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美国环保局 EPA 试验方法9076Test Method for Total Chlorine in New and Used Petroleum Products by O

METHOD 9076

TEST METHOD FOR TOTAL CHLORINE IN NEW AND USED PETROLEUM

PRODUCTS BY OXIDATIVE COMBUSTION AND MICROCOULOMETRY

1.0SCOPE AND APPLICATION

1.1This test method covers the determination of total chlorine in new and used oils, fuels and related materials, including crankcase, hydraulic, diesel, lubricating and fuel oils, and kerosene by oxidative combustion and microcoulometry. The chlorine content of petroleum products is often required prior to their use as a fuel.

1.2The applicable range of this method is from 10 to 10,000 μg/g chlorine.

2.0SUMMARY OF METHOD

2.1The sample is placed in a quartz boat at the inlet of a high-temperature quartz combustion tube. An inert carrier gas such as argon, carbon dioxide, or nitrogen sweeps across the inlet while oxygen flows into the center of the combustion tube. The boat and sample are advanced into a vaporization zone of approximately 300E C to volatilize the light ends. Then the boat is advanced to the center of the combustion tube, which is at 1,000E C. The oxygen is diverted to pass directly over the sample to oxidize any remaining refractory material. All during this complete combustion cycle, the chlorine is converted to chloride and oxychlorides, which then flow into an attached titration cell where they quantitatively react with silver ions. The silver ions thus consumed are coulometrically replaced. The total current required to replace the silver ions is a measure of the chlorine present in the injected samples.

2.2The reaction occurring in the titration cell as chloride enters is:

Cl + Ag -------> AgCl (1) The silver ion consumed in the above reaction is generated coulometrically thus:

o+-

Ag -------> Ag + e(2)

2.3These microequivalents of silver are equal to the number of micro-equivalents of titratable sample ion entering the titration cell.

3.0INTERFERENCES

3.1Other titratable halides will also give a positive response. These titratable halides include HBr and HI (HOBr + HOI do not precipitate silver). Because these oxyhalides do not react in the titration cell, approximately 50% microequivalent response is detected from bromine and iodine.

3.2Fluorine as fluoride does not precipitate silver, so it is not an interferant nor is it detected.

Any apparatus that meets the performance criteria of this section may be 1used to conduct analyses by this methodology. Three commercial analyzers that fulfill the requirements for apparatus Steps 4.1 through 4.4 are: Dohrmann Models DX-20B and MCTS-20 and Mitsubishi Model TSX-10 available from Cosa Instrument.

3.3This test method is applicable in the presence of total sulfur concentrations of up to 10,000 times the chlorine level.

4.0APPARATUS AND MATERIALS 1

4.1Combustion furnace. The sample should be oxidized in an electric furnace capable of maintaining a temperature of 1,000E C to oxidize the organic matrix.

4.2Combustion tube, fabricated from quartz and constructed so that a sample, which is vaporized completely in the inlet section, is swept into the oxidation zone by an inert gas where it mixes with oxygen and is burned. The inlet end of the tube connects to a boat insertion device where the sample can be placed on a quartz boat by syringe, micropipet, or by being weighed externally. Two gas ports are provided, one for an inert gas to flow across the boat and one for oxygen to enter the combustion tube.

4.3Microcoulometer, Stroehlein Coulomat 702 CL or equivalent, having variable gain and bias control, and capable of measuring the potential of the sensing-reference electrode pair, and comparing this potential with a bias potential, and applying the amplified difference to the working-auxiliary electrode pair so as to generate a titrant. The microcoulometer output signal shall be proportional to the generating current. The microcoulometer may have a digital meter and circuitry to convert this output signal directly to a mass of chlorine (e.g., nanograms) or to a concentration of chlorine (e.g., micrograms of chlorine or micrograms per gram).

4.4Titration cell. Two different configurations have been applied to coulometrically titrate chlorine for this method.

4.4.1Type I uses a sensor-reference pair of electrodes to detect changes in silver ion concentration and a generator anode-cathode pair of electrodes to maintain constant silver ion concentration and an inlet for a gaseous sample from the pyrolysis tube. The sensor, reference, and anode electrodes are silver electrodes. The cathode electrode is a platinum wire. The reference electrode resides in a saturated silver acetate half-cell. The electrolyte contains 70% acetic acid in water.

