信息管理系统_英文文献

Information management system development

Management information system, its essence is the informatization implementation of various management thought, therefore, has different management thought, the corresponding is corresponding with the management information system, which makes the various types of management information system emerge in endlessly. Modern management is dependent on the information, with the coming of information age, information collection, transmission, processing has become a major social activities. In various areas of business and daily life, people have to spend a lot of time and energy to search, collect and organize information, the development of computer technology provides effective tools for information processing. Management Information System (Management Information System, MIS for short) is a people-oriented, using computer hardware, software, network communication equipment and other office equipment, Information collection, transmission, processing, storage, update and maintenance, to enterprise strategic competitive advantages and improve the effectiveness and efficiency, for the purpose of supporting enterprise high-level decision, middle control, basic operation of the integrated man-machine System.

A complete management information system should include: the auxiliary decision system; Industrial control system (CCS), office automation system (OA) and database, model base, method base, knowledge base, and exchange information with the organs at higher levels and external interfaces.

Among them, especially the office automation system (OA) and exchange information with the organs at higher levels and outside is inseparable from the Intranet (Intranet) applications. It can be said that modern enterprise MIS can not live without Intranet, but the establishment of Intranet and must rely on the MIS system structure and the software and hardware environment. Management information system (MIS) mainly includes the information collection, entry, information storage, information transmission, information processing and output of information (information feedback) five functions. It put the modernization of information tools, electronic computer, the data communication equipment and technology management department, through the communication network, information processing center of different regions in sharing network of resources such as hardware, software, data and communications equipment, speed up the flow of information, decision making for managers in a timely manner to provide accurate and reliable basis. Management information system is the historical development of management information system in the early 70 s the product of "post-industrial economy", at the early stage of its development, enterprise management information system is a single man - machine system, the system function is simple, low efficiency, to the effect of management co., LTD. Enter in the late 1980 s, with the developing of computer network and communication technology, the development of the enterprise management information system into the network era. World advanced developed countries has established a perfect

system of management information system. They in the decades of practice has accumulated rich experience of management information system development, the enterprise management has formed a set of effective theory and specifications.

The management information system of the great development of our country is in the late 80 s and early '90 s, countries have established a "gold card", "Jin Guan", "golden bridge" project, the majority of enterprises and institutions set up the management information system of LAN and wan. As the world economy and China's economy gradually moving towards the knowledge economy, whether it is a management information system based on industrial economy, there are a few experts and management oriented expert system (ES) or decision support system (SS), its processing object, service object, its system structure and processing power have further development. Management information system of network, globalization, specialization of scientific development, development of network management information system, on the one hand is the need of the development of management system itself, objectively, management information system requirements to achieve organic integration; On the other hand, the development of computer and communication technology, in particular, the combination of the development of the Internet network and management applications has created unprecedented conditions. Trend of network management information system and its importance is obvious. Today's successful companies are

dependent on the ability of the operation of the global network application and development of the enterprise's economic activity is likely to break through the boundaries and become a global activity. Relying on the management information system of the networked enterprise may establish a worldwide sales network, the multinational company, can track the order, delivery, settlement, participate in the competition of the world market. In haier group, for example, more than 10800 kinds of products in the market involve hundreds of countries, tens of thousands of dealers, 50000 outbound product every day, every day more than the average settlement funds of 276 million yuan. For such a complex system, if not for networked management, as long as the one over one thousand link error, can make the enterprise bankruptcy. Management information systems involve economics, management, operations research, statistics, computer science, such as different subjects, is closely related to the interdisciplinary comprehensive cross of a new discipline. Is a worldwide made remarkable development of the discipline. Research and teaching in the field of management information system in China is faced with accelerated development, and the urgent needs and challenges in line with international standards. The wide application of management information system to promote the professional development of management information system, this is the sign of the mature management information system course. Global information is causing profound changes in today's world, reshaping the world political, economic, social, cultural and military development new pattern.

Accelerate the development of information technology, has become the common choice of the world. Informatization development cannot leave the construction of management information system, information only through for effective process management, build a management information system can play its role. The development of global informationization also reflects the globalization of management information system development.

