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Prep2008版 逻辑笔记v2.0

ChaseDream

PREP2008 逻辑笔记

作者:Helr

责编:Zeros

版权声明:

《ChaseDream PREP2008逻辑笔记》,本材料版权属于ChaseDream网站所有。本材料中的所有内容,包括(但不仅限于)正文、图片、表格和图标,受中国版权法和其他国际版权法的保护。在任何单机上,您都可以免费下载、查看这些材料或打印作为个人使用;网络转载必须标明出处同时保证资料的完整;不允许用于其他任何目的打印、复制、复印、再加工、分发、传送、上载、下载、存储和公开演示,不得随意修改、和改变这些资料;严禁利用此资料的全部或部分内容进行任何商业性应用,否则将受到依法追究。

序:

ChaseDream推出GMAT培训,一方面,很多CDers有这样的需求,而我们可以做得更好;另一方面,我们希望通过在GMAT培训中所积累的经验和资料用来回馈ChaseDream社区,为CDers提供更好的帮助。

Helr研究出来的这套GMAT解题体系与ChaseDream上广泛流行的各种方法有着非常大的区别。这套方法的有效性经过Helr自己和非常多CD Workshop同学们的验证。但是,在培训的过程中,我们发现掌握这套方法并不是一个非常容易的过程(并非这套方法有多难,而在于这是一个相对独立的体系,很多内容与之前的认知兼容度较小)。GMA T是一个设计很精巧的考试,通过各种不同的方法备考,都有同学拿到很高的分数,这从CD的1500多篇GMAT高分备考心经中可以看出。

Helr的这套方法与传统的“通过GMAT真题倒推GMAC认为什么是对的”不同,而是站在一个更高的角度“出题者如何设计GMAT题目的角度”。有同学会问,“为什么你说你站在了出题者的角度,然后你就站在出题者的角度了?”这个问题问得好,这背后是他持续不断的探索和研发,是比Helr总结出这套方法更为复杂的一个过程。正所谓英雄所见略同,我也问过Helr这个问题。当时,Helr非常有兴趣地给我讲了起来,不时从他桌上抽出一本书给我看,推荐我读读,半个小时过后,Helr满脸兴奋地问我,感觉如何?咱再详细说说这个方法背后的理论基础?看着我面前小帅哥桌上几叠快有我高的书,我决定放弃,表示不用继续听下去,他讲的全是逻辑。。。与这套方法外面所呈现的simple & elegant不同,方法背后的支撑要纷繁复杂得太多,或许只有他这样钻研其中,可以享受其中的美。幸运的是,掌握这套方法,并不需要做Helr那么多的工作。

最近有同学整理CD GMAT Workshop课堂逻辑部分的录音,写成笔记,发布在ChaseDream论坛。有同学将笔记发给Helr看。Helr收到后很开心,说整理的很用心,许多基本的内容都包括在内了。本着对CDers负责的态度,考虑到这套方法掌握起来需要更丰富的资料,我们不希望看到大家在使用这套方法时因为一些理解上的偏差,而耽误了大家的备考。于是,Helr花了几天时间,写出这份笔记,用他的方法解析GMAT PREP CR 08,希望这份笔记可以对在GMAT 备考之路上奋战的你有所帮助

方法是培训的核心,但远非全部。CD GMAT Workshop培训是围绕着我们创建的这套GMA T解题方法构建的一个完整体系,包括了讲课,课堂交流,课前预习,课后作业,答疑,后期跟进和针对性辅导等等,完整的服务需要付费,因为有一个专门的团队在支撑这项服务,我们无法将所有完整的服务免费提供给所有的CDers。

我们希望有尽量多的CDers从我们的努力中获益,这与是否参加培训无关。我们会尽量提供这套方法的准确资料,帮助无法参加CD GMAT培训的同学掌握这套方法。

关于这套方法的使用,欢迎大家讨论,简单的肯定或否定都不是我们希望看到的。不论你是否认同,深入的思考,都会让您在GMAT备考过程中获益。

如果这份笔记可以帮到大家,那将是我们最开心的事情。也希望大家在复习过程中,遇到的问

题或疑问反馈给我们。

Zeros

ChaseDream Founder

前言:

为了能让这份笔记最大化的帮助大家,请大家按照HELR步骤来完成练习。在这四步按顺序完成之后,相信你的GMAT逻辑部分会攻无不克,战无不胜。

第一步: Hypothesis

首先需要知道CR部分的一些必要掌握的假说。这些假说到目前为止还是在发展的过程中,使用假说这个词是为了逻辑的严谨,当然,就考试来说,可以理解为“定义”。

关于定义内容,请下载:

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b710837224.html,/thread-837831-1-1.html

熟读并且理解定义之后,才能清晰的看懂这份笔记。

第二步:Evaluation

在你充分了解假说之后,自己先要对它有一个评估。这种评估方法最好是用做题来理解和运用。以下我将08prep的54道CR题目率先做了一个分类。希望大家可以一类一类的做,而不要按照题号来做。一类一类的做有助于你理解整个的体系和单项的完整意义。分类做完后,本步骤完成了一半,希望你能体会到:“当类别已经被分好时,找到答案是相当容易的且正确率相当高的”。本步骤的另一半就是你要学会自己鉴别在GMAT CR部分中出现题目的类别了。这才是GMAT考察的难点。在笔记中,我在每道题中都涉及了判断的缘由,希望大家按照分类做完第一遍后,再按照题号的顺序(69~122)重新来一遍,这次,请着重注意笔记中的判断部分。

类型

题目

总数

因果推理

23

69

70

71

77

78

79

82

83

87

88

94

95

96

98

100

106

111

113

116

117

121

122果因推理

5

85

97

99

114

115演绎推理

5

74

86

103

108

110

相关因果推理

13

72

76

81

89

91

93

104

105

112

118

119

120统计枚举推理

1 80

类比推理

4

73

102

107

109方案推理

5

75

84

90

92

101

第三步:Let out

或许在这个时候你觉得自己已经很厉害了。别心急,你需要讲给别人听。别人问的问题,很多情况下都是一些难题,而这些难题,在可以被正确归类的时候,往往是很简单的。你的任务,是用你的体系给对方讲懂。如果你有线下的复习伙伴,那当然好,你们当面的交流和讨论比我一个人单纯的灌输要好的多。如果你不愿意让别人知道你在考GMAT,那你可以在各大论坛上回答问题。不要小看给你别人讲明白的过程,在这个过程中,你不但会收获友谊,更会获得自己的提升。别人的盲点,或许也是你要继续努力的地方。所以,加油!!!

第四步: Report

是你获得一个好成绩的时候了,和大家一起分享你的喜悦吧。

版本更新日志:

V2.0:

第80题,改变推理模式。课堂学生提出异议,认为理解题意有误。又仔细读了一下,确实是我自己理解的问题,现在更新到本版本中。

Practice Test #1Critical Reasoning (54 Questions)

69.

Which of the following most logically completes the reasoning?

When species are extensively hunted, individuals that reach reproductive maturity early make up a larger proportion of the population, because they have a better chance of reproducing.

When species face diminished food resources, on the other hand, individuals tend to take longer to reach reproductive maturity. These considerations may help settle whether the primary cause of the gradual disappearance of North America's mastodons, prehistoric animals related to elephants, was diminished food resources or human hunting, since __________.

A. from the location of certain hunting weapons in juxtaposition with mastodon remains, it is possible to determine whether those weapons were used to hunt mastodons

B. the average age at which mastodons reached reproductive maturity can be established from mastodon tusks, of which there are many fossils dating from different periods

C. from the remains of mastodons already discovered, it can be accurately estimated when mastodons became extinct

D. from tusks and other bones, it is possible to determine whether male and female mastodons reached reproductive maturity at about the same age

E. it is possible to determine whether the earliest human dwellings constructed from mastodon tusks and bones come from an earlier period than the earliest hunting weapons unambiguously associated with mastodon remains

?由问题问法得知,此题是评估类的题目。

?找到前提和结论:

结论句是:North America's mastodons逐渐消失的原因是两个原因的其中一个。

?判断推理模式:

通过前提和结论的关系,首先可以排除类比,统计枚举,和方案推理。又由前提与结论发生的逻辑时间,我们可以知道,前提是因,结论是果。所以该题目是因果模式推理。

前提(因)是:“mastodon有不同的灭绝原因,繁殖成熟的年龄就会不同”

结论(果)是:“由此可以确定mastodon的灭绝原因”

?找到答案方向:

因果模式推理有两个CQ:

CQ1:因果概括问题。

CQ2:干扰因素问题。

因果类型的题目,答案选项必须说出一个因的可导致结论可信度的变化的特点或者是直接涉及到因果之间的联系。

选项分析:

?从乳齿象化石周围的武器来看,有可能可以确定这些武器是不是用来猎杀乳齿象的。该选项不涉及“因”,即,无论mastodon被什么东西所杀,都不是其繁殖成熟年龄的特点。故而不能评估这种推理模式。