4.4.2Type II uses a sensor-reference pair of electrodes to detect changes in silver ion concentration and a generator anode-cathode pair of electrodes to maintain constant silver ion concentration, an inlet for a gaseous sample that passes through a 95% sulfuric acid dehydrating tube from the pyrolysis tube, and a sealed two-piece titration cell with an exhaust tube to vent fumes to an external exhaust. All electrodes can be removed and replaced independently without reconstructing the cell assembly. The anode electrode is constructed of silver. The cathode

electrode is constructed of platinum. The anode is separated from the cathode by a 10% KNO agar bridge, and continuity is maintained through an

aqueous 10% KNO salt bridge. The sensor electrode is constructed of

silver. The reference electrode is a silver/silver chloride ground glass sleeve, double-junction electrode with aqueous 1M KNO in the outer chamber

and aqueous 1M KCl in the inner chamber.

4.5Sampling syringe, a microliter syringe of 10 μL capacity capable of accurately delivering 2 to 5 μL of a viscous sample into the sample boat.

4.6Micropipet, a positive displacement micropipet capable of accurately delivering 2 to 5 μL of a viscous sample into the sample boat.

4.7Analytical balance. When used to weigh a sample of 2 to 5 mg onto the boat, the balance shall be accurate to + 0.01 mg. When used to determine the density of the sample, typically 8 g per 10 mL, the balance shall be accurate to + 0.1 g.

4.8Class A volumetric flasks: 100 mL.

5.0REAGENTS

5.1Purity of Reagents. Reagent-grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where such specifications are available. Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.

5.2Reagent water. All references to water in this method refer to reagent water, as defined in Chapter One.

5.3Acetic acid, CH CO H. Glacial.

5.4Isooctane, (CH)CHCH C(CH) (2,2,4-Trimethylpentane).

32233

5.5Chlorobenzene, C H Cl.

5.6Chlorine, standard stock solution - 10,000 ng Cl/μL, weigh accurately 3.174 g of chlorobenzene into 100-mL Class A volumetric flask. Dilute to the mark with isooctane.

5.7Chlorine, standard solution. 1,000 ng Cl/μL, pipet 10.0 mL of chlorine stock solution (Sec. 5.6) into a 100-mL volumetric flask and dilute to volume with isooctane.

5.8Argon, helium, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide, high-purity grade (HP) used as the carrier gas. High-purity grade gas has a minimum purity of 99.995%.

5.9Oxygen, high-purity grade (HP), used as the reactant gas.

5.10Gas regulators. Two-stage regulator must be used on the reactant and carrier gas.

5.11Cell Type 1.

5.11.1Cell electrolyte solution. 70% acetic acid: combine 300

mL reagent water with 700 mL acetic acid (Sec. 5.3) and mix well.

5.11.2Silver acetate, CH CO Ag. Powder purified for saturated

reference electrode.

5.12Cell Type 2.

5.12.1Sodium acetate, CH CO Na.

5.12.2Potassium nitrate, KNO.

5.12.3Potassium chloride, KCl.

5.12.4Sulfuric acid (concentrated), H SO.

5.12.5Agar, (jelly strength 450 to 600 g/cm).

5.12.6Cell electrolyte solution - 85% acetic acid: combine 150

mL reagent water with 1.35 g sodium acetate (Sec. 5.12.1) and mix well;

add 850 mL acetic acid (Sec. 5.3) and mix well.

5.12.7Dehydrating solution - Combine 95 mL sulfuric acid (Sec.

5.12.4) with 5 mL reagent water and mix well.

CAUTION: This is an exothermic reaction and may proceed with bumping

unless controlled by the addition of sulfuric acid. Slowly add

sulfuric acid to reagent water. Do not add water to sulfuric acid.

5.12.8Potassium nitrate (10%), KNO. Add 10 g potassium nitrate

(Sec. 5.12.2) to 100 mL reagent water and mix well.

5.12.9Potassium nitrate (1M), KNO. Add 10.11 g potassium

nitrate (Sec. 5.12.2) to 100 mL reagent water and mix well.

