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倍数英译汉_争论何在

倍数英译汉_争论何在
倍数英译汉_争论何在

1999年10月第15卷 第4期四川外语学院学报

Journal of S ichuan International S tudies University Oct.1999V ol.15N o.4

倍数英译汉———争论何在

Ξ

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王银泉

(南京农业大学英语系 南京 210095)

【摘 要】 倍数增减句型的汉译在我国翻译界一直存在着争论,有关专著中的论述各有不同。在实际运用中,倍数误译也时常可见。本文旨在就倍数翻译的争论背景作一归纳。

【关键词】 倍数 翻译

11倍数汉译的不统一

,一直是国内学术界争议较大的问题,如n times m ore …句型是译成“净增n 倍”,还是“净增(n -1)倍”。学术界各执一词的原因是国内不少教科书、语法书、辞书、翻译专著以及学术论文对于n times m ore 的翻译有着不同的观点。请看以下实例:

(1)S ound travels nearly three times faster in copper than in lead.声音在铜中传播的速度几乎比在铅中快

三倍。(郭坤,1982:45)

(2)This pipe is five times longer than that one.这根

管子比那根管子长5倍。(吕菊林,1980:185)

(3)K uwait oil wells yield nearly 500times m ore than

U.S.wells.科威特油井产油几乎五百倍于美国油井。(张其春,1977:1048)(4)In the universe hydrogen is ten times m ore abun 2dant than helium.在整个宇宙中氢含量是氮的10倍。(黄荣恩,1983:171)

(5)In Wales the m ortality rate is three times greater than it is in s outheast England.本病死亡率,威尔士比英

格兰东南区高2倍。(王耀庭,1982:231)

(6)With a 10:1ratio of the number of turns ,the sec 2ondary v oltage will be ten times greater than that of the in 2put.如果匝数比是10:1,次级线圈电压就比输入电压

大十倍。(凌渭民,1982:70)

(7)This thermal plant is four times larger than that one.这个热电站比那个热电站大三倍。(余孔明,1984:124)

(8)F orce N 1is 2.5times greater than F orce N 2.力N 1比力N 2大115倍。(解伯昌,1990:19)

(9)Water conducts heat about 20times better than air does.水的传热能力较空气强约19倍。(韩守余,

1982:24)

(10)Water conducts heat about 20times better than air does.水的导热能力较空气强约20倍。(董国忠,1983:193)

(11)This capacity was tw o to three time greater than silica gel treated at 300℃1此容量比在300℃下处理过

的硅胶(的容量)大2—3倍。(阎庆甲,1981:77)

(12)This capacity was tw o to three times greater than

silica gel treated at 300℃1此容量比在300℃下处理过的硅胶(的容量)大1—2倍。(阎庆甲,1992:127)(13)The v olume of the earth is 49times larger than that of the m oon.地球的体积比月球的体积大49倍。(董国忠,1983:193)

(14)This kind of film is three times thinner than ordi 2nary paper.这种薄膜的厚度比普通的纸薄三倍。(王

佩伦,1990:80)

(15)The atomic weight of helium is four times heavier than that of hydrogen.氮的原子量比氢的原子量重四

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收稿日期:1999-02-05

倍。(保清,1983:238)

(16)This library has been thoroughly robotized and computerized.It is four times larger than that in formation center.这个图书馆已经完全自动化和电脑化。它比那个资料中心大四倍。(黄龙,1986:336)

(17)The new hobs have diameter tw o or three times larger than conventional hobs and have tw o or three starts.这种新滚刀比普通的滚刀直径大1至2倍,头数为2或3。(张志鸿,1987:215)

从上述实例不难发现,n times+形容词或副词比较级+than在表示倍增时的译法存在着明显的分歧,如凌渭民就认为,“在倍数+m ore than…的句型中,翻译时包括基数在内,把英语中的倍数照译不减”。吕菊林等认为,在n times+形容词(或副词)比较级+ than句型中,n表示净增n倍,郭坤的观点是:n time+形容词(或副词)比较级+than可理解成“比…增加n 倍”。雷馨在其主编的《英语分类句型》一书中也认为倍数应照译不减。例如:This type of machine uses three times m ore fuel oil than that type does就译成:这种类型的机器的耗油量比那种类型的多三倍。王册认为:n times m ore…句型中,比较级前面的数字(或倍数)表示净增加的量,照译即可,不必减1。保清也认为:n times m ore…表示净增加的倍数,可照译为n倍。另一种观点认为,n times m ore…句型中,净增的应是n-1倍,如余孔明就认为:英语里凡表示倍数增加的句型,汉译时都可译成“是…的n倍”,或“比…大(n-1)倍”。章振邦也认为:用times不论在何种句型中都表示包括基数100%在内,就是说,表示增加四倍,要用five times。黄荣恩的观点是:n times m ore…结构在汉译时应译成:是…n倍,为…n,n倍于…,或比…(n-1)倍。赵振才认为:在当代英语里,A is n times larger than B与A is n times as large as B在意义上完全一样的。