Enterprise information management system (EIMS) is the use of modern management ideas and methods, the adoption of the electronic computer, software and network communication technology, to the enterprise management decision in the process of information collection, storage, processing, analysis, to assist the enterprise daily business process until the formulation and optimization of decision scheme, and tracking, supervision, control, adjust the whole management process of the man-machine system. With the acceleration of economic development, the number of small and medium-sized enterprises in our country is becoming more and more competition is increasingly fierce. Due to the increasingly homogenized products, enterprise competition goal from pure product competition to supply chain competition, enterprise concern also from pure sales to expand into, sales and stock of each link. The application of network technology and e-commerce breakthrough the limitations of time and space, to the development of small and medium-sized enterprise to bring more opportunities, but also more increase the intensity of the competition between the enterprises.

Using the modern computer information management technology, can improve the utilization rate of funds and settlement speed, reduce inventory, speed up the overall operating efficiency, so that enterprises in the fierce competition in the invincible position.

Because enterprise is the profit maximization as the goal of economic organizations, the main purpose of the information resources management is to play to the information society benefit and potential value-added features, to complete the enterprise production, management, sales work, improve the economic benefits of enterprises, but also to improve the social benefits. In general, the main content of enterprise information resource management work include: (1) the management of information resources; (2) the management of the people; (3) the management of the information work.

As the global economic integration and the establishment of market economic system and the rapid development of modern information technology, enterprise survival and the fundamental changes have taken place in the internal and external environment of competition, the enterprise information and information management and international standards. Enterprise informationization is, not only the extension of information technology, more important is the extension of enterprise management and organization. The essence of the enterprise information is supported by information technology, managers in time the use of information resources, grasp the market opportunities, to make decisions in a timely manner. Enterprise informatization

not only should attach importance to technology research, therefore, more should attach great importance to the integration of information resources management, to avoid repetition of information resources, dispersed, waste and low efficiency, so as to realize the sharing of resources. Therefore, the enterprise information resources development and utilization is the core of the enterprise information construction, is also the starting point and the ultimate aim of the enterprise informatization.

The role of information management system: 1. Knowledge, ensure that each member can be Shared within the organization. 2. Ensure the timeliness of knowledge acquisition. Information management system solved the cross-regional, across time, across units, access barriers between across different departments and employees, as long as it is on the premise of have permission, knowledge demanders can quickly find all kinds of knowledge they need through the system. 3. Improve organization or individual tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge, and ensure the effective transformation between the two. The emergence of knowledge economy makes the management information system has quickly become the key strategic resource of the enterprise. We put a lot of knowledge, as it were, condensed into the management information system and decision support system. Revolutionary will rely on the management information system of business administration, business process reengineering, management, led by the centralized to decentralized leadership development, customer relationship management, supply chain management,

e-commerce, etc. All with the application and development of management information system of the intimate contact. Should see the application of information technology, is essentially make information been fully made use of the information society the dominant resources. Say so: the promotion of information technology is a means, the use of information is the true goal. Conclusion: the management information system development is a high-risk and high-yield of engineering. Put forward rational unified direction is caused by the management information system development has been very low success rate. It is estimated that in the 80 s China enterprise information the success rate of only 20%, this means that a large number of waste and loss of money. For a long time, people from different aspects to solve these problems, mainly from the perfect management system, strengthen the management of data, implement head principle, strengthen personnel training and raise the scientific nature of the development method and so on. Management information system of network greatly increased the possibility of information resources sharing between enterprises and enterprises. It's on, in, the downstream enterprises to establish virtual enterprise to create the conditions. In order to quick response to customers personalized needs development, the enterprise can through the Internet, with the help of other enterprise resources around the world to realize the integrated management.

