时间生产两种物品，在你的图上标出这一点。 答：两个国家的生产可能性边界如图3 一4 所示。如果没有贸易，一个美国工人把一半的时间用于生产每种物品，则能生产50 件衬衣、10 台电脑；同样，一个中国工人则能生产50 件衬衣、5 台电脑。
图3 一4 生产可能性边界 B．如果这两个国家进行贸易，哪个国家将出口衬衣举出一个具体的数字例子，并在你的图上标出。哪一个国家将从贸易中获益解释原因。 答：中国将出口衬衣。对美国而言，生产一台电脑的机会成本是5 件衬衣，而生产一件衬衣的机会成本为1/5 台电脑。对中国而言，生产一台电脑的机会成本是10 件衬衣，而生产一件衬衣的机会成本为1/10 台电脑。 因此，美国在生产电脑上有比较优势，中国在生产衬衣上有比较优势，所以中国将出口衬衣。 衬衣的价格在1/5 到1/10 台电脑之间。两个国家都会从贸易中获益。例如，衬衣的价格为1/8 台电脑，换言这，中国出口8 件衬衣换回1 台电脑。中国专门生产衬衣（100 件），并出口其中的8 件，这样就有92 件衬衣和换回的1 台电脑。而没有贸易时，92 件衬衣和1 台电脑在中国是不可能得到的产出。美国专门生产电脑（20 台）并向中国出口其中的1 台换取8 件衬衣。这样，美国最后就有19 台电脑和8 件衬衣，这也是没有贸易时美国不可 能得到的产出。由此可见，贸易使中国和美国所能消费的产品增加，两国都获益了。 C．解释两国可以交易的电脑价格（用衬衣衡量）是多少。 答：一台电脑的价格将在5 到10 件衬衣之间。如果电脑价格低于5 件衬衣，美国将不会出口，因为在美国一件衬衣的机会成本为1/5 台电脑。如果电脑的价格高于10 件衬衣，中国将不会进口，因为在中国一台电脑的机会成本是10 件衬衣。 D．假设中国的生产率赶上了美国，因此，一个中国工人每年可以生产100件衬衣或20台电脑。你预期这时的贸易形式会是什么样的。中国生产率的这种进步将如何影响两国居民的经济福利 答：此时，中美双方将同时生产两种商品，然后进行贸易，不过此时的贸易被称为水平贸易，即生产率大致相同的两个国家进行的贸易。而中国在提高生产率之前，两国进行的是垂直贸易。垂直
曼昆微观经济学原理第五版课后习题答案
问题与应用 1．描写下列每种情况所面临的权衡取舍： A．一个家庭决定是否买一辆新车。 答：如果买新车就要减少家庭其他方面的开支，如：外出旅行，购置新家具；如果不买新车就享受不到驾驶新车外出的方便和舒适。 B．国会议员决定对国家公园支出多少。 答：对国家公园的支出数额大，国家公园的条件可以得到改善，环境会得到更好的保护。但同时，政府可用于交通、邮电等其他公共事业的支出就会减少。 C．一个公司总裁决定是否新开一家工厂。 答：开一家新厂可以扩大企业规模，生产更多的产品。但可能用于企业研发的资金就少了。这样，企业开发新产品、利用新技术的进度可能会减慢。 D．一个教授决定用多少时间备课。 答：教授若将大部分时间用于自己研究，可能会出更多成果，但备课时间减少影响学生授课质量。E．一个刚大学毕业的学生决定是否去读研究生。 答：毕业后参加工作，可即刻获取工资收入；但继续读研究生，能接受更多知识和未来更高收益。2．你正想决定是否去度假。度假的大部分成本((机票、旅馆、放弃的工资))都用美元来衡量，但度假的收益是心理的。你将如何比较收益与成本呢?? 答：这种心理上的收益可以用是否达到既定目标来衡量。对于这个行动前就会作出的既定目标，我们一定有一个为实现目标而愿意承担的成本范围。在这个可以承受的成本范围内，度假如果满足了既定目标，如：放松身心、恢复体力等等，那么，就可以说这次度假的收益至少不小于它的成本。3．你正计划用星期六去从事业余工作，但一个朋友请你去滑雪。去滑雪的真实成本是什么？现在假设你已计划这天在图书馆学习，这种情况下去滑雪的成本是什么？请解释之。 答：去滑雪的真实成本是周六打工所能赚到的工资，我本可以利用这段时间去工作。如果我本计划这天在图书馆学习，那么去滑雪的成本是在这段时间里我可以获得的知识。 4．你在篮球比赛的赌注中赢了100美元。你可以选择现在花掉它或在利率为55%的银行中存一年。现在花掉100美元的机会成本是什么呢? 答：现在花掉100 美元的机会成本是在一年后得到105 美元的银行支付(利息+本金)。 5．你管理的公司在开发一种新产品过程中已经投资500万美元，但开发工作还远远没有完成。在最近的一次会议上，你的销售人员报告说，竞争性产品的进入使你们新产品的预期销售额减少为300万美元。如果完成这项开发还要花费100万美元，你还应该继续进行这项开发吗？为了完成这项开发，你的最高花费应该是多少?? 答：还应该继续这项开发。因为现在它的边际收益是300 万美元，而边际成本是100 万美元。为了完成这项开发我最多能再花300 万美元。只要边际收益大于边际成本，就有利可图。 6．魔力饮料公司的三位经理正在讨论是否要扩大产量。每位经理提出了做出这个决策的一种方法：哈利：我们应该考查一下我们公司的生产率——每个工人生产的加仑数——将上升还是下降。 罗恩：我们应该考查一下我们的平均成本——每个工人的成本——将上升还是下降。 赫敏：我们应该考查一下多卖一加仑饮料的额外收益，大于还是小于额外的成本。你认为谁对？答：我认为赫敏提出的决策方法正确。因为只有多卖一加仑饮料的额外收益大于它的额外成本时，多卖一加仑饮料才是有利可图的。理性人应该考虑边际量。 77．社会保障制度为65岁以上的人提供收入。如果一个社会保障的领取者决定去工作并赚一些钱，他(或她)所领到的社会保障津贴通常会减少。 A．提供社会保障如何影响人们在工作时的储蓄激励? 答：社会保障的提供使人们退休以后仍可以获得收入，以保证生活。因此，人们不用为不能工作时的生活费而发愁，人们在工作时期的储蓄就会减少。