21争论的起源

国内翻译界对于n times m ore…句型的汉译存在争论的主要原因是受到国外的学术观点的影响,其中尤以B.Evans的观点最为明显。Evans的观点是:The w ord times may be used in comparing a large thing with a small one,as in it is three times as large and it is three times larger.The first form is perfectly clear but the second is ambiguous.It means to some people three times as large and to other four times as large.F or this reas on,it should be av oided.(Evans,1975:514)

但是,Randolph Quirk对于n times m ore…句型却有着截然不同的看法。他认为:C ount as many(…) as and noncount as much(…)as are equivalent to more (…)than when they are prem odified by a times—phrase. (1985:1139)。他举例如下:

①=

Five times as many people came to the

dem onstration as(did)last time.

Five times more people came to the

dem onstration than(did)last time.

②=

The G ross National Product is four times

as much/high as(it was)a decade ag o.

The G ross National Product is four times as

more/higher than(it was)a decade ag o.

③=

I paid three times as much for the meal as they did.

I paid three times more for the meal than they did.

由此可见,认为n times m ore…句型中n应为净增数,显然是受到了Evans的影响,如张克礼就认为:为了避免“倍数+比较级形容词”结构可能出现的歧义,我们最好采用“倍数+as+形容词”的结构。王益明也认为:n times+比较级+than句型表示倍数时模棱两可。如:City A is four times bigger than city B,有人理解为:City A is four times as big as city B;另外一些人可能理解为:City A is five times as big as city B。他认为:由于理解不同,有些英美语法学家提出避免使用本句型表示倍数。王逢鑫在其《汉英口译教程》一书中论述倍数时也避开了n times m ore…句型。但是,从实际情况来看,Evans的所谓n times m ore…句型会产生歧义因此应该避而不用的观点是站不住脚的。林穗芳就认为,“英语m ore than用于倍数(不包括百分数)时和as many或as much同义”。A is10times m ore than B =A is ten times as many as B.(A是B的10倍,或A比B多九倍)。韩守余也认为:“在翻译时,绝不可随便改变larger than=as large as在表达倍数时的统一性。”王耀庭也认为:n times比较级than的汉译应是:比…增加n-1倍,或n倍于,或是…的n倍。而从各种有关倍数翻译的专著论文可以看出,在n times m ore…句型的译法争论中,认为应译作“净增(n-1)倍”的人较多。

为了说明这种理解有无根据,不妨看一下一些有关科技概念的翻译。以例(1)为例,温度为20℃时,声音在铜中的传播的速度是:纵波3600米/秒,横波为2250米/秒;在铅中的传播的速度是:纵波1230米/秒,横波为720米/秒。因此译成“比……快三倍”显

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然是误译,应是“比……快两倍”或者“是……的三倍”。再以例(10)为例,月球的体积是地球的2103%,即1/49,因此译成“比……大49倍”也是误译,应译成“大48倍”或“是……的49倍”或“月球的体积是地球的1/49”。又如,例(15)译成“比……重四倍”也是误译,因为氮的原子量是4100260,而氢的原子量是1100790。

在关于n times m ore…句型译成(n-1)倍的争论中,还有一种观点认为:若原文倍数巨大,本身明显可能是约数时,再“n-1”无多大意义,翻译时可不变动其倍数。如将The mass of the sun is332,000times greater than that of the earth译作:太阳的质量比地球大332,000倍。笔者认为,这种译法不但会造成混乱,使人误认为n times m ore…句型中的n就译作“净增倍数”,而且会影响科技翻译的精确度,造成所谓“失之毫厘,差之千里”的后果。因此,笔者认为,在原文倍数巨大时,虽然译成(n-1)倍,表达起来比较麻烦,但是完全可将“A is ten times m ore than B”译作“B是A的十分之一”。这样,上述“太阳”一句也就可译作“地球的质量是太阳的三十三万二千分之一”,既不违背原意,也符合表达习惯。