传统民俗节目英文翻译

民俗文艺节目翻译 一、民俗表演《龙狮舞》 Dragon and Lion Dance 表演单位：元潭乡“女子龙狮舞”传习所 Performed by: “Female Dragon and Lion Dance Institute” of Yuantan township 龙、狮——是中华民族文化图腾，“舞龙、耍狮”以最具东方民族文化特色跻身世界民族文化瑰宝。在我们巴山人的生活中，每逢重大节庆，人们都会舞龙、舞狮，表达喜悦的心情和美好的愿望。 Dragon and lion——the totem of the Chinese national culture. The most oriental ethnic Dragon Dance and Lion Dance are the gems of the world culcure.In our life in Bashan Mountain,people joyfully play Dragon and Lion Dance to express their happiness and good wishes especially on important festivals. 二、民俗表演《巴山出嫁》 Bashan Marriage 表演单位：光雾山文艺中心 Performed by: GuangWu Mountain Literature and Arts Center. 大巴山的传统婚礼习俗中的对歌、抬花轿、拜堂、成亲等场景，有游戏、表演、逗趣等，展现出大巴山人对美好生活的向往和对婚姻家庭的美好祝愿。 Traditional Bashan Weddings are always filled with interesting scenes：Antiphonal，Sedan chair lift，the Bows and so on.Games and funny performances at the wedding are aspirations for happy marriage and better life.

采购合同(中英文)

Purchase Contract 合同編號(Contract No.): ___________ 簽訂日期 (Date) : ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ _ 簽訂地點 (Signed at) : ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ __ 買方： The Buyer: 地址： Address: 電話 (Tel): 傳真(Fax): 電子郵箱 (E-mail): 賣方： The Seller: 地址： Address: 電話 (Tel): 傳真(Fax): 電子郵箱 (E-mail): 買賣雙方同意按照下列條款簽訂本合同： The Seller and the Buyer agree to conclude this Contract subject to the terms and conditions stated below: 1. 貨物名稱、規格和品質( Name, Specifications and Quality of Commodity )： 2. 數量( Quantity )：允許＿＿＿＿的溢短裝(＿＿＿ % more or less allowed ) 3. 單價( Unit Price )：

4. 總值( Total Amount )： 5. 交貨條件 (Terms of Delivery):FOB/CFR/CIF ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 6. 原產地國與製造商 (Country of Origin and Manufacturers): 7. 包裝及標準( Packing )：貨物應具有防潮、防銹蝕、防震並適合於遠洋運輸的包裝，由於貨物包裝不良而造成的貨物殘損、滅失應由賣方負責。賣方應在每個包裝箱上用不褪色的顏色標明尺碼、包裝箱號碼、毛重、淨重及“此端向上”、“防潮”、“小心輕放”等標記。 The packing of the goods shall be preventive from dampness, rust, moisture, erosion and shock, and shall be suitable for ocean transportation/ multiple transportation. The Seller shall be liable for any damage and loss of the goods attributable to the inadequate or improper packing. The measurement, gross weight, net weight and the cautions such as "Do not stack up side down", "Keep away from moisture", "Handle with care" shall be stenciled on the surface of each package with fadeless pigment. 8. 嘜頭( Shipping Marks )： 9. 裝運期限( Time of Shipment )： 10. 裝運口岸( Port of Loading )： 11. 目的口岸( Port of Destination )： 12. 保險( Insurance )： 由＿＿＿＿按發票金額 110%投保＿＿＿＿＿險和＿＿＿＿＿附加險。 Insurance shall be covered by the ________ for 110%o f the invoice value against _______ Risks and _________ Additional Risks. 13. 付款條件( Terms of Payment )： (1) 信用證方式：買方應在裝運期前 / 合同生效後＿＿日，開出以賣方為受益人的不可撤銷的議付信用證，信用證在裝船完畢後＿＿日內到期。

管理信息系统MIS(Management Information System)