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解(第1章 经济学十大原理)
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第6版） 第1篇导言 第1章经济学十大原理 课后习题详解 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。 以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。 一、概念题 1．稀缺性（scarcity） 答：经济学研究的问题和经济物品都是以稀缺性为前提的。稀缺性指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有用性与有限性。人类消费各种物品的欲望是无限的，满足这种欲望的物品，有的可以不付出任何代价而随意取得，称之为自由物品，如阳光和空气；但绝大多数物品是不能自由取用的，因为世界上的资源（包括物质资源和人力资源）是有限的，这种有限的、为获取它必须付出某种代价的物品，称为“经济物品”。正因为稀缺性的客观存在，地球上就存在着资源的有限性和人类的欲望与需求的无限性之间的矛盾。经济学的一个重要研究任务就是：“研究人们如何进行抉择，以便使用稀缺的或有限的生产性资源（土地、劳动、资本品如机器、技术知识）来生产各种商品，并把它们分配给不同的社会成员进行消费。”也就是从经济学角度来研究使用有限的资源来生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。 2．经济学（economics） 答：经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。时下经常见诸国内报刊文献的“现代西方经济学”一词，大多也都在这个意义上使用。 自从凯恩斯的名著《就业、利息和货币通论》于1936年发表之后，西方经济学界对经济学的研究便分为两个部分：微观经济学与宏观经济学。微观经济学是以单个经济主体（作为消费者的单个家庭或个人，作为生产者的单个厂商或企业，以及单个产品或生产要素市场）为研究对象，研究单个经济主体面对既定的资源约束时如何进行选择的科学。宏观经济学则以整个国民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于对经济总量的研究。 3．效率（efficiency） 答：效率指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入之比值，或者是效益与成本之比值，如果比值大，效率就高；反之，比值小，效率就低。效率与产出或者收益的大小成正比，而与成本或投入成反比，也就是说，如果想提高效率，必须降低成本或投入，提高收益或产出。 4．平等（equity） 答：平等指人与人的利益关系及利益关系的原则、制度、做法、行为等都合乎社会发展
曼昆微观经济学习题
第六章、第七章练习题 一、判断 1．某厂商产量达到5万时的MR=65元，MC=55元，（其它条件一定）该厂商应继续扩大产量. 2. 完全竞争厂商只能被动地接受既定的市场价格。 3. 完全竞争条件下，行业所面临的需求曲线是一条水平线。 4. 完全竞争厂商的短期供给曲线是短期边际成本曲线上等于和高于停止营业点的部分。 5. 完全竞争厂商的平均收益曲线和边际收益曲线与需求曲线是相同的。 6. 完全竞争厂商实现短期均衡时，定可获得大于零的经济利润。 7. 当一个完全竞争行业实现长期均衡时，每个企业都实现了正常利润，且经济利润都为零。 8. 在厂商短期均衡产量上，当AR＜SAC 且AR＞AVC时，厂商亏损，但应继续生产。 9. 在完全竞争市场上，SMC曲线和SAC 曲线的交点，被称为停止营业点。 10.垄断行业由于有规模经济可以比竞争行业产量更高，价格更低 11.完全竞争市场与垄断竞争市场的差别是后者可以影响产品的价格. 12.在完全竞争产品市场，厂商的短期反供给函数为P = SMC =f(Q)。 二、选择题 1、在完全竞争市场上，厂商短期均衡条件是（） A、P=AR B、P=MR C、P=MC D、P=AC 2、在垄断竞争中（） A、为数很少的厂商，有差异的产品 B、许多厂商，同质的产品； C、为数很少几个厂商，同质产品 D、许多厂商，有差异的产品 3、在一般情况下，厂商得到的价格若低于下述哪种成本，他将停止营业？（）A、平均可变成本 B、平均成本 C、平均不变成本 D、边际成本 4、在短期，完全垄断厂商（） A、无盈亏 B、取得最大利润 C、发生亏损 D、以上情况都可能出现 5、下列描述中，不属于完全垄断厂商实行差别定价的条件是（） A、市场存在不完全性 B、各个市场的需求弹性不同； C、市场未达到均衡状态 D、市场必须能有效地分离开来。 