跨文化交际Terms Questions and case答案

跨文化交际

1.Intercultural communication（跨文化交际）

It refers to communication that takes place between people of different culture backgrounds, whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication events.

2.Culture (from intercultural communication perspective)

It is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning. 3.High context （高语境）

High Context Culture

Cultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already shared by people (or the ones in which most of information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message), are labeled high-context culture.

4.Stereotype （文化定势）

It refers to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.

5.Taboo（禁忌语）

It refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are often offensive and impolite.

6.Nonverbal communication (from narrow perspective) （非言语交际）

It refers to intentional use of nonspoken symbols to communicate a specific message or the messages sent without using words.

7.Chronemics（时间行为）

It is the study of how people perceive and use time. Our understanding of time falls under a class of nonverbal communication called chonemics.

8.Culture shock（文化休克）

It refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.

9.Prejudice （文化偏见）

It refers to the irrational (非理性的) dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation.

10.Euphemism（委婉语）

It is taboo’s linguistic counterpart because it substitutes the offensive and disturbing vocabulary.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b910457747.html,petent Communication

It is interaction that is perceived as effective in fulfilling certain rewarding objectives and is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs.

1.Write your opinions about how your current educational setting embodies Chinese culture

values?

2.Summarize the stages of intercultural adaptation in your own words.

（1）U-curve Pattern

Honeymoon Period：

Crisis Period：

Adjustment Period：

Biculturalism Period：

（2）W-curve Pattern

Describe the process of reverse culture shock.

3.Summarize the categories of nonverbal communication and explain what they are briefly.

（1）Paralanguage：is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning.

（2）Silence：is a form of nonverbal communication that may be interpreted in various ways depending upon the situation, the duration of the silence, and the culture.

（3）Chronemics：is the study of how people perceive and use time.

（4）Proxemics：refers to the perception and use of space, including territoriality (领地感) and personal space. （5）others：Oculesics、Olfactics、Haptics、Kinesics、Chromatics 、Attire

4.Give colors as examples and try to find out the different interpretation of the same colors in

different cultures.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b910457747.html,nguage can be a big barrier in the intercultural communication. Try some examples to show

how language can be a problem in the intercultural communication and explain the reasons.（1）Lack of V ocabulary Equivalence

（2）Lack of Idiomatic Equivalence

（3）Lack of Grammatical-Syntactical Equivalence

（4）Lack of Experiential Equivalence：Thanksgiving 文化大革命

（5）Lack of Conceptual Equivalence

Language is the reflection of culture、values and the environment.

6.Summarize the strategies you have learned on how to avoid culture shock and engaged in

intercultural adaptation.

（1）Study the host culture

（2）Study the local environment

（3）Learn basic verbal and nonverbal language skills

（4）Develop intercultural relationships

（5）Maintain an intimate social network

（6）Assume the principle of difference/Remember your perceptual context

（7）Anticipate failure events

1、Coconut-skating （4）

The case reflects the characteristics of culture----culture is learned and pervasive.

We learn our culture in our early life through the process of socialization. Culture penetrates into every aspect of our life and influence the way we think and behave.

The Philippine women must have learned this way of mopping from their own culture. People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor mopping.

2、Why Don’t You Eat The Pizza?（12）

This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication.

Culture can greatly influence people’s belief, value, norm and social practice. Ignoring cultural differences can affect communication and cause problems.

In Malaysia, where most people are Muslims, people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and cannot be used to pass food. Knowing nothing about the cultural difference, the American student puts himself in an embarrassing situation.

3、Different Responses to Noise （16）

This case can reflect different culture can give different influences on human sensation and perception.

No two of people can assume that their sensations and perceptions are the same, especially when they come from different cultures. Different social reality and living conditions can equip them with different way to sense and perceive the world.

In this case, the German professor and Japanese professor have very different response to the noise produced by the same motor for the heating system because of their cultures and living habits.

4、Who is the most beautiful woman? （19）

This case reflects that people from different cultures have interprete the same sentence “Who is the most beautiful woman at the reception?” differently.

Fred is from western culture and his understanding of a beautiful woman focus on the looking only. While in Philippine where power distance is high, people pay more attention to social status, so Manuel thinks the maid should not be considered as a member of the reception.

