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英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释(英文版)

The Basic Elements of Appreciating English Poetry

1.What is poetry?

Poetry is the expression of Impassioned feeling in language.

―Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.‖

―Poetry, in a general sense, may be defined to be the expression of the imagination.‖

Poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty.

Poetry is the image of man and nature.

―诗言志，歌咏言。‖ ---《虞书》

―诗言志之所以也。在心为志，发言为诗。情动于中而行于言，言之不足，则嗟叹之；嗟叹之不足，故咏歌之；咏歌之不足，不知手之舞之，足之蹈之也。情发于声；声成文，谓之音。‖

---《诗·大序》

―诗是由诗人对外界所引起的感觉，注入了思想与情感，而凝结了形象，终于被表现出来的一种?完成‘的艺术。‖ ---艾青：《诗论》

2.The Sound System of English Poetry

a. The prosodic features

Prosody (韵律)---the study of the rhythm, pause, tempo, stress and pitch features of a language.

Chinese poetry is syllable-timed, English poetry is stress-timed.

Stress: The prosody of English poetry is realized by stress. One stressed syllable always comes together with one or more unstressed syllables.

eg. Tiger, /tiger, /burning /bright

In the /forest /of the/ night,

What im/mortal /hand or /eye

Could frame thy/ fearful /symme/try? ---W. Blake

Length: it can produce some rhetorical and artistic effect.

eg. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,

The lowing herd wind slowly o‘er the lea,

The Ploughman homeward plods his weary way,

And leaves the world to darkness and to me.

---Thomas Gray

Long vowels and diphthongs make the poem slow, emotional and solemn; short vowels quick, passionate, tense and exciting.

Pause: it serves for the rhythm and musicality of poetry.

b. Meter or measure (格律)

poem---stanza/strophe---line/verse---foot---arsis + thesis;

Meter or measure refers to the formation way of stressed and

unstressed syllables.

Four common meters:

a) Iambus; the iambic foot (抑扬格)

eg. She walks/ in beau/ty, like/ the night

Of cloud /less climes/ and star/ry skies;

And all/ that‘s best /of dark/ and bright

Meet in /her as /pect and /her eyes. ---Byron

b) Trochee; the trochaic foot（扬抑格）

eg. Never /seek to/ tell thy/ love,

Love that/ never/ told can/ be. ---Blake c) Dactyl; the dactylic foot （扬抑抑格）

eg. Cannon to/ right of them,

Cannon to/ left of them.

Cannon in/ front of them,

V olley‘d and/ thunder‘d. ---Tennyson

d) Anapaest; the anapestic foot（抑抑扬格）

eg. Break,/ break, /break,

On thy cold /grey stones,/ O sea!

And I would /that my tongue/ could utter

The thought/ that arise /in me. ---Tennyson

c) Other meters

Amphibrach, the amphibrachic foot (抑扬抑格)；

Spondee, the spondaic foot(扬扬格)；

Pyrrhic, the pyrrhic foot (抑抑格)；

d) Actalectic foot (完整音步) and Cactalectic foot（不完整音步）

eg. Rich the / treasure,

Sweet the / pleasure. (actalectic foot)

Tiger,/ tiger, /burning /bright,

In the/ forest/ of the/ night. (cactalectic foot )

e) Types of foot

monometer(一音步)

dimeter（二音步）

trimeter（三音步）

tetrameter（四音步）

pentameter（五音步）

hexameter（六音步）

heptameter（七音步）

octameter（八音步）

We have iambic monometer, trochaic tetrameter, iambic

pentameter, anapaestic trimeter, etc., when the number of

foot and meter are taken together in a poem.

C. Rhyme

When two or more words or phrases contain an identical

or similar vowel sound, usually stressed, and the

consonant sounds that follow the vowel sound are

identical and preceded by different consonants, a rhyme

occurs.