6、寡头垄断厂商的产品是（） A、同质的 B、有差异的 C、既可以是同质的，也可以是有差异的 D、以上都不对 7、P=MC的最大利润原则（） A．适用于任何条件下的厂商。 B、仅适用于完全竞争条件下的厂商。C．仅适用于非完全竞争的厂商。 D．所有的市场结构都不能适用。 8、在完全竞争市场上（） A、产品不同质 B、要素不能自由流动 C、信息不畅通 D、价格既定 9、在完全竞争市场的收支相抵点上（） A、P=SAC B、 P=LAC C、P=AVC D、MR=AVC 10、如果某厂商的平均收益曲线从水平线变为向右下方倾斜的曲线，说明（）。A、既有厂商进入也有厂商退出该行业 B、完全竞争被不完全竞争所取代 C、新的厂商进入了该行业 D、原有的厂商退出了该行业11、对一个垄断竞争企业来说，平均收益曲线（）。 A、和企业的需求曲线一样，边际收益曲线在企业的需求曲线之下。 B、在企业的需求曲线之上，边际收益曲线在企业的需求曲线之下。 C、在企业的需求曲线之上，边际收益曲线与企业的需求曲线相同。 D、和边际收益曲线一样都与企业的需求曲线相同。
曼昆微观经济学英文版课后练习题第一章
曼昆微观经济学英文版课后练习题第一章
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1 Chapter 1 Ten Principles of Economics Multiple Choice 1. The word that comes from the Greek word for "one who manages a household" is a. market. b. consumer. c. producer. d. economy. ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Economy MSC: Definitional 2. The word “economy” comes from the Greek word oikonomos , which means a. “environment.” b. “production.” c. “one who manages a househol d.” d. “one who makes decisions.” ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Economy MSC: Definitional 3. Resources are a. scarce for households but plentiful for economies. b. plentiful for households but scarce for economies. c. scarce for households and scarce for economies. d. plentiful for households and plentiful for economies. ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Resources, Scarcity MSC: Interpretive 4. Economics deals primarily with the concept of a. scarcity. b. poverty. c. change. d. power. ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Scarcity MSC: Definitional 5. Which of the following questions is not answered by the decisions that every society must make? a. What determines consumer preferences? b. What goods will be produced? c. Who will produce the goods? d. Who will consume the goods? ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-0 TOP: Economies MSC: Interpretive 6. The overriding reason as to why households and societies face many decisions is that a. resources are scarce. b. goods and services are not scarce. c. incomes fluctuate with business cycles. d. people, by nature, tend to disagre e. ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-0 TOP: Scarcity MSC: Interpretive 7. The phenomenon of scarcity stems from the fact that a. most economies’ production methods are not very good. b. in most economies, wealthy people consume disproportionate quantities of goods and services. c. governments restricts production of too many goods and services. d. resources are limited. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-0 TOP: Scarcity MSC: Interpretive
曼昆《经济学原理》(微观)第五版测试题库 (05)
Chapter 5 Elasticity and Its Application TRUE/FALSE 1. Elasticity measures how responsive quantity is to changes in price. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional 2. Measures of elasticity enhance our ability to study the magnitudes of changes. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional 3. The demand for bread is likely to be more elastic than the demand for solid-gold bread plates. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 4. In general, demand curves for necessities tend to be price elastic. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 5. In general, demand curves for luxuries tend to be price elastic. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 6. Necessities tend to have inelastic demands, whereas luxuries have elastic demands. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 7. Goods with close substitutes tend to have more elastic demands than do goods without close substitutes. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 8. The demand for Rice Krispies is more elastic than the demand for cereal in general. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 9. The demand for soap is more elastic than the demand for Dove soap. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 10. The demand for gasoline will respond more to a change in price over a period of five weeks than over a period of five years. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 11. Even the demand for a necessity such as gasoline will respond to a change in price, especially over a longer time horizon. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 12. The price elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional 13. The price elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in price divided by the percentage change in quantity demanded. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional 288
