全国2011年1月自考高级英语试题答案(网友版)

中国烹饪概论期末作业

莜面的饮食文化

院系：信息科学与工程学院

班级：计科信093

姓名：张晟

学号：2009032738

摘要：中国人的烹饪的主旨就是让食物带给人们快乐、满足和美好。人在忙碌的工作中什么时间是最放松享受的呢？就是到吃饭的时间，所以中国对烹饪很讲究，不止要好吃，还要好看、好闻。还有有很精致的造型，更重要的就是还有做饭者所要表达出来的新意，比如所说的色香味意型了莜面由莜麦加工而成的面粉，经过精细制作成为食品。莜面的营养成份是其它面粉营养成份的七倍以上，可与精面粉媲美。莜面中含有钙、磷、铁、核黄素等多种人体需要的营养元素和药物成份，可以治疗和预防糖尿病、冠心病、动脉硬化、高血压等多种疾病。同时莜面中含有一种特殊物质——亚油酸，它对于人体新陈代谢具有明显的功效。莜面是山西北部地区常见的一种面食，是用炒熟的莜麦磨制成面粉，然后用开水和面，再将和好的面切成面条，上锅蒸熟。吃的时候既可以冷拌（加烧茄子、拌黄瓜丝、水萝卜丝），也可以加热浇头（羊肉臊子配蘑菇），味道鲜美。品种有推窝窝（俗名“拷栳栳”）、搓鱼儿、压饸烙等。本文主要介绍了莜面的饮食文化。关键字：莜面做法饮食文化

正文：

一、莜面典故

相传汉武帝时期战事不断，北方地区的游牧民族—匈奴经常骚扰汉地，造成了大量的人畜损失，人民苦不堪言，正常的生产生活无法继续。消息传到中央，汉武帝大怒，随即命大军前去征讨。武帝采纳了大将军卫青的建议，命随军驻地垦荒，以供军需，并从各郡征调大批劳力调往当时的河套地区，使汉军的实力大增。当时别的农作物在当地产量有限，大量种植，此种一经播下，生长迅速产量很高。汉军食后，军力大增、耐饥寒，经酷暑，最后大获全胜。汉武帝非常高兴，亲自率众到河套地区，犒劳三军，并封敬献谷物的大臣莜司为大将军。并亲自为这种谷物取名为为莜面。

从此，这种谷物在中华大地扎下了根。

隋朝末年，隋文帝杨坚偏信奸佞之言，要立次子杨广为太子，唐国公李渊力谏不纳，被贬为并州(太原)留守。途经灵空山时，不料身怀六甲的李夫人要临盆分娩，只好借宿灵空山古刹盘谷寺，生下公子李元霸。李渊滞留该寺，常与老方丈谈论天下大事。一日，老方丈对李渊说，我夜观天象，近日天下大乱，群雄恶战，将军应养精蓄锐，将来必成大业。今日我让香积房给你做顿稀罕饭，吃了之后定会精神焕发，体强力壮。午时将莜面“蜂窝”筒筒端了出来，李渊蘸上辣椒吃后，顿觉神清气爽，便问是什么饭。老方丈说是用莜麦面做的，形似“蜂窝”，所以称其为“莜面窝窝”，又叫“燕麦窝窝”。后来李渊当了皇帝，便派老方丈到五台山当主持。老方丈带领众僧赴任中，路过静乐县，时值秋收季节，看到当地盛产莜麦，便上前问询一位中年男人，得知当地人的吃法仅仅是把莜麦磨成面，然后加水和好再蒸熟，就和吃馒头一样。特别单调。于是，便把“莜面三生三熟”的加工，制作方法和莜面的各种吃法传给了名叫“袁焕”静乐人。从此莜面窝窝成为静乐人的待客饭。后静乐人看见这种窝窝象存放东西的直筒“栳栳”，故将窝窝改称为“栲栳栳”。随着时间的推移，朝代的更替，袁焕的子子孙孙为躲避战争一大部分迁徙到了大同的天镇，随后又迁到了张家口的张北县，日久这种民间美食传遍了山西、陕西、内蒙、河北等地，成为山区人民的家常美食,现如今袁焕的第二十二代传人袁博已定居在张北县二泉井村，还保存着“莜麦”传统的加工，制作方法。是属于全人类的“民间文化”。来自唐朝的“味道”。