It can roughly be divided into two types:

internal rhyme and end rhyme

Internal rhyme

a) alliteration: the repetition of initial identical consonant sounds or any vowel sounds in successive or closely associated syllables, esp. stressed syllables.

eg. The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,

The furrow followed free.

---Coleridge

I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance,

Among my skinning swallows.

---Tennyson Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade,

He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast.

---Shakespeare ―Consonant cluster‖ (辅音连缀)

―internal or hidden alliteration‖ (暗头韵) as in

―Here in the long unlovely street‖ (Tennyson)

The Scian & the Teian muse,

The hero‘s harp, the love‘s lute,

Have found the fame your shores refuse.

---Byron b) Assonance (腹韵/元音叠韵/半谐音)：the repetition of similar or identical vowel sounds in a line ending with different consonant sounds.

eg. Do not go gentle into that night

Old age should burn and rave at close of day.

Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

Though wise men at their end know dark is right,

Because their words have forked no lightning they

Do not go gentle into that night.

c) Consonance (假韵): the repetition of the ending consonant sounds with different preceding vowels of two or more words in a line.

eg. At once a voice arose among

The bleak twigs overhead

In a full-hearted evensong

Of joy illimited.

---Hardy

End rhyme: lines in a poem end in similar or identical

stressed syllables.

a) Perfect rhyme

Perfect rhyme (in two or more words) occurs in the following three conditions:

identical stressed vowel sounds (lie--high, stay--play);

the same consonants after the identical stressed vowels (park--lark, fate-- late);

different consonants preceding the stressed vowels (first– burst);

follow—swallow (perfect rhyme)

b) imperfect/ half rhyme: the stressed vowels in two or more words are the same, but the consonant sounds after and preceding are different.

eg. fern—bird, faze—late, like—right

c) Masculine and feminine rhyme

eg. Sometimes when I‘m lonely,

Don‘t know why,

Keep thinking I won‘t be lonely

By and by.

---Hughes The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven,

As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speed

Scarce seem‘d a vision; I would ne‘er have striven…

---Shelley Rhyme scheme (韵式)

a) Running rhyme scheme (连续韵)

two neighbouring lines rhymed in aa bb cc dd:

eg. Tiger, tiger, burning bright

In the forests of the night,

What immortal hand or eye

Could frame thy fearful symmetry?

In what distant deeps or skies

Burnt the fire of thine eyes?

On what wings dare he aspire?

What the hand dare seize the fire?

b) Alternating rhyme scheme (交叉韵)

rhymed every other line in a b a b c d c d:

eg. Shall I compare thee to a summer‘s day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,

And summer‘s lease hath all too short a date:

---Shakespeare

c) enclosing rhyme scheme (首尾韵)

In a quatrain, the first and the last rhymed, and the second and the third rhymed in a b b a:

eg. When you are old and gray and full of sleep,

And nodding by the fire, take down this book,

And slowly read, and dream of the soft look

Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;

---W. B. Yeats

D. Form of poetry ( stanzaic form)

a) couplet: a stanza of two lines with similar end rhymes:

eg. A little learning is a dangerous thing;

Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian Spring.

b) heroic couplet: a rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter:

eg. O could I flow like thee, and make thy stream

My great example, as it is my theme:

---Denham

Then share thy pain, allow that sad relief;

Ah, more than share it, give me all thy grief.

---Pope

c) Triplet / tercet: a unit or group of three lines, usu. rhymed

eg. He clasps the crags with crooked hands;

Close to the sun in lonely lands,

Ringed with the azure world, he stands.

The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls:

He watches from his mountains walls,

And like a thunderbolt he falls.

---Tennyson d) quatrain: a stanza of four lines rhymed or unrhymed.

eg. O my luve is like a red, red rose,

That‘s newly sprung in June;

O my luve is like the melodie

That‘s sweetly play‘d in tune.

As fair art thou, my bonie lass,

So deep in luve am I;

And I will luve thee still, my dear,

Till a‘ the seas gang dry.