?Correct。乳齿象达到繁殖成熟的平均年龄是可以根据它的长牙来看出来的。许多这些长牙是始于不同时期的。该选项涉及“因”的特点。即,我们可以从某些化石里看出繁殖成熟期的不同,自然可以找到mastodon的灭绝原因(导致结论可信度的变化。)。

属于CQ2:干扰因素问题。

?从乳齿象的化石可以精确的知道它们是什么时候灭绝的。该选项涉及的不是“因”

的特点,而是“mastodon”的特点,其实我们并不关心mastodon是什么时候灭绝的,而是他们灭绝时繁殖成熟的年龄状况。

?从长牙和其他的乳齿象的骨骼中是有可能确定雄性乳齿象和雌性乳齿象是否在同

时达到繁殖成熟的年龄的。该选项涉及“因”中繁殖成熟的概念,算是涉及了“因”的一个

特点,但是该特点并不会导致结论可信度的变化,我们想知道的是灭亡时的繁殖成熟

年龄,而不是公母之间的差异。

?最早用乳齿象的长牙和骨头所建造的人类的住所的时间是否早于最早捕猎器具和

乳齿象残骸建立确定关系之前。该选项涉及的是mastodon的特点,不涉及“因”的特点。

70.

Insect infestations in certain cotton-growing regions of the world have caused dramatic increases in the price of cotton on the world market. Knowing that cotton plants mature

quickly, many soybean growers in Ortovia plan to cease growing soybeans, the price of which has long been stable, and to begin raising cotton instead, thereby taking advantage of the

high price of cotton to increase their income significantly at least over the next several years. Which of the following, if true, most calls into question the reasoning on which the plan is based?

A. The cost of raising soybeans has increased significantly over the past several years and is

expected to continue to climb.

B. Tests of a newly developed, inexpensive pesticide have shown it to be both

environmentally safe and effective against the insects that have infected cotton crops.

C. In the past several years there has been no sharp increase in the demand for cotton and

for goods made out of cotton.

D. Many consumers consider cotton cloth a necessity rather than a luxury and would be willing to pay significantly higher prices for cotton goods than they currently pay.

E. The species of insect that has infested cotton plants has never been known to attack soybean plants.

?由问题问法得知,此题是评估类的题目。

?找到前提和结论:

结论句是:Many soybean growers in Ortovia plan tobegin raising cotton

?判断推理模式:

首先排除类比和统计枚举,由于原文中涉及了方案,所以考虑一下是否是方案推理。但是发现,“方案”(to begin raising cotton)在原文中被论证过。即原文选取这个方案是有理由的。所以可以判断该推理模式为因果推理。

前提(因)是:“害虫入侵导致棉花的价格比较高,且棉花成熟的周期的比较快”

结论(果)是:“许多大豆种植者为了增加收入而决定去种棉花”

?找到答案方向:

因果模式推理有两个CQ:

CQ1:因果概括问题。

CQ2:干扰因素问题。

因果类型的题目,答案选项必须说出一个因的可导致结论可信度的变化的特点或者是直接涉及到因果之间的联系。

选项分析:

?种植大豆的成本在最近几年显著上升而且预期会继续上涨。该选项涉及的是“大

豆”的一个特点,只涉及了“果”中一个事物的特点。

?Correct. 对新发明的,便宜的杀虫剂的测试表明这种杀虫剂可以在不对环境造成

伤害前提下有效的杀掉棉花害虫。是一个“因”的特点,该选项可以令“因”中“害虫入侵

导致棉花的价格比较高”这个特点消失,从而影响结论的可信度。属于CQ2:干扰因素

问题。

?在过去的几年中,对于棉花和棉制品的需求并没有显著的上升。该选项涉及“因”

中棉花价格的特点。但从原文中我们可以看出,因为棉花成本价格上涨,无论需求是

否增加,都会增加棉花种植者的收入,所以该选项不会影响结论的可信度。

?许多顾客认为棉制衣物是必需品而非奢侈品且愿意花更高比现在更高的价格来买

棉衣。该选项和C项比较相似。棉花的价格已经由于虫害而变高。无论顾客愿不愿意

花更多钱买,变化的仅仅是令价格是否会更高。只要高了,就可以令原文的结论成立,所以该选项并不能影响结论的可信度。

?影响棉花的害虫到目前为止从来不会攻击大豆植物。该选项显然不涉及“因”的特

点。

71.

In order to improve the long-term savings rate of its citizens, Levaska’s government has decided to introduce special savings accounts. Citizens can save up to $3,000 a year in special accounts without having to pay tax on the interest, unless they withdraw money from the account before they reach the age of sixty-five. If they do withdraw any money before that age, they have to pay tax on the accumulated interest and a penalty.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously threatens the success of the government’s plan?