清代康熙皇帝远征噶尔丹，在归化城吃过莜面，给予很高的评价。乾隆年间，莜面作为进贡皇帝的食品被送往京城。20世纪50年代，朱德总司令两次来察哈

尔视察，都主动要求吃莜面。他说，当年在晋西北转战，曾多次在老乡家的热炕头上吃过莜面，也听说过莜面是“张家口三宝”之一的传说。那又筋又细的莜面，支持过晋察绥陕根据地革命将士的伟大斗争，总司令一直在怀念它。

二、莜面做法

莜面有五大系列，蒸、炸、氽、烙、炒，共有数十个品种，其中蒸莜面常见的就有有窝窝、馀馀、钝钝、饺饺、金棍、丸丸等各具特色17种做法。

莜面有两种吃法，热吃和凉吃。莜面制作方法灵活多变，常在巧妇手下搓、推、擀、卷、花样翻新，由乡村大妈现场制作，明档厨房，食用前观赏一翻民间手艺食欲大增。食用时可用蔬菜及辣汤，冷调、凉拌;也可用热羊肉汤、熟土豆拌吃。并可按各自口味，酸、辣、咸、甜自行调制。夹一筷子莜面，饱蘸自已调配好的汤料，细细咀嚼，一种特殊的莜面香味令你回味无穷。

莜面吃法颇多，风味各有千秋。可以加工成窝窝、鱼鱼、储格、拿糕、饺饺、傀儡、丸丸、馄饨、拨面、山药扁鱼子等，也可以加工成烙饼、煮鱼、炒面、糊糊、燕麦片、方便面等，不仅成为当地人的一种主要食品，而且是出口外销的名牌产品。

喜吃莜面不仅是当地人几百年的饮食习惯，而且吃得很讲究，一年四季吃法不同，各有风味。进入初春，广大农村的新鲜蔬菜不多，而家庭腌制的酸白菜、酸圆菜相对比较充裕，将腌酸菜浸泡后，切碎同猪肉或猪油、粉条、山药、豆腐等烩出一锅烩酸菜，把蒸熟的莜面窝窝、莜面鱼鱼、莜面锅烙给铬放进烩酸菜碗内，再放一些油炸辣椒调拌着吃，一两碗进肚，身上头上都出汗。进入夏季，新鲜蔬菜多了，蒸出莜面窝窝、鱼鱼或给格，用醋、酱油加水加盐，调和成“冷盐汤”，汤内加放蒸山药荐荐、烧茄子、黄瓜、水萝卜丝、韭菜和香菜段，再加一些大蒜块或末，冷汤调莜面，几碗下肚，格外爽口！进入秋季，农村自种的山药、番瓜、白菜、圆菜等都可以自食自用了，冷调莜面和热调莜面皆宜。吃冷调莜面，与夏天的吃法大体相同，也可以在凉盐汤内置入剥皮后碾碎的煮山药与莜面一起冷调着吃。热调莜面，就是以新山药、新番瓜、新白菜（或圆菜）为主要材料，烩上一锅大烩菜，调上热腾腾的蒸莜面，吃上几碗，特别的可口！进入冬季，天寒地冻。或以大烩菜，或以加土豆条的羊肉汤、猪肉汤热调莜面，再加上一些油炸辣椒末，一两碗下肚，大汗淋漓，甚是痛快！

至于莜面饺饺、馄饨、煮鱼子、炒面、蒸山药莜面鱼子、丸丸、蒸傀儡、油块垒、莜面方便面等，今日已登堂入室，荟粹呼和浩特街头的“莜面大王馆”。雅有雅的吃法，俗有俗的吃法，保您满意而归。山西莜面，将面撮成条状，在火上蒸熟，但火后不容易掌握，再加入西红柿、羊肉，醋就能吃了。