---Burns

e) Sonnet: a fixed verse form of Italian origin consisting of

14 lines that are characteristically in iambic pentameter:

The Petrarchan / Italian sonnet (Francesco Petrarch):

two parts: octave, asking question, presenting a problem,

or expressing an emotional tension rhyming abba abba;

while the sestet, solving the problem rhyming cde cde,

cde cde, or cd cd cd.

Shakespearean / English sonnet:

arranged usually into three quatrains and a couplet,

rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. The first quatrain introduces

a subject, the second expands, and once more in the third,

and concludes in the couplet.

Spenserian sonnet: three quatrains and a couplet rhyming

abab bcbc cdcd ee;

Miltonic sonnet: simply an ltalian sonnet that eliminates the

pause between the octave and sestet.

f) Blank verse: the unrhymed iambic pentameter

eg. To be, or not to be: that is the question:

Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer

The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,

Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,

And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;

---Shakespeare

g) Free verse: poetry that is based on irregular rhythmic

cadence of the recurrence, with variations, of phrases,

images and syntactical patterns rather than the

conventional use of meter.

eg. Days

What are days for?

Days are where we live.

They come, they wake us

Time and time over.

They are to be happy in

Where can we live but days?

Ah, solving that question

Bring the priest and doctor

In their long coats

Running over the fields.

---Philip Larkin

3.The semantic system of English poetry

a. The meaning of poetry

Poetry is ―the one permissible way of saying one thing

and meaning another‖. (Frost)

The meaning of a poem usually consists of three levels,

that is, the literal (the lowest), the sensory (the medium)

and the emotional (the highest).

b. Image---the soul of the meaning in poetry

a) Definition: ―language that evokes a physical sensation

produced by one or more of the five senses--- sight,

hearing, taste, to uch and smell.‖ (Kirszner and Mandell)

A literal and concrete representation of a sensory

experience or of an object that can be known by one or

more of the senses.

b) Types of images

In terms of senses：

visual image (视觉意象)

auditory image（听觉意象）

olfactory image（嗅觉意象）

tactile image （触觉意象）

gustatory image （味觉意象）

kinaesthetic image （动觉意象）

eg. Spring, the sweet spring, is the year‘s pleasant king,

Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,

Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing:

Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!

---Thomas Nashe In terms of the relation between the image and the object:

Literal (字面意象) and figurative image （修辞意象）

The former refers to the one that involves no necessary

change or extension in the obvious meaning of the words;

or the one in which the words call up a sensory

representation of the literal object or sensation.

The latter is the one that involves a turn on the literal

meaning of the words.

eg. Let us walk in the white snow

In a soundless space;

With footsteps quiet and slow,

At a tranquil pace,

Under veils of white lace.

---Elinor Wylie

In terms of the readers: fixed and free image

（稳定意象和自由意象）

By fixed or tied image, it is the one so employed that its

meaning and associational value is the same or

nearly the same for all readers.

By free image, it is the one not so fixed by the context that

its possible meanings or associational values are limited, it

is therefore, capable of having various meanings or values

for various people.

eg. Snake

I saw a young snake glide

Out of the mottled shade

And hang limp on a stone:

A thin mouth, and a tongue

Stayed, in the still air.

It turned; it drew away;

Its shadow bent in half;

It quickened and was gone.

I felt my slow blood warm.

I longed to be that thing,

The pure, sensuous form.

And I may be, some time. ---Theodore Roethke

c) The function of image:

to stimulate readers‘ senses;

to activate readers‘ sensory and emotional experience;

to involve the readers in the creation of poetry with personal and emotional experience; to strike a responsive chord in the hearts of readers;

eg. Fog

The fog comes

on little cat feet.

It sits looking

over harbor and city

on silent haunches

and then moves on.

---Carl Sandberg

eg. Fire and ice

Some say the world will end in fire,

Some say in ice.

From what I‘ve tasted of desire

I hold with those who favor fire.