A. The banks and financial institutions where the special accounts will be held lobbied hard for their introduction.

B. Nearly all workers in Levaska can already save money in tax-free accounts through their workplace.

C. For the past ten years, Levaskans have been depositing an ever smaller percentage of their income in long-term savings.

D. Many Levaskans continue to work beyond the age of sixty-five.

E. In certain circumstances, such as a serious illness, the government plans to waive the penalty on early withdrawals from the special accounts.

?由问题问法得知,此题是评估类的题目。

?找到前提和结论:

结论句是:Levaska’s government has decided to introduce special savings ac counts.

?判断推理模式:

首先排除类比和统计枚举,由于原文中涉及了方案,所以考虑一下是否是方案推理。但是发现,“方案”(to introduce special savings accounts)在原文中被论证过。即原文中认为这个方案可以刺激存款是有原因的。所以该题目为因果模式推理。

前提(因)是:“特殊账户可以让公民存的长期存款在一定额度上免税,若提前支取,需要支付税费和罚款”

结论(果)是:“为了增加公民的长期存款率,政府决定引入特殊储蓄账户”

?找到答案方向:

因果模式推理有两个CQ:

CQ1:因果概括问题。

CQ2:干扰因素问题。

因果类型的题目,答案选项必须说出一个因的可导致结论可信度的变化的特点或者是直接涉及到因果之间的联系。

选项分析:

?特殊账户所在的银行和金融机构努力地劝服大家应用该账户。该选项并非“因”的

特点,无论银行们努力推广与否,公众都会可以因不收税而增加长期存款,故而不会

影响结论的可信度。

?Correct. 几乎所有Levaska的工作者都可以在他们工作的地方将钱存在免税的账

户中。该选项涉及“因”的特点,可以令“因”中的刺激因素失效,从而影响结论的可信度。

属于CQ2:干扰因素问题。

?在过去的10年中,Levaska人把更少比例的收入存储在长期账户上。该选项显

然并非“因”的特点,不会影响结论的可信度。

?许多人在六十五岁后仍然工作。该选项显然不涉及“因”的特点。

?在某些特殊的情形下,比如疾病,政府打算取消掉因提早支取而带来的罚款。该

选项涉及“因”中的一定惩罚措施的减少。但是并不能影响结论的可信度。即无论是不是

所有人都罚款,只要能免税,就可以增加公民的长期存款率。

72.

A study followed a group of teenagers who had never smoked and tracked whether they took up smoking and how their mental health changed. After one year, the incidence of depression among those who had taken up smoking was four times as high as it was among

those who had not. Since nicotine in cigarettes changes brain chemistry, perhaps thereby affecting mood, it is likely that smoking contributes to depression in teenagers.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A. Participants who were depressed at the start of the study were no more likely to be smokers after one year than those who were not depressed.

B. The study did not distinguish between participants who smoked only occasionally and those who were heavy smokers.

C. Few, if any, of the participants in the study were friends or relatives of other participants.

D. Some participants entered and emerged from a period of depression within the year of the study.

E. The researchers did not track use of alcohol by the teenagers.

?由问题问法得知,此题是评估类的题目。

?找到前提和结论:

结论句是:It is likely that smoking contributes to depression in teenagers.

?判断推理模式:

原文中虽然涉及了两个部分被调查者之间的比较,但是最后的结论是基于两者不同而做出的。所以可以排除类比推理和统计枚举推理。直接观察到原文前提说了一个时间巧合的事情,不抽烟的人换抑郁症的可能性比抽烟的人低,而结论将这两者建立了因果关系。故而符合相关因果的推理模式。

前提中的变化关系是:“吸烟者多抑郁症多”

结论中的因果关系是:“吸烟(因)导致抑郁(果)”

?找到答案方向:

相关因果模式推理有四个CQ:

CQ1:相关性不存在问题

CQ2:独立第三因素问题

CQ3:中间因素问题

CQ4:因果方向问题

注意到除掉CQ2以外,剩余所有的CQ都要涉及因和果,而CQ2可以仅仅涉及果。故而该种推理模式的答案必须同时涉及因果,或者可以提出另外一个产生果的原因。剩下的情况,都可以排除。

选项分析:

?Correct.在最开始加入实验项目时患有抑郁症的实验参与者不会比非患病的实验参与者更可能变成吸烟者。这个选项在质疑“抑郁会不会导致吸烟”,涉及因和果,且是明显的因果方向问题。属于CQ4:因果方向问题

?实验并没有区分偶尔抽烟和长期抽烟的人。仅仅涉及“因”,不是答案。

?很少的实验参与者和其他的实验参与者是朋友或者亲属。不涉及“因”,也不涉及“果”,无法成为答案。

?在实验的一年中,有些参与者产生了一个短时期的抑郁。涉及了“果”,但说的不是能产生果的原因,不能成为答案。

?调查者并没有监测实验参与者的使用酒精情况。试图形成一个“独立第三因素”,但是没有证据表明酒精一定会导致抑郁,所以不能给“果”(抑郁症比较多)提出一个另

外一个因。

73.