5.12.10Potassium chloride (1M), KCl. Add 7.46 g potassium

chloride (Sec. 5.12.3) to 100 mL reagent water and mix well.

5.12.11Agar bridge solution - Mix 0.7 g agar (Sec. 5.12.5), 2.5g

potassium nitrate (Sec. 5.12.2), and 25 mL reagent water and heat to boiling.

6.0SAMPLE COLLECTION, PRESERVATION, AND HANDLING

6.1All samples must be collected using a sampling plan that addresses the considerations discussed in Chapter Nine.

6.2Because the collected sample will be analyzed for total halogens, it should be kept headspace free and refrigerated prior to preparation and analysis

to minimize volatilization losses of organic halogens. Because waste oils may contain toxic and/or carcinogenic substances, appropriate field and laboratory safety procedures should be followed.

6.3Laboratory subsampling of the sample should be performed on a well-mixed sample of oil.

7.0PROCEDURES

7.1Preparation of apparatus.

7.1.1Set up the analyzer as per the equipment manufacturer's

instructions.

7.1.2Typical operating conditions: Type 1.

Furnace temperature............... 1,000E C

Carrier gas flow.................. 43 cm/min

Oxygen gas flow................... 160 cm/min

Coulometer

Bias............................ 250 mV

Gain............................ 25%

7.1.3Typical operating conditions: Type 2.

Furnace temperature............... H-1 850E C

H-2 1,000E C

Carrier gas flow.................. 250 cm/min

Oxygen gas flow................... 250 cm/min

Coulometer

End point potential (bias)...... 300 mV

Gain G-1.......................... 1.5 coulombs/) mV

G-2.......................... 3.0 coulombs/) mV

G-3.......................... 3.0 coulombs/) mV

ES-1 (range 1).................... 25 mV

ES-2 (range 2).................... 30 mV

NOTE: Other conditions may be appropriate. Refer to the

instrumentation manual.

7.2Sample introduction.

7.2.1Carefully fill a 10-μL syringe with 2 to 5 μL of sample

depending on the expected concentration of total chlorine. Inject the sample through the septum onto the cool boat, being certain to touch the boat with the needle tip to displace the last droplet.

7.2.2For viscous samples that cannot be drawn into the syringe

barrel, a positive displacement micropipet may be used. Here, the 2-5 μL of sample is placed on the boat from the micropipet through the opened hatch port. The same technique as with the syringe is used to displace the last droplet into the boat. A tuft of quartz wool in the boat can aid in completely transferring the sample from the micropipet into the boat.

NOTE: Dilution of samples to reduce viscosity is not recommended due to uncertainty about the solubility of the sample and its chlorinated constituents. If a positive displacement micropipet is not available, dilution may be attempted to enable injection of viscous samples.

7.2.3Alternatively, the sample boat may be removed from the instrument and tared on an analytical balance. A sample of 2-5 mg is accurately weighed directly into the boat and the boat and sample returned to the inlet of the instrument.

2-5 μL = 2-5 mg

NOTE: Sample dilution may be required to ensure that the titration system is not overloaded with chlorine. This will be somewhat system dependent and should be determined before analysis is attempted. For example, the MCTS-20 can titrate up to 10,000 ng chlorine in a single injection or weighed sample, while the DX-20B has an upper limit of 50,000 ng chlorine. For 2 to 5 μL sample sizes, these correspond to nominal concentrations in the sample of 800 to 2,000 μg/g and 4,000 to 10,000 μg/g, respectively. If the system is overloaded, especially with inorganic chloride, residual chloride may persist in the system and affect results of subsequent samples. In general, the analyst should ensure that the baseline returns to normal before running the next sample. To speed baseline recovery, the electrolyte can be drained from the cell and replaced with fresh electrolyte.

NOTE: To determine total chlorine, do not extract the sample either with reagent water or with an organic solvent such as toluene or isooctane. This may lower the inorganic chlorine content as well as result in losses of volatile solvents.

7.2.4Follow the manufacturer's recommended procedure for moving the sample and boat into the combustion tube.

7.3Calibration and standardization.