But if it had to perish twice,

I think I know enough of hate

To say that for destruction ice

Is also great

And would suffice. ---R. Frost

C. The means of expressing meaning

a) Phonetic devices

onomatopoeia

A widow bird

eg. A widow bird was mourning for her love

Upon a wintry bough;

The frozen wind crept on above,

The freezing stream below

There was no leaf upon the forest bare,

No flower upon the ground,

And little motion in the air

Except the mill-wheel‘s sound. P. B. Shelley Pun

eg.

The little black thing among the snow

Crying ―‘weep, ‘weep‖ in notes of woe!

b) figures of speech

A. comparison: metaphor; simile (tenor 本体, vehicle 喻体)

B. conceit

C. personification

D. metonymy (换喻)

E. apostrophe

F. synaesthesia （―通感‖或―联觉‖）

G. symbolism

H. hyperbole

I. Allusion （典故）

c) Deviation (变异)：the digression from the normal way of

expressions

Lexical deviation (self-made words)

Grammatical deviation (slang, vernacular)

Deviation of registers

Deviation of cultural subjects

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Would overflow with Pearl Until We met the Solid Town No One He seemed to know And bowing - with a Mighty look At me - The Sea withdrew 【篇二】关于经典英文诗歌赏析 The Wild Swans At Coole William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) The trees are in their autumn beauty, The woodland paths are dry, Under the October twilight the water Mirror a still sky; Upon the brimming water among the stones Are nine-and-fifty swans. The nineteenth autumn has come upon me Since I first made my count; I saw, before I had well finished, All suddenly mount And scatter wheeling in great broken rings Upon their clamorous wings. I have looked upon those brilliant creatures, And now my heart is sore. All's changed since I, hearing at twilight, The first time on this shore,

英文诗歌赏析翻译

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十二篇经典英文诗歌赏析大家都来看一下，学习一下吧。【1】Rain雨 Rain is falling all around, 雨儿在到处降落， It falls on field and tree, 它落在田野和树梢， It rains on the umbrella here, 它落在这边的雨伞上，And on the ships at sea. 又落在航行海上的船只。 by R. L. Stevenson, 1850-1894 【2】What Does The Bee Do? What does the bee do? 蜜蜂做些什么? Bring home honey. 把蜂蜜带回家。 And what does Father do? 父亲做些什么? Bring home money. 把钱带回家。 And what does Mother do? 母亲做些什么? Lay out the money. 把钱用光。 And what does baby do?婴儿做些什么? Eat up the honey. 把蜜吃光。 by C. G. Rossetti, 1830-1894 【3】O Sailor, Come Ashore啊!水手，上岸吧 (Part I) O sailor, come ashore 啊!水手，上岸吧 What have you brought for me? 你给我带来什么? Red coral , white coral, 海里的珊瑚， Coral from the sea. 红的，白的。 (Part II) I did not dig it from the ground 它不是我从地下挖的，Nor pluck it from a tree; 也不是从树上摘的; Feeble insects made it 它是暴风雨的海裹 In the stormy sea. 弱小昆虫做成的。

英语诗歌鉴赏课教学设计

Teaching Plan for Poetry Appreciation Class < A Perfect Day > Wuxi NO.3 Senior School Grade Two By Wu Yan

A Perfect Day When you come to the end of a perfect day, And you sit alone with your thought, While the bells ring out with a carol gay, For the joy that the day has brought Do you think what the end of a perfect day Can mean to a tired heart, When the sun goes down with a flaming ray, And the dear friends have to part? Well, this is the end of a perfect day, Near the end a journey too; But it leaves a thought that is big and strong, with a wish that is kind and true. For memory has painted this perfect day, With colors that never fade, And we find at the end of a perfect day, The soul of a friend we’ve made