5、A Danish Woman in New York （21）

This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference.

Assuming similarities instead of difference refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person’s situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is. When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”.

In this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone which is common in Denmark is also appropriate in New York. Here, she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable in another culture. That is why the small conflict happens.

6、Success Story （25）

This case can reflect different communication styles----direct and indirect styles.

The direct and indirect styles differ in the extent to which communicators reveal their intentions through their tone of voice and the straightforwardness of their message. In the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speaker’s intentions. In the indirect verbal style, verbal statements tend to hide the speaker’s actual intention. The speaker’s verbal style reflects his or her cultural and personal value.

In this case, Mary and Ms. Goshima had very different communication styles. Mary’s tended to be direct while Ms Goshima tended to be indirect. Mary was expecting a much more direct response to her question. Ms. Goshima, however, was uncomfortable with the question and felt her response should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the question. Thus came the communicative problem.

7、Are Americans Indifferent? （33）

This case can reflect the difference in kinesics(身势语）, one of the categories of nonverbal communication, among cultures.

The term kinesics refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body position, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relations to communication. Kinesics involves not only the actions but also the cultural interpretation of those actions in relation to the verbal communication uttered simultaneously.

In this case, compared to most Chinese, Americans like to smile a lot and to have causal and rich facial expressions in their daily lives, even though they have some misfortune. Because of the different opinions about facial expressions in intercultural communication, the American lady talked about her father’s sickness and death in a smiling way to show she still has the optimistic way to treat the future life, which is misunderstood as being indifferent and selfish by the Chinese.

8、Don’t Put Your Hand on My Arm（36）

This case can reflect different cultures have different opinions to spatial relations.

Different culture s have very different opinions about an individual’s unconsciously structuring the microspace immediately surrounding the physical body. Some cultures can have relatively close distance when communicating while other cultures cannot. Some western cultures consider body touch between people of the same gender to be cultural taboo and a symbol of being homosexual.

In this case, Sam is from western cultures and knows the social taboo of body touch very clearly, so he wouldn’t let others misunderstand Martin’s close body distance and touch with him, even though Martin from Chile does not know the cultural taboo at all.

9、Getting Frustrated （41）

This case can reflect different norms in different cultures.

Norms are the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors.

In this case, much of the business done in Saudi Arabia depends on a middleman and having a middleman is a norm there. In addition, Saudis believe that God gave us multifunctional hands, and the left one and the right one have different functions. What is more, Saudis have a number of norms related to restricting male and female interactions. All these above make perfect sense to Saudis but not to Jay, an American businessman. Westerners’norms concerning these are totally different. Thus, Jay and Saudis had communicative problems.

10、The Improvement Does Not Work（43）

This case can reflect one of Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s value orientation----relational orientation.

Relational orientation has three potential types: individualism, linearity and collaterality.

In this case, following their individualistic orientations, Mr. Patterson and Mr. Wyman were perfectly comfortable with the idea of creating team leaders within the individual sales groups.

However, as Park Young Sam mentions, doing so upset the harmony of the groups, which in turn led to poor performance. In the US, workers are often motivated by the opportunity for promotion and advancement as this serves the individualistic drive for individual achievement. In collectivistic cultures, however, workers may be motivated by being a part of a cohesive and productive team.

11、When Shall We Meet for Dinner? （44）

This case can reflect one of Hofstede’s value cultural dimensions----uncertainty avoidance.

Uncertainty avoidance indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations.

In this case, Kelly and Keiko are interacting about a dinner invitation. Kelly, from the US, possesses a relatively low avoidance index, while Keiko, from Japan, comes from a culture with a relatively high avoidance index. Coming from a high uncertainty-avoidant culture, Keiko would prefer to plan ahead to avoid uncertainty and prepare her script for the evening. Kelly, on the other hand, is perfectly comfortable making plans based on how the evening progresses. Without a plan, how will Keiko know how to act?

12、A Gift from a Chinese （48）

This case can reflect that a rules for gift giving are very different from culture to culture.

Chinese people love giving gifts. Usually, the value of the gift is an indication of how important the receiver is in the sender’s eyes. Most people giving gifts are concerned about whether the gift will be seen as valuable enough. An inexpensive gift means a loss of face. Dongxie may have a practical reason in giving the ginseng to his manager, but most Chinese will take it as something usual for a subordinate to do this to a manager out of a sign of respect.