MIS(Management Information System) the term in the interest of the administration. In the wake of the development of MIS, much business sit up the decentralized message concentration to establish the information system ministry of directly under director, and the chief of information system ministry is ordinarily in the interest of assistant manager’s grade. After the authority of business is centralized up high-quality administration personnel staff’s hand, as if causing much sections office work decrease, hence someone prophesy, middle layer management shall vanish. In reality, the reappearance phase employed layer management among the information system queen not merely not to decrease, on the contrary there being the increase a bit. This is for, although the middle layer management personnel staff getting off exonerate out through loaded down with trivial details daily routine, yet needs them to analyses researching work in the way of even more energy, lift further admonishing the decision of strategic importance level. In the wake of the development of MIS, the business continuously adds to the demand of high technique a talented person, but the scarce thing of capability shall be washed out gradually. This compels people by means of study and cultivating, and continuously lifts individual’s quality. In The wake of the news dispatch and electric network and file transmission system development, business staff member is on duty in many being living incomparably either the home. Having caused that corporation save the expenses enormously, the work efficiency obviously moves upward American Rank Zeros corporation the office system on the net, in the interest of the creativity of raise office personnel staff was produced the advantageous term. At the moment many countries are fermenting one kind of more well-developed manufacturing industry strategy, and become quickly manufacturing the business. It completely on the basis of the user requirement organization design together with manufacture, may carry on the large-scale cooperation in the interest of identical produce by means of the business that the flow was shifted the distinct districts, and by means of the once more programming to the machinery with to the resources and the reorganization of personnel staff , constituted a fresh affrication system, and causes that manufacturing cost together with lot nearly have nothing to do with. Quickly manufacturing the business establishes a whole completely new strategy dependence relation against consumer, and is able to arouse the structure of production once more revolution. The management information system is towards the self-adoption and Self-learning orientation development, the decision procedure of imitation man who is be able to be better. Some entrepreneurs of the west vainly hope that consummate MIS is encircles the magic drug to govern the business all kinds of diseases; Yet also someone says, and what it is too many is dependent on the defeat that MIS be able to cause on the administration. It is adaptable each other to comprehend the effect to the business of MIS, and is favor of us to be living in development and the research work, and causes the business organization and administer the better development against MIS of system and administration means , and establish more valid MIS. 英文翻译文章的出处：Russ Basiura, Mike Batongbacal 管理信息系统: 管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS(Management Information System), 在强调管理，

节目及节目种类名称(英文)讲课讲稿

节目及节目种类名称 (英文)

节目名称（英文） 今日说法Legal Report 道德观察Ethical Review 新闻调查News Probe 实话实说Tell it like it is 共同关注Eyes on 大家Great Masters 科技博览Science Review 科技苑Science and Technology 走近科学 Approaching Science 全球资讯榜Newslist 文化访谈录Culture Interview 探索发现Exploring 新闻30分 News 30 Min 百家讲坛Lecture Room 挑战主持人Challenge Anchor 名将之约Winner’s Circle 让世界了解你Meet China 中国电影报道China Movie Repor(拼写错误) 今日影视Movie Today 世界电影之旅World Film Report

世界影视博览World Cinema 影视同期声Movie & TV Express 周日影院Sunday Movie Zone 佳片有约 the Best 天天饮食I can cook so do you 搜寻天下Exploring High & Low 乡村大世界the World of Country 子午书简Diary Read Speedy Digest 当代工人contemporary labourer 讲述Story 人物People 影响100 Influence 100 健康之路Meet on the Road of Health 焦点访谈 Topics in Focus 新闻调查 News Probe 新闻30分 News in 30 Minutes 东方时空 Oriental Horizon 社会经纬 Net of Justice 夕阳红 Sunset Glow 商业电视 Business TV 市场热线 Market Hotline 世界经济报道 World Economic Report

管理信息系统中英文翻译资料

Managemengt Information Systems By a management information system,we propose the follow alternate definition: an integrated uer/machine system (usually computerized) for providing information to support decision making in an enterprise. The key elements of this definition are —An integrated uer/machine system —For proving information —To support decision making —In an enterprise A management information system utilizes —Computer hardware and software —Manual procedures —Models for analysis —A database Just as there is a logical flow of materials in the creation of a product, there is logical flow of information in a management information system.In manufacturing,raw materials move through a process that transforms the raw materials into usable products. In a similar fashion, in an information system,data are supplied to a system(input), the data are manipulated(processed),and they are transformed into information(output).In its simplest form ,a management information systemed may be depicted by an input-process-output(IPO) model

英文采购合同模板

( 采购合同) 姓名：____________________ 单位：____________________ 日期：____________________ 编号：YB-BH-023681 英文采购合同模板English procurement contract template

英文采购合同模板 Contract No.:XXX Sales and Purchase ContractFOR Manganese Ore This contract is made and entered into onXX, Feb2008under terms and conditions as per the international chamber of commerce-600 (ICC UCP-600/2007 revision) by and between: The Buyer: Address: Tel: The Seller : Address: Tel: Whereby seller agrees to sell to buyer and Buyer agrees to buy from seller Manganese Ore under following the terms and conditions stipulated below:

Article 1 Commodity Concentrated manganese Ore Article 2 Specifications Concentrated Manganese Ore Size: 0-5mm (90% min) % Mn min. 40.0% % Fe max. 15.0% % Silica ( SiO2 ) max. 1.0% 可以在这输入你的名字 You Can Enter Your Name Here.