2017-2018校本课程《英语诗歌鉴赏》课程计划设置

选修课《英语诗歌鉴赏》设置设计通过一学期《英语诗歌鉴赏》课程的学习，学习者应该基本了解各个时期的英语国家的重要的代表性诗人和诗歌作品、能够联系各个时代批评性地认识和分析诗歌作品，形成独立理解和鉴赏英语诗歌的能力、可以自如地翻译和仿写一些风格的英语诗歌、养成阅读英文原文文学作品的意识、提高用英语进行思维的能力、基本掌握一些比较文学的知识，并且能够将所学的知识和意识应用于实践，能够重新审度并欣赏自己的母语文学和文化。本课程的目标包括知识目标、能力目标和非语言能力目标，学习任务具体如下：一、知识和能力目标 1. 能用英语阐述英语诗歌的定义，理解英语诗歌在英语国家文学史上的地位和影响。 2 .能用英语解释抑扬格、扬抑格、抑抑扬格，扬扬抑格等主要诗歌格律的特点和要素，并且准确把握其分析方法和诵读格律。 3. 能用英语阐述英语诗歌的音步，学会运用英语单词的音节分布判断诗歌行的走势。 4 . 能判断和分析，并且用英语阐述英语诗歌中常用的一下修辞手法：头韵、尾韵、低调陈述、拟人、反衬、夸张、暗喻、明喻等等。 5. 能用英语解释什么是英语诗歌中的韵脚；能列举相关的诗歌代表作。 6. 能用英语阐述什么是英语中的十四行诗，十四行诗的分类和代表作家和作品。 7. 能用英语阐述英语诗歌的各种分类、风格、格律、韵式。 8 .能用英语阐述各个时代的代表诗人诗作，及其创作背景和文化要素。 9. 能用英语恰当地朗读英语诗歌，韵律把握准确，停顿适当，感情合理。 10. 能背诵多篇文学史的大家名篇作品，并且准确阐释其内容。 11. 能用英语讨论各个时代，各个英语国家诗人作品的不同，其中，本课程主要涉及英国，美国，澳大利亚和爱尔兰四国英语诗歌作品。 12 .能够客观地比较中国和其他国家的诗歌作品,能够评价中文和英文诗歌的差异。 13 .涉猎多种诗歌表现形式：图文诗，挽歌，长篇叙事诗等等。二、情感与态度目标 1. 能对英语诗歌（乃至英语文学）形成独立客观的评价。 2 . 能够意识到各国文学各有成就，他山之石，能够尊重差异，取长补短，包容借鉴。

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But that negotiation I’m not a Party to - 【篇二】精选优秀经典的英语诗歌 A throe upon the features A throe upon the features - A hurry in the breath - An ecstasy1 of parting Denominated “Death” - An anguish2 at the mention Which when to patience grown, I’ve known permission given

To rejoin its own. 【篇三】精选优秀经典的英语诗歌 Annunciation He has come from the garden, leaving no shadow, no footprint in the dew: They hold each other's gaze2 at the point of balance: everything streaming towards this moment, streaming away. A word will set the seed of life and death, the over-shadowing of this girl by a feathered dark.