North American companies do occasionally receive gifts out of appreciation for the friendship and assistance the manager may provide. Such gifts are treasured; however, the value usually is fairly small, a bottle of wine, a music CD, a small book, or other tokens.

13、R efuse to Be Treated （50）

This case can reflect culture’s influence on the health care context.

In the case just described, the U.S. American medical team system for making sense of the situation demanded that people be seen in order of the seriousness of their injuries or illness. Each person was considered as worthwhile as the next, and so seriousness of injury appeared to be a natural way to determine who was seen first.

However, the cultural system working for those on the Virgin Islands demanded that elders be seen and treated first. Their position, age, and wisdom demanded respect. For younger members of the community to go ahead of them in a time of crisis was seen as extremely disrespectful.

The conflict centered on efforts by each side to do what they perceived as good and morally responsible. Because the U.S. Americans were in a better position to adapt than an entire community that had just suffered great loss and were under extreme stress, it was good that they were willing to do so. Sadly, this is not always the case.

14、Doubts （52）

This case can reflect the problems one may encounter during intercultural adaptation. When an individual enters a new culture, he may first experience excitement. But later more serious problems may come to him. When facing these problems, one may fell anxious and not know how to deal with the present situation.

In this case, Wu Lian not only encounter language problem, and he also faces a lot of learning difficulties due to cultural differences. And besides, he also meets many difficulties in daily life. All these make him feel uncomfortable and stressed.

The only way out for him is to learn more knowledge and skills to conquer these hindrances and become successful in intercultural adaptation.

15、Missing China （55）

This case can reflect reverse culture shock.

When people return home after an extended stay in a foreign culture, they experience another round of culture shock in their native culture and they must proceed through the four stages of the U-curve pattern once again.

In this case, John, whose comes from Canada, has been living in China for quite a long time and he has got familiar with the Chinese culture. Therefore, when he returns to Canada, he cannot adapt well to his native culture.

跨文化交际概论-课程各章节内容要点整理

第一章跨文化语言交际概述 第一节文化、语言和交际 一、关于文化的概念 （一）文化的内涵和特性 1、关于文化的内涵 概括地讲，文化即是人们所思、所言（言语和非言语）、所为、所觉的总和。在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。交际即文化，文化即交际，如果没有交际，文化是难以形成的。科学的提法是：“文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交际是流动着的文化。” 2、关于文化的特性 （1）文化由人们的内稳和外显的行为组成。 （2）文化是通过符号被人们习得和传授的知识。 （3）文化是群体行为规则的集合。 （4）文化与社会是潜在现实中两种类型或两个层面上的概念。 （5）文化是历史所衍生及选择的传统观念。 （6）文化和交际具有同一性。 （7）文化是动态多变的。 （8）文化具有选择性。 （9）文化是群体或民族中心主义的意识产物。 （10）文化是个非常复杂的系统。 （二）文化定势、群体文化、亚文化 1、文化定势和群体文化 世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或社团，这些群体或社团对地域、历史、生活方式、世界观，以及价值观等方面的共享，使其成员形成并发展和强化了自己独特的文化和与其相关的交际文化。存在两种不同类型的文化范畴：一是全民族的文化，即整体的文化形象，二是具体的个性文化，即是按个人的社会情况或个人所属文化群体为基础的文化，有的学者把这种文化称之为群体文化或副文化。 2、亚文化与亚群体 在跨文化交际研究中，对文化分类的一种较为传统的做法是把文化分成主流文化和亚文化。亚文化是指存在于某一主流文化之中的一种非主流文化，某一少数群体的文化，这一文化中的行为模式区别于主流文化的行为模式。 二、关于语言的概念 （一）语言是交际工具 1、交际媒介 言语交际是人类社会中必需的另一种交换活动，交换的是信息、思想、情感。语言就是一个符号系统，一个人脑子里贮存了符号和符号的组合规则，他就可以和别人交际，传情达意，沟通信息。 2、符号功能 符号是用某种能感知的形式来代表某种事物或现象的结合体。符号由两个要素构成：一个是形式，必须是人们可感知的途径，如听觉、视觉、嗅觉、触觉等等；另一个是意义，即这个形式所代表的事物或现象。形式和意义结合，就成了“符号”。人类语言是一种有声语言，用声音形式来表示意义，通过听觉途径来感知和理解话语。 （二）语言是思维工具 “思维”和“思想”不完全相同：思维是人们认识现实世界的过程；而思想是人们对现实世