英语阅读理解带翻译：电视节目

英语阅读理解带翻译：电视节目 Television gives the American people a wide variety of programs from early morning until late at night. Operas, orchestral performances, chamber music and jazz concerts are often presented on television. So most of the leisure at home is used for watching television. Many Americans are so fond of their TV programs that they often have cold luncheon in front of their receiving sets. Television has given people newer and deeper understanding of history, art, music, literature, the ballet, the theater, the discoveries of modern science and the wonders of the universe. Television viewers pay no tax or charges for receiving programs on their sets. The cost of the programs is paid chiefly by those who are given the opportunity to advertise their goods or services during the commercial breaks. 美国人从清晨直到深夜都能看到形形色色的电视节目。电视屏幕 上经常播放歌剧、管弦乐、室内音乐和爵士音乐演奏。所以家庭中绝 大部分空闲时间都花在看电视上。很多美国人酷爱电视节目，经常在 电视机前边看电视边吃冷餐。电视使人们对历史、艺术、音乐、文学、舞剧、戏剧、现代科学的新发现和宇宙的奥妙有较新和较深切的了解。电视观众看电视节目既不用缴税，也不必付款，节目费用主要是由那 些借此为其商品和服务做插播广告的人支付的。

管理信息系统(英文文献)

Decision models for information systems management Kweku-Muata Osei-Bryson&Ojelanki Ngwenyama Published online:1May2008 #Springer Science+Business Media,LLC2008 1Introduction In the last two decades,information systems(IS)manage-ment decision making has become more complex.Every-day,IS managers in organizations of all over the world manage billions dollars of assets and must make complex decisions that involve information security,outsourcing, disaster recovery,software,hardware and vendor selection, investment strategies,timing the implementation of com-plex software systems(such as enterprise resource planning (ERP)).Inadequate understanding of these decision prob-lems,poor decision analysis,and bad judgment can result in catastrophic outcomes for companies.However,there has been limited research on decision models and frame-works that could assist information technology(IT) managers with these complex decision problems.While there are researchers working in these areas,much of their work appears in journals outside the field of IS.The primary objective of this special issue of Information Systems Frontiers is to focus on providing solutions to significant IS management problems and to provide strategic knowledge for practicing managers.A second objective of this special issue to give impetus to the development of a line of research that would continue to focus attention on providing solutions for the many emerging complex problems that IS managers may face. 2Information systems decision context Information systems management decision problems such as information security,outsourcing,disaster recovery, software,hardware and vendor selection,investment strat-egies,timing the implementation of complex software systems(such as ERP)are extremely complex and can adversely impact the performance of the firm.The complexity of these decision problems derive from organi-zation and environmental conditions that include(a) multiple stakeholders with different goals and risk prefer-ences(b)multiple objectives and value trade-offs;(c) competitive environments with risk and uncertainty;and (d)inter dependencies,indefinite time horizons and strategic impacts of decision.Under these conditions decision makers often have difficulties identifying decision alternatives and must be creative and careful in their analysis,as the consequences of poor IS decision making found in the literature show(Lyttinen and Robey1999;Yeo 2002;Ngwenyama et al.2007).When managers face complex IS problems,decision analysis frameworks and methods can be extremely useful when they assist:(1) interrogating the problem domain;(2)structuring decision problems and generating alternatives;(3)analyzing alter-natives and assessing their impacts;(4)determining the preferences of decision makers;(5)evaluating and com-paring decision alternatives,and,analysis of implications. However,while general theories and frameworks exists for decision analysis,the complexity and diversity of IS problems necessitate research and development of frame- Inf Syst Front(2008)10:277–279 DOI10.1007/s10796-008-9082-7 K.-M.Osei-Bryson(*) The Information Systems Research Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond,V A23284,USA e-mail:KMOsei@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b09545376.html, O.Ngwenyama Institute for Research on Technology Management, Ryerson University, Toronto,ON,Canada e-mail:Ojelanki@Ryerson.ca