英文诗歌鉴赏

The commentary of The Passionate Shepherd to His Love This term, we took the English Poem course, in which Mr. Luo guided us fling in the poem world to appreciate the beauty of poems. In all of the poems we have learnt, I appreciate The Passionate Shepherd to His Love most. Yet I really don’t know how to appreciate a poem. Indeed, I haven’t got to the level to appreciate poems. So, I just write my own understanding to this beautiful poem. The Passionate Shepherd to His Love, was written by Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593○)who was an English dramatist and poet，translator of the Elizabethan area, born in Canterbury，England, died in Deptford, England. Marlowe was the foremost Elizabethan tragedian until his mysterious early death. Marlowe greatly influenced William Shakespeare, who was born in the same year as Marlowe and who rose to become the eminent Elizabethan playwright after Marlowe’s death. Marlowe’s plays are known for the use of blank verse, and their overreaching protagonists. Marlowe was the first great English Dramatist. He brought to the English stage a new concept of tragedy, one in which the drama centers around the struggles of a man overwhelmed by his passions and ambitions. ○2This short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature. It derives from the pastoral tradition, in which the shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cherishing a pastoral and pure affection for his love. Strong emotion is conveyed through the beauty of nature where lovers are not disturbed by worldly concern. The first time I read the poem, I just thought it was too directly for the shepherd to express his love to the girl he loved. For me, if I were the girl, I would not accept the shepherd’s love because his love was so intensely that I don’t know how to respond his love. But the second I read it carefully, almost word by word. I was deeply moved by the shepherd’s real and pure love. In the world he created for himself and his love, the girl lived an ease life like a princess. He showed a picture on what he would promise if she accepts to be his love. There was a heavenly like scene in the picture, he imagined them sitting upon the rocks, watching the other busy shepherd who had to work hard, and they relaxed themselves by listening to the birds' singing, and seeing the river falls. The shepherd also ensured her that he is willing to do whatever it takes to please her. He was so infatuated with the girl that I am a little jealous of her. The girl was so lucky to be loved by such a infatuated and romantic man. The structure of the poem is very clear. The poetry started out with a direct initiation. The speaker showed his purpose clearly, which is asking the woman he admired to be his lover. The following stanza showed a picture on what he would promise if she accepts to be his love. Then he drew different scenes when they were together. The shepherd also ensured her that he is willing to do whatever it takes to please her. This could be seen from the line 9~18. He made promises on difficult mission such as making bed of roses, thousand fragrant posies, and leaves of myrtle, coral clasps and amber studs…ext. From line 19, it responded to the idea of the first stanza that is to persuade the woman to be his love and to live with him. The repeating sentences "come live with me and be my love," may work as the function of emphasizing, and expression of eagerness. The style and writing type of the poem is very good. This poem is a typical pastoral, that is, a type of poem that deals in an idealized way with shepherds and rustic life. It sings

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经典英文诗歌13首精选十三首简易英文诗歌，全部来自英语诗歌大家之手，并配有中文翻译，希望能从这些诗歌的意境美和禅悦美中获取学习英语的乐趣，提高欣赏水平！目录【1】Rain雨【2】What Does The Bee Do?蜜蜂做些什么呢？【3】O Sailor, Come Ashore 【4】THE WIND风【5】THE CUCKOO布谷鸟【6】COLORS颜色【7】A House Of Cards纸牌堆成的房子【8】What Does Little Birdie Say? 【9】The Star星星【10】At The Seaside海边

【11】Boats Sail On The Rivers 【12】The Swing秋千【13】The Blossom花儿【1】Rain雨 Rain is falling all around, 雨儿在到处降落， It falls on field and tree, 它落在田野和树梢， It rains on the umbrella here, 它落在这边的雨伞上，And on the ships at sea. 又落在航行海上的船只。by R. L. Stevenson, 1850-1894 【2】What Does The Bee Do? What does the bee do? 蜜蜂做些什么？ Bring home honey. 把蜂蜜带回家。 And what does Father do? 父亲做些什么？ Bring home money. 把钱带回家。

And what does Mother do? 母亲做些什么？ Lay out the money. 把钱用光。 And what does baby do?婴儿做些什么？ Eat up the honey. 把蜜吃光。 by C. G. Rossetti, 1830-1894 【3】O Sailor, Come Ashore啊！水手，上岸吧 (Part I) O sailor, come ashore 啊！水手，上岸吧 What have you brought for me? 你给我带来什么？ Red coral , white coral, 海里的珊瑚， Coral from the sea. 红的，白的。 (Part II) I did not dig it from the ground 它不是我从地下挖的，Nor pluck it from a tree; 也不是从树上摘的； Feeble insects made it 它是暴风雨的海裹 In the stormy sea. 弱小昆虫做成的。 by C. G. Rossetti 【4】THE WIND风

英文诗歌鉴赏-The road not taken

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