醋拌莜面：

主料：莜面。

辅料：醋、糖、盐、鸡精、葱、蒜、花椒、胡萝卜丝。

过程：

1.把莜面放在温水中泡软，约15分钟。

2.把莜面捞出，凉水浸泡，捞出。

3.在莜面中放入醋、糖、盐、鸡精调味，装盘。

4.起炒锅，油热，放入花椒炸香。

5.放入蒜、葱翻炒，关火。放入胡萝卜丝，余热翻熟。

6.浇在莜面上即可。

莜面饺子：

材料：莜面、猪肉、胡萝卜、酱油、麻油、盐、味精、姜、大葱、花椒水

做法：

1、莜面放盆内，倒入开水500克，用木棒搅匀，再用

手揉匀揉光成烫面团，盖严备用，防止面凉。

2、肉切碎剁烂，胡萝卜切碎，葱姜切末，肉馅加调辅

料拌匀，最后加入胡萝卜，葱花，麻油拌匀即成馅。

3、面团上案搓成长条，揪成20个剂子，逐个压扁擀

成直径10厘米的圆皮，包入馅心，对边折捏成月牙形，

上屉蒸15分钟即可，食时稍晾，待面皮定住不粘手时即可食用。

木耳拌莜面：

材料：莜面、红椒、黑木耳、紫菜、香葱、老干妈豆豉、盐、生抽、鸡精、香油、醋、红油

做法：

1、将莜面用五十度的水泡软沥干水分备用。

2、紫菜和黑木耳用温水泡发，洗净后切丝过开水烫一

下后捞出。

3、将豆豉、盐、生抽、鸡精、醋、红油和香油加少量

温水兑成调味汁儿。

4、将莜面、木耳、紫菜放入盘中拌匀，倒入调味汁儿充分搅拌，最后加入红椒丝和葱花即可。

莜面栲栳栳做法：

原料：莜麦面，水，蒜泥，酱油，醋，盐，味精，糖，香油

操作：

1 将莜麦面用水和好后醒半个小时，将案板上轻抹一层

油。

2 用手取一小块面团儿放在案板上用大拇指用力向前

一搓使其形成一个大片，揪住面片一头。

3 将面片揭起顺着手指一转，让其成桶状，竖着放入笼

屉中，按着个方式依次将笼屉码满后上锅蒸熟。

4 碗内加蒜泥，醋，酱油，盐，味精，少许白糖，香油调和成沾汁。食用时沾汁即可。

莜面栲栳栳的制做工序非常严格，和面一般是由体力较好的小伙子负责，加以烧开的水，用擀面棍搅拌成面团，必须趁热将其揉精。接下来的活就可以交给双手轻柔的女师傅了，但见她在光滑的石板上将小莜面团一揉、一搓，再往手指上一绕，就变出了一卷卷的莜面栲栳栳。接着将薄片卷成空心卷，竖立在笼中，蒸约10分钟后，揭去笼盖，喧腾腾的莜面栲栳栳就成功了。

炒莜面鱼：

原料：莜面粉，芦笋，胡萝卜，香菇，莴笋，春笋，鸡蛋，小辣椒。

做法：

1、用温水将莜面和成面团，盖上保鲜膜静置一段时间；

2、用手取适量面团，揪下两个拇指盖大小一块面，在

双手手心里一撮，撮成细长条状；

3、蒸锅上放湿屉布，将搓好的面鱼儿平铺，大火蒸

10分钟即可；

4、蒸好的面鱼儿取出待用。

5、配菜的做法：

（1）、将所有蔬菜洗净，均切小丁；

（2）、锅放油，小火将鸡蛋炒熟，盛出；

（3）、另起锅，先爆香葱姜辣椒，然后将胡萝卜丁、香菇丁和春笋丁倒入锅中翻炒，之后再放入莴笋丁和芦笋丁，加少许酱油，翻炒均匀后放入莜面鱼儿，并调入适量盐。出锅前放入炒熟的鸡蛋翻拌均匀即可。