曼昆微观经济学计算题复习题
第一页 1.完全竞争行业中某厂商的成本函数为STC=Q3-6Q2+30Q+40，成本用美元计算，假设产品价格为66美元。 （1）求利润极大时的产量及利润总额 （2）由于竞争市场供求发生变化，由此决定的新的价格为30元，在新的价格下，厂商是否会发生亏损？如果会，最小的亏损额为多少？ （3）该厂商在什么情况下才会退出该行业（停止生产）？ 解：（1）由STC=Q3-6Q2+30Q+40，则MC=3Q2-12Q+30 当完全竞争厂商实现均衡时，均衡的条件为MC=MR=P，当P=66元时，有 66=3Q2-12Q+30 解得Q=6或Q=2（舍去）当Q=6时，厂商的最利润为 =TR-TC=PQ-（Q3-6Q2+30Q+40）=66×6-（63-6×62+30×6+40）=176元 1、已知某企业的平均可变成本为A VC＝X2－30X+310,X为产量。当市场价格为310时，该企业的利润为0，求该企业的固定成本。 pi=TR-TC=(P-AC)Q, P=310,pi=0得AC=310 AFC=AC-A VC=310-（X^2-30X+310）=-X^2+30X TFC=-X^3+30X^2 因为MC=d(TVC)/dx =d(X^3-30X^2+310X)/dx =3X^2-60X+310 又P=MC=AC得X=20 所以TFC=-X^3+30x^2=4000 4、假设完全竞争市场的需求函数和供给函数分别为Qd=50000－2000P； Qs=40000＋3000P。 求： （1）市场均衡价格和均衡产量； （2）厂商的需求函数？ 市场均衡时Qd=Qs，即 50000－2000P=40000＋3000P 市场的均衡价格P=2 均衡产量QD=Qs=46000。 完全竞争市场中，厂商的需求曲线是由市场的均衡价格决定，故厂商的需求函数为P=2。 4、设生产成本函数为：C（Q）＝50＋Q2，反需求函数为：P（Q）＝40－Q，求：利润最大化时厂商的产量、价格及利润。 分析：利润最大化时MR=MC 因为P（Q）=40-Q 得出TR=40Q-Q2 MR=40-2Q
曼昆微观经济学课后练习英文答案(第七章)
rkets WHAT’S NEW IN THE SIXTH EDITION: There are no major changes to this chapter. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: the link between buyers’ willingness to pay for a good and the demand curve. how to define and measure consumer surplus. the link between sellers’ costs of producing a good and the supply curve. how to define and measure producer surplus. that the equilibrium of supply and demand maximizes total surplus in a market. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 7 is the first chapter in a three-chapter sequence on welfare economics and market efficiency. Chapter 7 employs the supply and demand model to develop consumer surplus and producer surplus as a measure of welfare and market efficiency. These concepts are then 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS
曼昆微观经济学计算题复习题
曼昆微观经济学计算题复习题