Advertisement: Ten years ago, the Cormond Hotel's lobby was carpeted with Duratex carpet

while the lobby of a nearby hotel was being carpeted with our competitor's most durable carpet. Today, after a decade in which the two hotels have had similar amounts of foot traffic

through their lobbies, that other hotel is having to replace the worn-out carpeting near its lobby entrances, whereas the Cormond's Duratex carpeting has years of wear left in it.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the force of the advertisement's evidence for concluding that Duratex carpet is more durable than the carpet of its competitor?

A. The lobby of the Cormond Hotel has five different entrances, but the lobby of the other hotel has only two.

B. The carpet of the Cormond Hotel's lobby is not the most durable carpet that Duratex manufactures.

C. The other hotel has a popular restaurant that can be reached from outside without walking through the hotel lobby.

D. The carpet that is being used to replace carpeting near the other hotel's lobby entrances is not Duratex carpet.

E. There is a third hotel near the other two that has not replaced the Duratex carpet in its lobby for more than 15 years.

?由问题问法得知,此题是评估类的题目。

?找到前提和结论:

本题结论比较隐晦,注意在题目最开始的时候,注明了本文为advertisement。所以一定是在宣传自己的好

结论句应该是:Duratex的地毯好。

?判断推理模式:

原文中涉及了对于在Cormond Hotel铺的Duratex地毯和其他酒店的其他品牌地毯的类比。两者的人流量一样多,但是其它品牌的坏了,说明Duratex的地毯质量好

Other Hotel Cormond Hotel

Foot traffic(相似点)

Near(相似点)

地毯也应该坏了

Foot traffic(相似点)

Near(相似点)

地毯坏了

由原文可知,如果想削弱原文的广告,只要能削弱这个类比推理就可以了。

?找到答案方向:

类比模式推理有两个CQ:

CQ1:相似性问题

CQ2:反案例问题

答案选项,要么同时涉及两个案例,要么就一个也不涉及,提出第三个案例才能成为答案。

选项分析:

?Correct. Cormond Hotel的大厅有五个门,但是其它的Hotel的大厅有两个门。

显然涉及两个案例的一个不同点。属于CQ1:相似性问题

?Cormond Hotel的大厅所铺设的地板并不是Duratex制造的最耐用的地板。仅仅涉及Cormond这个案例。

?Other Hotel有一个可以不从大厅走就能到达的很受欢迎的餐厅。仅仅涉及了Other Hotel这个案例。

?Other Hotel想要置换的地毯不是Duratex制造的地毯。仅仅涉及了Other Hotel 这个案例。

?另外一家Hotel用了Duratex的地毯十五年未坏。不涉及两个案例,但涉及第三个案例,显然是CQ2的方向,是一个“正案例”,加强选项。

74.

Comcorp Shipping Clerk: Last week, no shipments of building supplies were sent out on

Friday. The five specially ordered shipments sent out last week were sent out on Thursday,

and each of those specially ordered shipments consisted entirely of building supplies. Four shipments were sent to Truax Construction last week, none of which consisted of building

supplies.

If the shipping clerk’s statements are true, which of the following must also be true?

A. All of Comcorp’s shipments of building supplies last week were specially ordered.

B. None of Comcorp’s shipments sent on Friday of last week was sent to Truax Construct ion.

C. None of the shipments sent by Comcorp to Truax Construction last week was specially

ordered.

D. None of Comcorp’s shipments sent on Thursday of last week was sent to Truax

Construction.