7.3.1System recovery - The fraction of chlorine in a standard that is titrated should be verified every 4 hours by analyzing the standard solution (Sec. 5.7). System recovery is typically 85% or better. The pyrolysis tube should be replaced whenever system recovery drops below 75%.

NOTE: The 1,000 μg/g system recovery sample is suitable for all systems except the MCTS-20 for which a 100 μg/g sample should be used.

7.3.2Repeat the measurement of this standard at least three times.

7.3.3System blank - The blank should be checked daily with isooctane. It is typically less than 1 μg/g chlorine. The system blank

should be subtracted from both samples and standards.

7.4Calculations.

7.4.1For systems that read directly in mass units of chloride,the following equations apply: Display S Chlorine, μg/g (wt/wt) = - B (3) (V ) (D ) (RF)S S

Display S Chlorine, μg/g (wt/wt) = - B (4)

(M) (RF)where:

Display =Integrated value in nanograms (when the integrated values are displayed in micrograms, they must be multiplied by 10)3Display = blank measurement Display = sample measurement

B S V =Volume of sample injected in microliters V = blank volume V = sample volume

B S D =Density of sample, grams per cubic centimeters D = blank density D = sample density

B S RF =Recovery factor = ratio of chlorine = Found - Blank determined in standard minus the system Known blank, divided by known standard content B =System blank, μg/g chlorine = Display B (V ) (D )

B B M

=Mass of sample, mg 7.4.2Other systems internally compensate for recovery factor,volume, density, or mass and blank, and thus read out directly in parts per million chlorine units. Refer to instrumentation manual.

8.0QUALITY CONTROL

8.1Refer to Chapter One for specific quality control procedures.

8.2Each sample should be analyzed twice. If the results do not agree to within 10%, expressed as the relative percent difference of the results,repeat the analysis.

8.3Analyze matrix spike and matrix spike duplicates - spike samples with a chlorinated organic at a level of total chlorine commensurate with the levels being determined. The spike recovery should be reported and should be between 80 and 120% of the expected value. Any sample suspected of containing >25% water should also be spiked with organic chlorine.

Repeatability '0.137x (

Reproducibility '0.455x (

9.0METHOD PERFORMANCE

9.1These data are based on 66 data points obtained by 10 laboratories who each analyzed four used crankcase oils and three fuel oil blends with crankcase in duplicate. A data point represents one duplicate analysis of a sample. One laboratory and four additional data points were determined to be outliers and are not included in these results.

9.2Precision. The precision of the method as determined by the statistical examination of interlaboratory test results is as follows:Repeatability - The difference between successive results obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test material would exceed, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test method the following values only in 1 case in 20 (see Table 1):

*where x is the average of two results in μg/g.Reproducibility - The difference between two single and independent results obtained by different operators working in different laboratories on identical test material would exceed, in the long run, the following values only in 1 case in 20:

*where x is the average value of two results in μg/g.

9.3Bias. The bias of this test method varies with concentration, as shown in Table 2: Bias = Amount found - Amount expected

10.0

REFERENCE 1.Gaskill, A.; Estes, E.D.; Hardison, D.L.; and Myers, L.E. "Validation of Methods for Determining Chlorine in Used Oils and Oil Fuels." Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. EPA Contract No. 68-01-7075, WA80. July 1988.

2.Rohrobough, W.G.; et al. Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, 7th ed.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.

Standard Instrumentation, 3322 Pennsylvania Avenue, Charleston, WV 25302.

TABLE 1.

REPEATABILITY AND REPRODUCIBILITY FOR CHLORINE IN

USED OILS BY MICROCOULOMETRIC TITRATION

Average value Repeatability,Reproducibility,μg/gμg/gμg/g

500 69 228

1,000 137 455

1,500 206 683

2,000 274 910

2,500 343 1,138

3,000 411 1,365

TABLE 2.