英文采购合同范本

编号：_______________本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打印，感谢您的下载 英文采购合同范本 甲方：___________________ 乙方：___________________ 日期：___________________

以下是关于? 20xx英文采购合同范本》，全文可编辑修改，欢迎下载！Contract No.:XXX Sales and Purchase ContractFOR Manganese Ore This contract is made and entered into onXX, Feb20xxunder terms and conditions as per the international chamber of commerce-600 (ICC UCP-600/20xx revision) by and between: The Buyer: Address: Tel: The Seller : Address: Tel: Wherebyseller agrees to sell to buyer and Buyer agrees to buy from seller ManganeseOre under following the terms and conditions stipulated below: Article 1 Commodity Concentrated manganese Ore Article 2 Specifications Concentrated Manganese Ore Size: 0-5mm (90% min) % Mn min. 40.0% % Fe max. 15.0% % Silica ( SiO2 ) max. 1.0% % Aluminum ( Al ) max. 4.0% % S max. 0.20% % P max. 0.10% Moisture max. 7% Article 3 Quantity: 500 MT, partial shipment not allowed. Article 4 Origin and Port of loading 4.1 Republic of ABC

房地产信息管理系统的设计与实现 外文翻译

本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 译文： ASP ASP介绍 你是否对静态HTML网页感到厌倦呢？你是否想要创建动态网页呢？你是否想 要你的网页能够数据库存储呢？如果你回答：“是”，ASP可能会帮你解决。在2002年5月，微软预计世界上的ASP开发者将超过80万。你可能会有一个疑问什么是ASP。不用着急，等你读完这些，你讲会知道ASP是什么，ASP如何工作以及它能为我们做 什么。你准备好了吗？让我们一起去了解ASP。 什么是ASP? ASP为动态服务器网页。微软在1996年12月推出动态服务器网页,版本是3.0。微软公司的正式定义为:“动态服务器网页是一个开放的、编辑自由的应用环境,你可以将HTML、脚本、可重用的元件来创建动态的以及强大的网络基础业务方案。动态服务器网页服务器端脚本,IIS能够以支持Jscript和VBScript。”(2)。换句话说,ASP是微软技术开发的,能使您可以通过脚本如VBScript Jscript的帮助创建动态网站。微软的网站服务器都支持ASP技术并且是免费的。如果你有Window NT4.0服务器安装,你可以下载IIS（互联网信息服务器）3.0或4.0。如果你正在使用的Windows2000,IIS 5.0是它的一个免费的组件。如果你是Windows95/98,你可以下载(个人网络服务器(PWS),这是比IIS小的一个版本，可以从Windows95/98CD中安装，你也可以从微软的网站上免费下载这些产品。 好了，您已经学会了什么是ASP技术，接下来，您将学习ASP文件。它和HTML文 件相同吗？让我们开始研究它吧。 什么是ASP文件？ 一个ASP文件和一个HTML文件非常相似，它包含文本，HTML标签以及脚本，这些都在服务器中，广泛用在ASP网页上的脚本语言有2种，分别是VBScript和Jscript，VBScript与Visual Basic非常相似，而Jscript是微软JavaScript的版本。尽管如此，VBScript是ASP默认的脚本语言。另外，这两种脚本语言，只要你安装了ActiveX脚本引擎，你可以使用任意一个，例如PerlScript。 HTML文件和ASP文件的不同点是ASP文件有“.Asp”扩展名。此外，HTML标签和ASP代码的脚本分隔符也不同。一个脚本分隔符,标志着一个单位的开始和结束。HTML标签以小于号(<)开始(>)结束，而ASP以<%开始，%>结束，两者之间是服务端脚本。

央视节目英文翻译

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buyandtheSelleragreetoselltheundermentionedcommoditiestoth etermsand conditionsstipulatedbelow: 2、Country of Origin and Manufacturers： 3、Terms of DeliveryFOB/CFR/CIF＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 4、TimeofDelivery：Withindaysafterthereceipt ofthedown payment. 5、Port of loading: 6、Port of Destination: 7、Insurance: Insurance shall be covered by thefor115% of the invoice value againstRisks andAdditional Risks. 8、Terms of Payment （1）Letter of Credit: The Buyer shall, ______ days prior to the time of shipment /after this Contract comes into effect, open an irrevocable

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