E. All of Comcorp’s shipments of building supplies last week w ere sent out on Thursday.

?由问题问法得知,此题是演绎类的题目。

?对于演绎类题目,不需要评估,只要读懂原文,不加入任何外部知识,就可以选出答案。

选项分析:

?所有建筑供给的Comcrop的上周的货船都是特定的。文中说的是五个在周四的特定的订单都是关于建筑供给的,显然不能推出选项的结论。

?周五Comcrop的货船没有一个是给Truax Construction的。周五Comcorp没有

发过关于建筑供给的,Truax也没有收到关于建筑供给的,所以无法知道是不是Truax

收到了周五发出的东西。这个选项的内容无法确定。

?Correct. 没有一个Truax收到的来自Comcorp的货船是特定的。五个特定的货船

都是在周四发出的,且都是关于建筑供给的。而Truax没有收到关于建筑供给的东西,自然可以推出这个选项。

?没有一个在周四发出的Comcrop的货船是发往Truax的。文中只说了五个特定

的关于建筑供给的货船是周四发出去的,没有提到所有周四发出的货船都是关于建筑

供给的,所以该选项不是答案。

?所有Comcrop的关于建筑供给的货船都是周四发出的。文中只说周四发出了关

于建筑供给的货船,将主项和谓项颠倒的选项肯定是不能合理推理出来。

75.

Which of the following, if true, most logically completes the reasoning in the passage?

Kernland’s government restricts the export of unprocessed cashew nuts in order to ensure a low-cost supply for domestic processing plants. Though the policy constrains farm income and limits the number of farmers who can profitably grow cashews, the government defends it on the grounds that, since the processing plants are in urban areas, removing the restrictions would hurt efforts to reduce urban unemployment. However, the policy may actually have contributed to urban unemployment, since __________.

A. a lack of profitable crops is driving many small cashew farmers in Kernland off their land and into the cities

B. some of the by-products of cashew processing are used as raw materials by other industries located in Kernland’s cities

C. the government does not place similar restrictions on the export of any crop other than cashews

D. the income earned by workers in the processing plants is generally greater than that earned by agricultural laborers in rural areas

E. without governmental aid in some form, Kernland’s cashew processing plants would not be able to compete for sales in world markets

?由问题问法得知,此题是评估类的题目。

?找到前提和结论:

结论句是:The policy may actually have contributed to urban unemployment。注意,本题的结论句其实是和原文整个推理过程相反的。所以其实问题就是让我们削弱原文的推理。

?判断推理模式:

首先排除类比和统计枚举,由于原文中涉及了政府提出的新政策,所以考虑一下是否是方案推理。“方案”(Kernland’s government restricts the export of unprocessed cashew nuts in order to ensure a low-cost supply for domestic processing plants.)其实就是“policy”. 从原文中我们体会到,这个policy其实是可以reduce unemployment rate的。而文中的结论却说用这个方案会起反作用。从文中来看,并没有涉及到评估方案的句子。

前提(方案)是:“减少未被处理的腰果的出口(处理地在城市内)”

结论(目标)是:“减少城市的失业率”

?找到答案方向:

方案模式推理有三个CQ:

CQ1:方案可行性问题

CQ2:方案可接受性问题

CQ3:方案的否定性副作用

CQ4: 冲突目标(极少)

方案模式推理,其实主要是抓住原文中提出的方案,去评估这个方案潜在的三个方面的问题。如果与目标完全相悖,也可以成为选项。(极少)

选项分析:

?Correct. 缺乏有利润的庄稼令许多种腰果的农民离开农村到城市找工作。涉及了方案,提出了policy带来的一个否定性的副作用,削弱了原文。属于CQ3:方案的否定性副作用。

?有些处理腰果带来的副产物被Kernland城市中的其他工业当做原材料。如果处理腰果会有好处,实行原文方案后,肯定会增加这个好处,可以算作一个方案的正作用。

?除了腰果之外,政府对于其他的庄稼都没有相似的限制。该选项不涉及方案。

?加工农产品挣得钱要比在农村种庄稼挣的多。同样的,这个选项不涉及方案。

?如果政府不以某种形式帮助,Kernland处理后的腰果在国际市场是并没有竞争力。

同样的,这个选项完全不涉及方案。

76.

In response to mounting public concern, an airplane manufacturer implemented a program with the well-publicized goal of reducing by half the total yearly amount of hazardous waste generated by its passenger-jet division. When the program began in 1994, the division's

hazardous waste output was 90 pounds per production worker; last year it was 40 pounds per production worker. Clearly, therefore, charges that the manufacturer's program has not met its goal are false.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. The amount of nonhazardous waste generated each year by the passenger-jet division has not increased significantly since 1994.

B. At least as many passenger jets were produced by the division last year as had been produced in 1994.

C. Since 1994, other divisions in the company have achieved reductions in hazardous waste output that are at least equal to that achieved in the passenger-jet division.

D. The average number of weekly hours per production worker in the passenger-jet division was not significantly greater last year than it was in 1994.

E. The number of production workers assigned to the passenger-jet division was not significantly less in 1994 than it was last year.