31结语

由于英语中倍数表达法较为复杂,因此对不同的句型容易产生不同的看法。但是,关于n times m ore…句型是“净增n倍”还是“净增(n-1)倍”的争论完全是多余的。n times m ore…句型也不会引起歧义,完全可以照译不误。事实上,英语倍数不管是什么样式的表达法,除了用百分数外,倍数都包括基数在内。只

要掌握了这个概念,译文就不会出现差错。具体来说,n times m ore…,n times as…as,increase by n times, increase by a factor of n,n times+名词(或名词性从句),double,triple等表示倍数以及名词+后缀fold+ increase等倍数表示法中,n都包括基数,即都要译成“净增(n-1)倍”或“是……的n倍”。

参考文献

Evans,B.et al,A Dictionary of Contempory American Usage, Random H ouse Inc.1975.

Quirk,R,et al,A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language,Longman G ropu Ltd.1985.

陈 起《倍数的英译汉问题》,《中国翻译》,1992年第3期。董国忠《科技英语翻译初步》,商务印书馆,1983年。

郭 坤《科技英语阅读语法》,人民教育出版社,1982年。韩守余《科技英语中倍数增减的汉译处理》,《翻译通讯》, 1982年第2期。

林穗芳《关于英语倍数的译法处理》,《翻译通讯》,1986年第3期。

保 清(等)《科技英语翻译理论与技巧》,中国农业机械出版社,1983年。

王逢鑫《汉英口译教程》,北京大学出版社,1992年。

解伯昌《倍数的英汉表达及翻译》,《翻译通讯》,1990年第4期。

张克礼《英语歧义结构》,南开大学出版社,1993年。

张志鸿《科技英语汉译叙要》,上海科学技术文献出版社, 1987年。

赵振才(等)《科技英语翻译常见错误分析》,国防工业出版社,1990年。

(责任编校:赵小刚)

(上接第83页)与伦比的,每一个词都有它的作用,没有一个词是多余的。”⑧这一评论可谓恰如其分。

注释:

①即海明威的“bilical rhythms”,见A Critical Commentary,

p.32。

②Hemingway,1952,p.103.

③W ales,1989.

④引用部分中的底线为笔者所加。

⑤大马林鱼已成为他不可分割的一部分,鲨鱼吃掉了大马

林鱼,就如同吃掉了老人本人。所以老人说:“…y ouπve killed a man.”

⑥⑦括号内注为笔者所加。

⑧吴劳译《老人与海》,上海译文出版社,1996年,第14页。

参考文献

Bode,Carl,Highlights of American Literature.BookⅣ.English T eaching Division,In formation Center Service,United S tates In formation Agency,W ashington.D.C.,1971.

G raham,K enneth.Y ork N otes,The Old Man and the Sea.W orld

Publishing C orp.,1980.

Hemingway,Ernest,The Old Man and the Sea.New Y ork:Charles Scribnerπs S ons.1953.

M eyers,Jefferey,Hemingway,A Biography,Harper&R ow Pub2 lishers,Inc.,1985.

P oore,Charles.The Hemingway Reader.Charles Scribnerπs S ons.

1953.

(责任编校:冯革)

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新视野大学英语读写教程第二册汉译英及英译汉答案

汉译英: Unint 1 1. 她连水都不愿喝一口,更别提留下来吃饭了。(much less) She wouldn’t take a drink, much less would she stay for dinner. 2.他认为我在对他说谎,但实际上我讲的是实话。(whereas) He thought I was lying to him, whereas I was telling him the truth. 3. 这个星期你每天都迟到,对此你怎么解释? (account for) How do you account for the fact that you have been late every day this week? 4.他们利润增长部分的原因是由于采用了新的市场策略。(due to) The increase in their profits is due partly to their new market strategy. 5. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。(result in) Such measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency. 6. 我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力,所以我们只能继续。(pour into) We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project, so we have to carry on.

Unint 2 1.尽管她是家里的独生女,她父母也从不溺爱她。(despite) Despite the fact that she is the only child in her family, she is never babied by her parents. 2.迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会,也没给我打电话作任何解释。(nor) Mike didn’t come to the party last night, nor did he call me to give an explanation. 3.坐在他旁边的哪个人确实发表过一些小说,但决不是什么大作家。(next to; by no means) The man sitting next to him did publish some novels, but he is by no means a great writer. 4.他对足球不感兴趣,也从不关心谁输谁赢。(be indifferent to) He has no interest in football and is indifferent to who wins or loses. 5.经理需要一个可以信赖的助手,在他外出时,由助手负责处理问题。(count on) The manager needs an assistant that he can count on to take care of problems in his absence. 6.这是他第一次当着那么多观众演讲。(in the presence of sb.)