RECOVERY AND BIAS DATA FOR CHLORINE IN USED OILS

BY MICROCOULOMETRIC TITRATION

Amount Amount

expected,found Bias,Percent

μg/gμg/gμg/g bias

320 312 -8 -3

480 443 -37 -8

920 841 -79 -9

1,4981,483 -15 -1

1,5271,446 -81 -5

3,0293,016 -13 0

3,0452,916-129 -4

METHOD 9076

TEST METHOD FOR TOTAL CHLORINE IN NEW AND USED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS BY OXIDATIVE COMBUSTION AND MICROCOULOMETRY

患者知情同意书-中国临床试验注册中心

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CAS 号污染物土壤（mg/kg）地下（μg/L 居住备注工业备注基于地下水保护饮用水 -8 -01 E-0 1 -06 -02 79-06- 1 丙烯酰胺 2.3E -01 c 3.4 E+0 c 9.1E -06 4.3E -02 79-10- 7 丙烯酸 3.0E +04 n 2.9 E+0 5 nm 3.7E +00 1.8E +04 107-13 -1 丙烯腈 2.4E -01 c* 1.2 E+0c* 9.9E -06 4.5E -02

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资源、废物变能源（焚烧和生物制肥）作为垃圾治理的主导方向，制定的20XX年的垃圾处理目标是：回收利用（包括直接回收、路边分类、堆肥、综合利用等）50%，填埋40%，焚烧10%。为实现这些目标，美国各州普遍采取垃圾源头控制和减量措施，提出垃圾分流的概念，将食品垃圾、庭院垃圾和餐厨垃圾等按类别作为分流目标，直接进入适用的处理程序，既促进了不同成分垃圾的分类处理，也促进了资源的循环再生，垃圾处理已经形成了比较系统的模式。美国垃圾管理战略已取得了明显的成效：垃圾填埋已经从1980年的89%降为20XX年的54%，而垃圾资源回收再利用则从1980年的9.6%提高到了20XX年的33.4%，垃圾焚烧处理从1980年的1.8%上升到了20XX年的12.6%。（二）垃圾处理方式的演变全美国1988年共有垃圾填埋场7924个，1999年为2514个，20XX 年下降到1767个，20XX年又降为1654个，总体上呈下降趋势。垃圾焚烧厂数量从1997年的131座下降到20XX年的101座，包括焚烧和生物制能的废物变能源工厂。20XX年全美国共有废物定点回收场地12694个，路边资源垃圾分类回收项目也从1989年的1042个增长到20XX年的7689个，成为废物资源回收的重要组成部分。目前在美国的不同地区，垃圾处理方式的比例各不相同。如：新英格兰地区的填埋占36%，回收占33%，焚烧占31%。美国西部的填埋

ICF - 中国临床试验注册中心

一项评价西达本胺联合联合泼尼松、环磷酰胺、依托泊苷及甲氨蝶呤治疗复发或难治性外周T细胞淋巴瘤的多中心、单臂、开放性II期临床试验知情同意书受试者姓名：受试者姓名缩写：受试者编号：联系电话：联系地址：