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第一页 １.完全竞争行业中某厂商的成本函数为STC＝Q3-６Q2+３０Ｑ＋40,成本用美元计算，假设产品价格为６６美元。 (1)求利润极大时的产量及利润总额 （2)由于竞争市场供求发生变化，由此决定的新的价格为３０元，在新的价格下,厂商是否会发生亏损？如果会，最小的亏损额为多少? (3)该厂商在什么情况下才会退出该行业（停止生产）？ 解：(1）由STC=Q3-6Ｑ2+３0Q＋40，则ＭC=３Q2-1２Ｑ+30 当完全竞争厂商实现均衡时，均衡的条件为ＭC=ＭR=P，当P＝６６元时,有 66=3Q2-12Q+3０解得Q=6或Q=２（舍去) 当Q＝6时，厂商的最利润为 =TR-TC=PQ-(Q３-6Ｑ2+３0Ｑ+40)=6６×6-(6３-６×６2+３０×6＋４0）=176元 1、已知某企业的平均可变成本为A VC＝Ｘ2-30X＋3１0,Ｘ为产量。当市场价格为310时,该企业的利润为０，求该企业的固定成本。 ｐi=ＴR-TＣ=(Ｐ-AC)Q, P=310，pｉ=0得AC=310 AFC=ＡC-ＡVC=310-(X^2－3０X+310)=－X＾2+30Ｘ TFＣ=-Ｘ＾3+3０X^２ 因为ＭC=d(TVC)/dx =d(X＾3-30X＾2+31０Ｘ）/dｘ =３Ｘ^2-６0X+3１0 又P=ＭC=AC得X=20 所以TFC=－X^3＋３０ｘ^２＝4000 4、假设完全竞争市场的需求函数和供给函数分别为Qd=５0000-2000P; Qｓ＝4０000＋3000Ｐ。?求： （1）市场均衡价格和均衡产量； （２)厂商的需求函数？?市场均衡时Ｑd＝Qｓ，即 500０0-20０0Ｐ=40０0０＋３0００P 市场的均衡价格P=2 均衡产量ＱD＝Qs＝46000。 完全竞争市场中，厂商的需求曲线是由市场的均衡价格决定,故厂商的需求函数为P=２。 4、设生产成本函数为：C(Q)＝50+Q2,反需求函数为:P(Ｑ)＝40-Q，求：利润最大化时厂商的产量、价格及利润。 分析:利润最大化时ＭR=ＭＣ 因为P（Q)＝40－Ｑ得出TＲ=40Q-Q2 ＭR=40-２Ｑ C(Q)=50＋Ｑ2 得出MC＝2Ｑ MR=MＣ得Q=10，P＝30；
曼昆经济学原理第6版-微观经济学分册-课后习题答案-第10章
第十章外部性 复习题 1．举出一个负外部性的例子和一个正外部性的例子。 答：负外部性的例子：化工厂排放的化学废气，污染了环境，但它却不必承担污染的全部成本。正外部性的例子：在临街的自家院子里种花，既美化了自己家的环境，又使邻居和路人可以欣赏到美丽的花，具有正外部性。 2．用供求图解释企业生产过程中发生的负外部性的影响。 图10－1 存在负外部性的供求图 答：生产中的外部性使该物品的社会成本大于私人成本，生产该物品的社会最适量小于其均衡数量，即市场量。 3．专利制用什么方法帮助社会解决了一个外部性问题? 答：专利制利用法律法规的形式规定专利发明者可以在一定时期排他性的使用自己的发明的权利，激励发明者更多地进行新技术研究，科技发明的正外部性内在化。 4．什么是矫正税？为什么就保护环境免受污染的方法而言，经济学家对矫正税的偏好大于管制？ 用于纠正负外部性影响的税收被称为矫正税。这种税也被称为庇古税。作为解决污染的方法，经济学家对矫正税的偏爱通常大于管制，因为税收可以以较低的社会成本减少污染。首先是因为税收减少污染更有效率。矫正税实际上规定了污染权的价格，并把污染权分配给那些减少污染成本最高的工厂。无论环境保护机构选择的污染水平是多少，它都可以通过税收以最低的总成本达到这个目标。其次，矫正税对环境更有利。在管制政策下，企业被动地减少污染，一旦达到了管制的要求，它就没有理由再减少排污。税收激励工厂主动减少污染，以尽
力减少不得不为此支付的税收量。 5．列出不用政府干预时也可以解决外部性引起的问题的一些方法。 答：私人解决外部性所引起的问题的方法有：(1)用道德规范和社会约束来解决；(2)慈善行为；(3)通过依靠有关各方的私利来解决外部性问题；(4)利益各方签订合约。 6．设想你与一个吸烟者同住一间房，但你不吸烟。根据科斯定理，什么因素决定了你的室友是否在房间里吸烟?这个结果有效率吗?你和你室友如何达成这种解决方法? 答：根据科斯定理，如果我被迫吸烟所承受的成本大于我的室友吸烟所获得的收益，我的室友就不应该在房间里吸烟。如果我的成本小于室友的收益，她就可以在房间里吸烟。只要交易成本不阻止协议的达成，结果就是有效的。我和室友协商达成解决办法：我们中的一个补偿另一个吸烟或者不吸烟的损失。如我给室友买一些糖果以缓解她不能吸烟的痛苦，来与她达成协议——她以后不在房间里吸烟。 问题与应用 1．有两种方法保护你的汽车不被偷窃：防盗杠杆使偷汽车者难以偷走你的汽车；报警器使得在你的车被偷以后，警察可以轻而易举地抓得小偷。以上哪一种类型的保护会给其他车主带来负外部性？哪一种带来正外部性？你认为你的分析有什么政策含义吗？ 答：（1）防盗杠杆的保护给其他车主带来负外部性，因为防盗杠杆的使用使偷汽车者难以偷走我的汽车，但偷车者会把注意力转向其他汽车，多偷那些没有安装防盗杠杆的汽车。（2）报警器给其他车主带来正外部性，因为偷汽车者并不知道哪些汽车装了报警器，为避免被抓，他们会减少偷任何一辆车的概率。 （3）这一分析的政策含义是政府应该对使用防盗杠杆的汽车所有者征税，对装报警器的汽车所有者给予补贴。 2．你同意下列说法吗?为什么同意或不同意? A．“必须根据矫正税引起的无谓损失来评价庇古税作为减少污染方法的收益。” 答：不同意。矫正税与其他大多数税不同，它是存在负外部性时的正确激励，从而使资源配置接近于社会最优。矫正税既增加了政府收入，又增加了社会福利。 B．“当决定是否向消费者或者生产者征收矫正税时，政府应该把税加载引起外部性的市场一方身上。” 答：不同意。无论向谁征税，税收的影响是相同的。因此无论外部性是由消费者还是生产者造成的，向消费者或者生产者征税会导致同样的数量下降以及消费者支付和生产者收入的价