汉译英口译文字材料

Passage 1 女士们、先生们:很高兴能有机会参加这次“中国日”年会。亚洲是世界上最大的洲,拥有世界60%的人口。它资源丰富,历史悠久。中国式亚洲的一员,同所有亚洲人民一样,中国人民勤劳智慧。中国人民愿与所有亚洲人民一起,共创亚洲的美好明天。 Passage 2 我们非常高兴能和你们在英格兰度过这样一段愉快的时光。在告别英格兰的时候,我觉得自己对它和它的历史有了更多的了解。我们希望在不久的将来能在中国接待诸位,请诸位看看中国的变化。现在,我提议为东道主的健康干杯!希望在不久能看见你们。 Passage 3我非常感谢您热情友好的欢迎辞。印度是最古老的文明摇篮之一,访问印度是我的强烈愿望。我为能成为贵公司的客人而深感荣幸。这次访问给予我一次很好的机会结交新朋友。我公司同印度有着有好的合作关系。我们在许多领域里的合作都取得了重大进展。我们的合作是富有成效的。我们将继续成为和睦共助的伙伴关系。 Passage 4今晚,我们很高兴在北京大学接待格林博士和夫人。我代表学校的全体师生员工向格林博士和夫人及其他新西兰贵宾表示热烈的欢迎。中新两国教育界人士的互访,增进了相互间的了解和学术交流。我相信格林博士这次对对我校的访问必将为进一步加强两校的友好合作关系做出重要贡献。明天,贵宾们将要赴南京和上海访问,我预祝大家一路旅途愉快。 Passage 5今天各位能出席这个招待会,我们深感荣幸。欢迎到中国来。在发展对外贸易中,我们坚持“互相尊重、平等互利”的原则,这一原则有助于发展我们各国独立的民族经济。我愿借此机会对各位朋友给予我们的合作和支持表示感谢。 Passage 6 在这个满天星斗、举国同庆的夜晚,我谨代表公司的全体同仁,感谢各位来宾从百忙之中拔冗光临我们的春节联欢晚会。春节是我国一年中的良辰佳时,我希望各位中外同事共度一个轻松、欢快的夜晚。我愿外国来宾能尽情品尝中国的传统佳肴和美酒。我希望这次晚会能使我们彼此有机会沟通、增进友谊。最后我再次感谢各位嘉宾的光临,并祝各位新年健康、事业有成。 Passage 7近年来,中国在交通方面的资金投入每年都有所增加,公路建设因此有了很大发展。到去年末,这方面的投资超过了人民币3,200亿元。自从我国实行西部大开发策略后,西部的公路建设也得到了迅速发展。在今后的几年里,西部地区将继续成为公路建设的重点地区。 Passage 8中国加快发展,将给中美关系发展提供新的机遇与动力。例如,中国的旅游业带动航空业的发展,已经给美国企业带来了可观的实惠。中国从美国进口大量的大豆、小麦等农产品,为美国农业提供了广阔的市场。我相信,中国完全有可能在未来的20年乃至更长的时间里,继续保持稳定快速的经济增长。 Passage 9中国是一个发展中国家,人口多,底子薄,农村地区经济不发达。穷

自考口译与听力0602(6-14汉译英)