跨文化交际习题

跨文化交际习题

跨文化交际习题 1. 单选题：（1.0分） 在日本，喝汤时发出很大吮吸的声音会被认为是______。 A. 粗鲁而讨厌的 B. 你喜欢这种汤的表现 C. 在家里不要紧，在公共场合则不妥 D. 只有外国人才这么做 解答： B 参考答案： B 2. 单选题：（1.0分）

在日本，自动售货机里出售除下列哪一种饮料以外的所有其他饮料？ A. 啤酒 B. 加糖精的保健饮料 C. 加糖的咖啡 D. 美国公司生产的软饮料 解答： B 参考答案： B 3. 单选题：（1.0分） 在拉丁美洲，管理者______。 A. 一般会雇佣自己家族的成员 B. 认为雇佣中级家族成员是不合适的 C. 强调雇佣少数特殊群体员工的重要性

D. 通常雇佣比实际工作所需更多的员工 解答： A 参考答案： A 4. 单选题：（1.0分） 在拉丁美洲，人们______。 A. 认为交谈时和对方进行眼神交流是不礼貌的 B. 总是等到对方说完才开始说话 C. 身体接触次数比相似情况下北美商人多 D. 避免身体接触，因为这被认为是对个人隐私的侵犯解答： C 参考答案： C

5. 单选题：（1.0分） 马来西亚的主要宗教是______。 A. 佛教 B. 犹太教 C. 基督教 D. 伊斯兰教 解答： D 参考答案： D 6. 单选题：（1.0分） 在泰国______。 A. 男性之间挽手同行很常见

B. 男女之间在公共场合挽手很常见 C. 男女同行是很粗鲁的举止 D. 传统上男性和女性在街上遇见会互相亲吻解答： A 参考答案： A 7. 单选题：（1.0分） 在印度，进食时恰当的举止是______。 A. 用右手取食物，用左手吃 B. 用左手取食物，用右手吃 C. 取食物和吃都只用左手 D. 取食物和吃都只用右手 解答： D 参考答案： D

外国留学生在中国的跨文化交际案例研究

外国留学生在中国的跨文化交际案例研究由于全球一体化和经济全球化的发展，各国之间的经济合作与往来日益增强。不同文化背景的人们之间的经济合作及国际商务活动也日趋频繁，增强文化理解、克服文化冲突、增强文化沟通与合作就显得尤为重要。近些年来，中国经济与科技的蓬勃发展，中国文化的博大精深，吸引了越来越多的外国留学生来华求学。据我国教育部统计，2008年全国来华留学生总数首次突破了20万。越来越多的各国留学生来中国学习汉语，以便尽快的实现与中国人的交际进而实现与中国人在各个领域实现交流、沟通、合作、共赢。但通过一段时间的学习和交流之后，即使学生有了一定的词汇基础，掌握了基本的语法知识，但仍然常常在交际中遇到难题，有时候甚至搞出很多笑话和严重的文化上的不妥行为，究其根源，是因为留学生们或多或少地存在跨文化交际障碍。其实，对于学习汉语的外留学生来讲，学习汉语不光是只要明白发音，认识汉字，语法等。如果留学生在学习汉语的过程中能对于中国的历史，价值观，风土人情，宗教信仰等因素有适当的了解，就能在很大程度上帮助其学习好汉语并应用于交际。因此，必须加强对来华留学生的跨文化交流研究。 关键词：外国留学生跨文化交际 一、文化和文化差异 跨文化交流，来自不同文化的交流才可以是跨文化交流。不同的文化显然是有差异的，即文化差异的存在。于是，我们应当首先理解“文化”和“文化差异”的意义何在。“文化”一词源远流长，古往