?由问题问法得知,此题是评估类的题目。

?找到前提和结论:

结论句是:Charges that the manufacturer's program has not met its goal are false.

?判断推理模式:

从原文中,我们发现的情况是一个时间上的巧合。也就是说,飞机制造商客机部门执行了减排计划后,平均每个工人的排污量就下降了,结论认为是减排计划产生了效果。显然,前提当中是时间上的巧合,而结论中认为是因果关系,本题属于相关因果推理。

前提中的变化关系是:“减排计划施行工人平均排污(危险的)减少”

结论中的因果关系是:“减排计划(因)导致工人平均排污(危险的)减少(果)”

?找到答案方向:

相关因果模式推理有四个CQ:

CQ1:相关性不存在问题

CQ2:独立第三因素问题

CQ3:中间因素问题

CQ4:因果方向问题

注意到除掉CQ2以外,剩余所有的CQ都要涉及因和果,而CQ2可以仅仅涉及果。故而该种推理模式的答案必须同时涉及因果,或者可以提出另外一个产生果的原因。剩下的情况,都可以排除。

选项分析:

?从1994年以来,飞机制造商客机部门排放的无危险污染并没有显著增加。该选项不涉及“果”,不能成为正确答案。

?去年制造客机的数量至少和1994年制造的数量一样。无论制造的飞机比1994年制造的多还是少,只要最后的排放减少了(前提已经说明),就可以证明减排计划有效,也就是因果关系存在。所以该选项不能评估这个推理。

?从1994年以来,其它部门排污的减少量至少和客机制造部门的一样。该选项涉及了“果”的一个特点,但是不是能产生“果”的其它原因。

?去年每个员工的平均工作时间没有明显长于1994年的每个员工平均工作时间。

员工工作的时间长短不能作为产生“果”的原因。

?Correct. 1994年在客机制造部门的员工数没有明显少于去年的员工数。因为“果”

是工人平均排污,所以如果工人数量发生变化,显然可以成为一个解释人均数值发生变化的因素,而不是更环保这个“因”。属于CQ2:独立第三因素问题。

77.

Citizens of Parktown are worried by the increased frequency of serious crimes committed by local teenagers. In response, the city government has instituted a series of measures designed to keep teenagers at home in the late evening. Even if the measures succeed in

keeping teenagers at home, however, they are unlikely to affect the problem that concerns

citizens, since most crimes committed by local teenagers take place between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m.

Which of the following, if true, most substantially weakens the argument?

A. Similar measures adopted in other places have failed to reduce the number of teenagers on the streets in the late evening.

B. The crimes committed by teenagers in the afternoon are mostly small thefts and inconsequential vandalism.

C. Teenagers are much less likely to commit serious crimes when they are at home than when they are not at home.

D. Any decrease in the need for police patrols in the late evening would not mean that there could be more intensive patrolling in the afternoon.

E. The schools in Parktown have introduced a number of after-school programs that will be available to teenagers until 6 p.m. on weekday afternoons.

?由问题问法得知,此题是评估类的题目。

?找到前提和结论:

结论句是:Even if the measures succeed in keeping teenagers at home, however, they are unlikely to affect the problem that concerns citizens.

?判断推理模式:

通过前提和结论的关系,首先可以排除类比,统计枚举,和方案推理。又由前提与结论发生的逻辑时间,我们可以知道,前提是因,结论是果。所以该题目是因果模式推理。本题主要的前提其实是最后半句话:“most crimes committed by local teenagers take place between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m.”

前提(因)是:“大部分当地青少年的犯罪都是在下午3点到6点发生的”

结论(果)是:“就算晚上让青少年都在家中(6点以后),也无法减少

Parktown公民对于当地

青少年严重犯罪的担心”

?找到答案方向:

因果模式推理有两个CQ:

CQ1:因果概括问题。

CQ2:干扰因素问题。

因果类型的题目,答案选项必须说出一个因的可导致结论可信度的变化的特点或者是直接涉及到因果之间的联系。

选项分析:

?其他地方用同样的防止青少年晚上外出的方法都无法令晚上外出的青少年数量减少。该选项不是“因”的特点。

?Correct. 大部分青少年在下午时间犯的罪都是一些诸如小偷小摸和后果不严重破坏公务等罪。显然,这是青少年下午犯罪的一个可以影响“果”中公众对于严重犯罪的担心的特点。可以减少结论的可信度。直接涉及了因果之间的联系,削弱原文。属于CQ1:因果概括问题

?青少年在家中比不在家中有更低的可能性严重犯罪。该选项不涉及“因”的特点。

?任何在晚上对于巡警的需求的降低并不表明在下午可以加强巡逻。“因”的内容是大部分犯罪发生在下午,这个选项并不是“因”的某种特点。

?Parktown的学校在周末组织了很多直到下午6点的课外项目。这个选项是试图反驳前提,也就是3点到6点,学校一般都可以组织活动。请记住,如果想靠反驳前提而削弱文段,必须明确的直接反驳,而不是“削弱”前提。

78.