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新视野大学英语(第二版)读写教程4课后翻译答案英译汉

Unit 1 1. If you move into any place other than your own private home, make sure you know what the rules are about pets if you have one. 出入除自己家以外的任何场所时,如果你带有宠物,一定要了解有关宠物的规定。 2. Some women coul d have made a good salary in job instead of staying at home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family. 一些女性完全可以不待在家里,而是去工作,挣一份不错的工资。但是为了家庭,她们放弃了工作。 3. How can you justify such rudeness? You will pay heavily for that because they have sued you for damaging their good name. 你怎么为这样粗鲁的行为辩护? 你将会为此付出沉重的代价,因为他们已经以诋毁名誉的罪名起诉你了。 4. Criticism can be of great use; we may not like it at the time, but it can spur us on to greater things. 批评有其重要作用;我们可能当时不喜欢它,但是它能激励我们去做更伟大的事情。 5. His uncompromising behavior, to which the public objected, l eft him bankrupt emotionally and financially. 他毫不让步的行为遭到公众的反对,这使得他陷入了精神上崩溃、经济上破产的境地。 6. Even if you fail, d on't let failure harm you, don't let failure take over. Remember failure is a necessary step in learning; it is not the end of your l earning, but the beginning. 即使你失败了,也不要被失败伤害,更不要被失败左右。记住:失败是学习过程中必要的一步;它不是学习的结束,而是学习的开始。 Unit2 1.如果没有查理?卓别林,世界电影史就会不一样了。 If there had been no Charlie Chaplin, the history of world cinema would have been different. 2.令人感到宽慰的是,他的努力最终给予了他长期渴望的结果—他成功地发现了这种疾病的原因。 It was a relief that his hard work eventually gave him the result that he had l ong d esired: He successfully discovered the cause of the disease. 3.查理?卓别林是最伟大、最广受热爱的电影明星之一。从《流浪汉》到《摩登时代》,他拍摄了许多他那个时代最有趣、最受欢迎的电影。他最出名的是他扮演的一个人物—年轻可爱的小流浪汉。 Charlie Chaplin was one of the greatest and most widely loved movie stars. From The Tramp to Modern Times, he mad e many of the funniest and most popular films of his time. He was best known for his character, the youthful and l ovabl e Little Tramp. 4.卓别林是一个才能非凡的人:自他1914年第一次在电影中出现,两年时间内他就成了这个国家最有名的人物之一。Chaplin was an immensely tal ented man. Within only two years of his first appearance in motion pictures in 1914, he became one of the best-known personalities in the nation. 5.查理?卓别林对20世纪初期每个人的生活都产生了影响。与有史以来的任何人相比,他让更多的人欢笑,改变了人们看待这个世界的方式。 Charlie Chaplin had an impact on everyone’s life in the early 20th century. He made more people laugh than any other man who ever lived and changed the way people l ooked at the worl d. 6. 1977年,查理?卓别林在圣诞节那天去世了,身后留下了悲伤的家人和朋友,以及全世界数以百万计的影迷。 On Christmas Day in 1977 Charlie Chaplin passed away. He l eft behind family and friends sad dened by his d eath, and millions of fans worldwide. Unit 3 1. The man is reported to have said in private that "we are being made fools of by many of our clients, so we are entitled to have them bow to us as compensation." 据报道这个男子曾在私下说:“许多救济对象在欺骗我们,因此,作为补偿,我们有权让他们对我们点头哈腰。” 2. After consid ering your background and experience, we regret to inform you that we don't have an appropriate job opportunity for you at current stage. 我们考虑了你的背景与经历,很遗憾地告诉你,我们目前没有适合你的工作机会。 3. I failed to take my cue from Oscar. Instead, I talked back to the woman, who turned out to be our new manager. 我没能按奥斯卡的暗示去做,相反,我反驳了那个妇女,结果她竟然是我们的新经理。 4. There needs to be someone who can act as a champion for the rights of the poor because the system so easily lends itself to abuse. 需要有人来充当穷人权利的捍卫者,因为这一体制太容易被滥用。 5. I called the police for help after my car broke d own on the freeway. Twenty minutes later, they came to my rescue.

2019年英语翻译资格考试中级口译英译汉练习题2

2019年英语翻译资格考试中级口译英译汉练习题2 What will the role of universities be in this globalized economy? How will they contribute to improving society through innovation that will improve the quality of life and support economic growth? How will they prepare their graduates who will extract the best and explore the greatest in this increasingly complex society?// It is important to remember that undergraduate education and post-graduate education are tightly linked to research. Our education programs should ensure that the students are learning in an atmosphere characterized by the pursuit of new knowledge and process of discovery. An interrelated educational program will create a flow of young, bright and uninhibitedminds to work on the frontier of discovery.// The fundamental mission of a university is the creation of new knowledge which sometimes has immediate practical applications. But that can never be the only goal. And making it a primary goal will frequently be short-sighted. Basic contributions to knowledge should be valued for being exactly that. Our university has an almost unique role in fostering such contribution.// Choosing the right people is the first and perhaps the most crucial step in ensuring an innovative environment. There are three types of people that can be important. The first class of individuals consists of fanciful visionaries. The second class of important people in innovative environment consists of revolutionary explorers.The third class of individuals consists of uninhibited executors. 在这个经济世界化的时代背景下,大学将扮演怎样的角色呢?大学将如何通过旨在提升生活质量、推动经济发展的创新活动进而推动

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