曼昆微观经济学第四版关键概念中英文对照
微观经济学关键概念中英文对照 CHAPTER 1 scarcity稀缺性 economics经济学 efficiency效率 equity平等 opportunity cost机会成本 rational people理性人 marginal changes边际变动 incentive激励 market economy市场经济 property rights产权 market failure市场失灵 externality外部性 market power市场势力 productivity生产率 inflation通货膨胀 business cycle经济周期
CHAPTER 2 circular-flow diagram循环流向图production possibilities frontier生产可能性边界 microeconomics微观经济学 macroeconomics宏观经济学 positive statements实证表述 normative statements规范表述 CHAPTER 3 absolute advantage绝对优势 opportunity cost机会成本 comparative advantage比较优势 imports进口 exports出口 CHAPTER 4 market市场 competitive market竞争市场 quantity demanded需求量 law of demand需求定理 demand schedule需求表 demand curve需求曲线
normal good正常物品 inferior good低档物品 substitutes替代品 complements互补品 quantity supplied供给量 law of supply供给定理 supply schedule供给表 supply curve供给曲线 equilibrium均衡 equilibrium price均衡价格 equilibrium quantity均衡数量 surplus过剩 shortage短缺 law of supply and demand供求定理 CHAPTER 5 elasticity弹性 price elasticity of demand需求价格弹性 total revenue总收益 income elasticity of demand需求收入弹性cross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性price elasticity of supply供给价格弹性
曼昆微观经济学计算题复习题定稿版
曼昆微观经济学计算题复习题精编W O R D版 IBM system office room 【A0816H-A0912AAAHH-GX8Q8-GNTHHJ8】
第一页1.完全竞争行业中某厂商的成本函数为STC=Q3-6Q2+30Q+40，成本用美元计算，假设产品价格为66美元。 （1）求利润极大时的产量及利润总额 （2）由于竞争市场供求发生变化，由此决定的新的价格为30元，在新的价格下，厂商是否会发生亏损如果会，最小的亏损额为多少 （3）该厂商在什么情况下才会退出该行业（停止生产） 解：（1）由STC=Q3-6Q2+30Q+40，则MC=3Q2-12Q+30 当完全竞争厂商实现均衡时，均衡的条件为MC=MR=P，当P=66元时，有 66=3Q2-12Q+30 解得Q=6或Q=2（舍去）当Q=6时，厂商的最利润为 =TR-TC=PQ-（Q3-6Q2+30Q+40）=66×6-（63-6×62+30×6+40）=176元 1、已知某企业的平均可变成本为AVC＝X2－30X+310,X为产量。当市场价格为310时，该企业的利润为0，求该企业的固定成本。 pi=TR-TC=(P-AC)Q, P=310,pi=0得AC=310 AFC=AC-AVC=310-（X^2-30X+310）=-X^2+30X TFC=-X^3+30X^2
因为MC=d(TVC)/dx =d(X^3-30X^2+310X)/dx =3X^2-60X+310 又P=MC=AC得X=20 所以TFC=-X^3+30x^2=4000 4、假设完全竞争市场的需求函数和供给函数分别为 Qd=50000－2000P； Qs=40000＋3000P。 求： （1）市场均衡价格和均衡产量； （2）厂商的需求函数？ 市场均衡时Qd=Qs，即 50000－2000P=40000＋3000P 市场的均衡价格P=2 均衡产量 QD=Qs=46000。 完全竞争市场中，厂商的需求曲线是由市场的均衡价格决定，故厂商的需求函数为P=2。 4、设生产成本函数为：C（Q）＝50＋Q2，反需求函数为：P（Q）＝40－Q，求：利润最大化时厂商的产量、价格及利润。
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