受试者须知尊敬的患者：您好！首先感谢您有意参加本项临床试验。在您同意参加本项临床试验之前，请您仔细阅读这份知情同意书，如果您愿意也可以和您的亲人或朋友商量，或向您的医生或研究人员提出任何您需要了解的问题，直至得到满意的答复。参加本临床试验是自愿的，如果您同意参加，请您签署此知情同意书，并且保存该份经您和研究者双方签字的知情同意书副本。本临床试验遵循《药物临床试验质量管理规范》和《赫尔辛基宣言》，并获得国家食品药品监督管理局和医院伦理委员会的批准，这将会保证您的权益在本试验中不受侵犯。签署知情同意书不会改变您的合法权益，仅表示您已经理解了这些信息并愿意参加本试验。【试验目的和背景】针对外周T细胞淋巴瘤（PTCL）目前尚无标准的治疗方案，一线治疗包括CHOP 方案（环磷酰胺、阿霉素、长春新碱和强的松四药联合）或CHOP类似方案，虽然可获得较高缓解率，但维持时间短，患者生存获益差。对于难治患者或缓解后再复发的患者，特别是对于因各种原因不能进行自体干细胞移植患者，二线治疗难度更大，因此治疗指南首选临床试验。西达本胺（Chidamide，爱谱沙）是我国自主研发的亚型选择性组蛋白去乙酰化酶（HDAC）抑制剂，为 1.1类新药。在全国多家中心完成的西达本胺片治疗复发或难治性外周T细胞淋巴瘤的II期临床试验结果显示，西达本胺单药有效率为29.1%，常见不良事件为血液学毒性、胃肠道反应、食欲不振等，超过半数患者发生的不良事件为1-2级。这些结果显示，西达本胺安全性较好，主要不良反应为可控的血液毒性，并显示了较好的综合获益，口服给药方便。2014年12月23日国家食品药品监督管理总局（CFDA）批准西达本胺单药治疗复发或难治性PTCL。本项临床试验的主要目的是在前期相同适应症的单药临床试验基础上，对西达本胺联合泼尼松、环磷酰胺、依托泊苷及甲氨蝶呤治疗复发或难治性PTCL的疗效和安全性进行评价，为西达本胺联合用药的临床应用进一步提供依据。【试验设计和步骤】试验将选择合适的患者参加，计划共计入选36例受试者。在入组筛选期间，为了确定您是否适合参加本项临床试验，您的医生将询问并记录您的病史、全身健康状况以及进行相关的检查。您将被要求抽血（约5~8毫升）以及留取尿标本进行血常规、血生化、电解质和尿常规等检查，同时进行皮肤病灶拍照评估、放射学和其他必要的检查，以便了解您的疾病情况是否符合参加本项临床试验的入选标准。本研究包括联合治疗期和维持治疗期。在联合治疗期，您将接受西达本胺联合泼尼松、环磷酰胺、依托泊苷及甲氨蝶呤的治疗：西达本胺片每次30mg，每周服用2次

美国环保局 EPA 试验方法 9066Phenolics (Colorimetric, Automated 4-AAP with Distillation)

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那些临床试验需要注册

注册指南请仔细阅读本指南，如有疑问，请与我们联系。一、什么样的临床研究需要注册？所有在人体进行的研究，包括各种干预措施的疗效和安全性的有对照或无对照试验（如随机对照试验、病例-对照研究、队列研究及非对照研究）、预后研究、病因学研究、和包括各种诊断技术、试剂、设备的诊断性试验，均需注册并公告。二、中、英文双语注册在完成中文注册申请表后，必须于两周内完成英文注册申请表。如果两周内不能完成英文版，请与我们联系采用英文翻译服务。在完成中、英文注册资料的上传后15天内可获得注册号，一个月内可在世界卫生组织国际临床试验注册平台检索入口(WHO ICTRP search portal)检索到已注册试验。未完成英文注册申请表者不算完成注册。三、注册是否需要费用？中国临床试验注册中心为非赢利机构，一律免费注册。四、哪些项目需要收费？ 1、只有那些需要我们指导设计的试验才收取一定的服务费用，仅仅用于维持机构运转。参考目前国际注册机构收费标准，任何类型的单个研究设计指导费用均为1500元； 2、翻译服务：500元。五、伦理审查及其费用中国临床试验注册中心组建的中国注册临床试验伦理审查委员会由资深各专业临床医学家、临床试验专家、医疗卫生服务用户代表、WHO患者安全保护联盟中国区代表、律师及药物公司代表组成，宗旨是保障受试者权益，审查临床试验的合理性，评估安全性，凡未经其他伦理委员会审查的临床试验均需在中国临床试验注册中心临床试验伦理委员会接受审查。临床试验伦理审查费用标准为每项2000元。六、申请注册程序 1. 全部注册程序均为在线申报； 2. 首先在中国临床试验注册中心网站上建立申请者账户：点击ChiCTR首页右侧的“用户登陆”区的“注册”； 3. 弹出个人信息注册表，请将你的信息录入此表后点击“注册”，则您的账户就建立起来了；