今来，不同的学者从不同的角度和层次对文化进行定义和阐述，反映了文化涵盖内容的广泛和深入，以及人类对于文化研究的重视。英国人类学家泰勒（Edward Burnett Tylor）在其著作《原始文化》一书给文化这样定义：所谓文化或文明乃是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习惯以及其他人类作为社会的成员而获得的种种能力、习性在内的一种复合整体。这主要是从思想和行为层面对文化进行定义，而不少学者认为，文化除了精神文化、方式文化外，还包括物质文化。文化的冰山比喻有助于对文化的全面理解。文化是由显性部分和隐性部分组成的，显性部分即冰山浮出水面的可视部分，是外在直观的事物，隐性部分即冰山水下的不可视部分，例如社会规范、价值观、信念等。本人认为，文化是由人类创造的，特定群体所表现的具有显隐双重性的物质与精神成果及行为方式的总和。显性文化反映和体现了隐性文化，隐性文化驱动和支配着显性文化，两者相互联系和影响，构成有机的统一体。 所谓文化差异，简要地说，即不同国家、民族在文化上的差别。文化差异是复杂多样的，我认为应当从文化显隐性的特点出发，将文化差异分为显性差异与隐性差异。显性差异通过人类改造自然与社会的物质成果表现出来。需要说明的是，语言的不同亦属于显性差异。语言不可视、不可触，却可以听到，它是一个客观存在。隐性差异通过人类改造自然与社会的行为方式、创造的精神成果表现出来。不同文化背景的人在跨文化交流的过程中避免不了文化差异的问题，而文化差异的更深层次会导致文化冲突。

《跨文化交际》课程教学大纲

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英语论文 跨文化交际 跨文化交际的技巧 Cross-Cultural Communication Skills

Cross-Cultural Communication Skills What is cross cultural communication? Well, it simply refers to interpersonal interaction and communication across different cultures. In our increasingly globalized world, this has become an important issue. Effective cross culture communication is all about overcoming cultural differences across religion, borders, nationality and behavior. Within the business context, the diversity of people in countries and cities means that an element of effective cross cultural communication will always be required whether it is between employees, colleagues, or clients. With proper cross cultural business communication, a company can reap benefits in areas such as improved staff interaction, effective client management and better customer relations. With cross cultural communication training, foreign travel and cultural immersion, one can attain competency in cross cultural communication. Because English is the language of business, those who have English as a first language are distinctly advantaged. It therefore falls to them to take particular care in cross-lingual situations to be sure that they are adjusting their own speaking skills to account for language skill diversity when needed: speaking slowly, using tone for cl arity, avoiding acronyms or idioms, using linguistic “signposts,” etc. Conventions and guidelines for “International English” are developing. These guidelines also serve those for whom English is not a native language as we all strive to bridge the gaps that can occur in cross-cultural communication. Competency in Cross-Cultural Communication Skills Directly Influences Your Success Multi-cultural work is complex, and different cultures have a dissimilar concept of what constitutes effective communication. Mutual understanding and common agreement in cross-cultural settings is a special challenge. Even when the simplest of words are understood across cultures in a common language, they can carry different meanings that can produce misunderstandings and thus reduce trust. Most of the

文化差异与跨文化交际章节答案1~8

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10分 4 【单选题】(10分) 通过“陆上丝绸之路”，于（）年粟特人将制造葡萄酒的技术传入中国。 A. 贞观十四年 B. 康熙九年 C. 崇祯十六年 D. 元和七年 正确 查看答案解析 10分 5 【单选题】(10分) 汉武帝时期，（）为开拓“丝绸之路”立下了汗马功劳，被誉为“中国走向世界第一人”。 A. 卫青 B. 霍去病 C. 张骞 D. 司马迁 正确 查看答案解析 10分 6 【多选题】(10分) 鸠摩罗什把佛教从西方引入中国，将大量经书翻译成汉语，为佛教在中国的传播做出了巨大的贡献。他与（）和玄奘并称为中国佛教四大译经家。 A. 不空 B. 鉴真 C. 法显 D. 真谛 正确 查看答案解析 10分 7 【单选题】(10分) （）17岁时跟随父亲和叔叔历时四年来到中国，与元世祖忽必烈建立了友谊。后由鲁斯蒂谦将其在中国见闻轶事整理并编著成游记，在欧洲广为流传，激起了欧洲人对东方的向往。

(完整版)新编跨文化交际英语教程翻译1-10单元

1 Translation 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2 Translation 文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。 如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。 3 Translation 43

跨文化交际答案1

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大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案完整版

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