Kitchen magazine plans to license the use of its name by a line of cookware. For a magazine, licensing the use of its name for products involves some danger, since if the products disappoint consumers, the magazine's reputation suffers, with consequent reductions in circulation and advertising. However, experts have evaluated the cookware and found it superior to all other cookware advertised in Kitchen. Therefore, Kitchen can collect its licensing fee without endangering its other revenues.

The argument above assumes which of the following?

A. No other line of cookware is superior to that which will carry the Kitchen name.

B. Kitchen will not license the use of its name for any products other than the line of cookware.

C. Makers of cookware will not find Kitchen a less attractive advertising vehicle because the magazine's name is associated with a competing product.

D. Consumers who are not regular readers of Kitchen magazine will be attracted to the cookware by the Kitchen name.

E. Kitchen is one of the most prestigious cooking-related magazines.

?由问题问法得知,此题是评估类的题目。

?找到前提和结论:

结论句是:Kitchen can collect its licensing fee without endangering its other revenues.

?判断推理模式:

通过前提和结论的关系,首先可以排除类比,统计枚举,和方案推理。又由前提与结论发生的逻辑时间,也就是一个从事实向未知推测的一种推理。我们可以知道,前提是因,结论是果。所以该题目是因果模式推理。本题最主要的前提其实是However后的半句话:“Experts have evaluated the cookware and found it superior to all other cookware advertised in Kitchen.”

前提(因)是:“专家评估了该厨具厂商并且发现它的质量是超过所有在

Kitchen这本杂志上做广告的其他厂商的”

结论(果)是:“Kitchen可以收取牌照费而不需要担心它的其他收入了”

?找到答案方向:

因果模式推理有两个CQ:

CQ1:因果概括问题。

CQ2:干扰因素问题。

因果类型的题目,答案选项必须说出一个因的可导致结论可信度的变化的特点或者是直接涉及到因果之间的联系。

选项分析:

?没有其它的厨具比这个要用Kitchen冠名的厨具好。该选项涉及了“因”,但是几乎是重复了一次前提,因为就算有没在Kitchen做广告的厨具厂商的东西质量比这个将要被冠名的好,也不会对于Kitchen杂志现行的广告收入产生影响(本来就没放在Kitchen上)。所以该选项虽然涉及了“因”的特点,但是不能评估本题的推理。

?Kitchen不会冠名除了厨具以外的其他任何产品。该选项不涉及“因”的能导致结论可信度变化的特点。

?Correct. 其他的厨具制造商会认为Kitchen杂志是一个没什么吸引力的杂志因为这个杂志的名字被和竞争对手的品牌联系在了一起。该选项直接涉及到了因果之间的联系问题。也就是说,就算有“因”,结论中的“果”也不一定可以达成。因为Kitchen其他的收入肯定是包括广告费的。属于CQ1:因果概括问题。

?那些原本不是Kitchen杂志的订阅者会被Kitchen杂志的名声给吸引到厨具上。

该选项其实涉及了冠名之后能带来的优势。不过这个选项并非“因”的特点,所以不能成为答案。

?Kitchen杂志是最有声望的厨房类杂志之一。无论Kitchen杂志是否有名,只要“因”不会带来现行的收入的减少就不会干扰到结论的可信度。

79.

The country of Baurisia has, until now, been self-sufficient in both grain and meat. However, with growing prosperity in Baurisia has come a steadily increasing per capita consumption of meat, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat. Therefore, since per capita income in Baurisia is almost certain to rise further but increases in domestic grain production are highly unlikely, Baurisia is soon likely to become an importer of grain.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A. When people increase their consumption of meat, they also tend to increase their consumption of grain.

B. The per capita consumption of meat in Baurisia is roughly the same across all income levels.

C. Per capita consumption of meat has not increased substantially in recent years in those countries from which Baurisia is likely to import meat.

D. It is more economical for Baurisians to import meat than grain.

E. During Baurisia's years of growing prosperity, the country's population has remained relatively stable.

?由问题问法得知,此题是评估类的题目。

?找到前提和结论:

结论句是:Baurisia is soon likely to become an importer of grain.

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