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临床研究方案-中国临床试验注册中心

临床研究方案放疗同步替吉奥胶囊治疗鼻咽癌临床研究研究者放射肿瘤科医院海军总医院申办者：海军总医院放射肿瘤科

一：前言鼻咽癌是我国常见恶性肿瘤之一，在头颈部恶性肿瘤中占首位。发病率有明显的地区分布。据估计，世界上80%的鼻咽癌病例发生在我国。治疗首选放射治疗，放疗后年生存率约为34-53%。到目前为止，其标准的治疗方案仍为以铂类药物为基础的联合化疗。由于铂类显著的肾毒性、消化道反应、血液学毒性，以及对生活质量的影响，在临床使用上受到限制。替吉奥为抗代谢药物，有替加氟、吉美嘧啶、奥替拉西钾按1:0.4:1摩尔比组成。吉美嘧啶和奥替拉西钾通过对酶的抑制作用，使替加氟在体内生成５-氟尿嘧啶（５-ＦＵ）的有效浓度持续更长的时间，同时减少５-ＦＵ胃肠道副反应。适用于头颈部肿瘤及晚期胃癌、胰腺癌、结直肠癌、非小细胞肺癌等患者。临床荟萃分析显示，在晚期胃癌、胰腺癌、结直肠癌、非小细胞肺癌中使用替吉奥可以在提高疗效的同时，还能降低患者的不良反应的发生率。替吉奥联合同步放疗既能使肿瘤细胞的增殖周期发生改变，增加放疗的敏感性，同时不增加患者严重的不良反应发生率。现进行放疗联合替吉奥胶囊治疗鼻咽癌的临床研究，以探讨该方案的疗效和不良反应。二：研究目的 ◆主要研究终点：疗效(无进展生存期PFS，总生存期OS) ◆次要研究终点：不良反应（早期，晚期）三：研究设计本研究采用单中心、随机、平行对照试验设计，拟纳入病人50例。研究采用随机分组方法：组别1（25例）为替吉奥胶囊同步放化疗，组别2（25例）为氟尿嘧啶+顺铂（PF方案）同步放化疗，在放疗结束后维持化疗3周期治疗结束时评价疗效。任何时间发现病情进展均可停止治疗。

美国EPA200种潜在致癌物的危害等级

潜在致癌剂的危害等级致癌性是筛选优先污染物的重要依据之一，下表列出了美国EPA公布的200种致癌剂的危害等级。其中的参数含义为： 1、证据的充分程度（Degree of Evidence）化学品对人体的致癌性证据之充分程度可以分为下列几类。（1）证据充分，指致癌剂和人体癌症之间有因果关系。（2）证据有限，指能提供一些可信的致癌性证据，但证据尚有限，还需作进一步补充。（3）证据不充分，可能有3种情况，①能获取的致癌性数据很少；②与证据有关的研究尚不能排除偶然性、误差及混淆等情况；③研究结果无致癌性证据。根据动物实验取得的致癌性证据的充分程度可分4级。 1级，致癌性证据充分。 2级，致癌性证据有限。 3级，致癌性证据不充分。 4级，无致癌性证据。 2、IARC标准分组国际癌症研究所（International Agency for research on cancer，简称IARC）将人类的肿瘤风险分为3组。 1组：列在此组内的化学品属致癌物，流行病学和暴露实验均已肯定，基致癌证据是充分的。 2组：化学品可能对人体有致癌性。其中有的对人体的致癌性证据几乎是“充分的”，另一类的证据不够充分。证据程度较高的为A组，较低的为B 组。例如，2A指对人体的致癌性至少存在着有限证据。当动物证据充分而人体数据不充分时，归入2B。 3组：列在本组中的化学品对人类没有致癌性。

3、潜力因素值F（Potency Factor Estimate）潜力因素值F定义为1/ED 10。ED 10 等于10%终身致癌风险的致癌剂剂量。 F可以和致癌性的确认证据一起，用来划分化学品潜在致癌性的危险等级。 4、潜力因素分组（Potency factor Grouping）由于潜力因素值F可表示致癌危险性的相对大小，因而，可将潜在致癌剂的相对潜力因素分为4组。潜力因素最高的化学品分在1组，中等潜力因素的为2组，低潜力因素的为3组，最低潜力因素的为4组。 5、致癌危害等级（Cancer Hazard Ranking）根据人和动物试验所取得的致癌性证据，结合潜力因素分组数据，可将化学品致癌危害等级分为高、中、低3级。

美国环保局 EPA 试验 方法9076Test Method for Total Chlorine in New and Used Petroleum Products by O