莜面饸饹：

做法:

1、莜面用水搅匀揉好，揪成小剂放在特制案板上

2、用手紧推成形如牛舌的薄面片，再用食指将面皮搭上，卷

成中间空的小卷，3、竖于蒸笼里蒸熟即成。

4、吃时浇羊肉，配以香菜、粉丝、辣椒、芝麻酱等。

山西雁北冷莜面：

原料：莜麦面、黄瓜丝、胡萝卜丝、水萝卜丝、白萝卜丝、

香菜、紫白菜丝、糖、盐、味精、芝麻酱、辣椒油、蒜汁、

水、橄榄油、酱油、醋、番茄沙司。

做法：选用山西雁北高寒地区的莜麦面，用开水烫面，和

好后擀成面条；煮熟过凉水；将各种配料、调料依个人口

味拌制即可.

大碗烩莜面鱼鱼：

原料：

莜面200克。

猪肉50克，粉条15克，豆角20克，海带10克，土豆20克，西红柿30克，白芝麻5克，香菜3克。

生姜片3克，蒜片4克，盐3克，味精3克，陈醋5克，酱油3克。

做法:

1.莜面粉加水和成面团，用手搓成两端细中间粗的橄榄

形(北方称鱼鱼)，用水煮熟捞出，过冷水后待用。

2.猪肉切小片状;豆角切丁;海带切丝;土豆切筷子条形;

西红柿切大丁;粉条用水泡发。

3.烧锅放油，放入肉片炒散，放入生姜片和蒜片炒出味，

放入盐和酱油炒肉片上色，放入其余配料略炒后，放入

适量水煮开，再放入鱼鱼同煮，待水开时放入盐﹑酱油、

陈醋﹑白芝麻，味精调味，装入大碗中，表面撒上香菜段即可。

三、营养价值

莜麦属“裸燕麦”，俗称“莜麦”，所含蛋白质和脂肪量为五谷之首，莜面的营养成份是其它面粉营养成份的七倍以上，膳食纤维是小麦面粉的14倍。可与精面粉媲美。莜面中含有钙、磷、铁、核黄素等多种人体需要的营养元素和药物成份，可以治疗和预防糖尿病、冠心病、动脉硬化、高血压等多种疾病。同时莜面中含有一种特殊物质——亚油酸，它对于人体新陈代谢具有明显的功效。另外，莜面还是一种很好的保健食品，有助于减肥和美容。

莜面的营养价值很高，含的钙、磷、铁、核黄素都相当多。莜面窝窝的做法是，将莜面加一倍开水或冷水和制，用手掌在光滑的板面上推一个，食指卷一个，做成如“猫耳朵”似的筒状形，长寸许、薄如叶、色淡黄。做好后，挨个站立并排在笼内酷似蜂窝。熟时即香味扑鼻，吃时再配以羊肉或蘑菇汤调和，使人闻之垂涎，胃口顿开，食之香醇异常，回味无穷。

四、结束语

人类的烹饪文化是由传统遗产和现代创造成果共同组成的。不同的时代创制出的菜点风格是不同的。远古、上古、中古、近代、现代的烹饪制作与创造组成了一部由简单到复杂、由低级到高级、由慢到快、由满足生理需求到满足生理需求和心理需求的人类烹饪文化发展史。

烹饪文化具有强烈的时代性，不同的时代人们对饮食的追求是不同的。在贫穷落后的年代，人们为生存、温饱而奔波，这一时期饮食需求就是养家糊口，填饱肚皮，难求饮食安全，更谈不上追求菜品的文化艺术效果。而在社会经济繁荣发展的时代，人们生活有了积余，在饮食上的要求已不仅满足于吃饱，而开始有意识地讲究饮食美味、多样、变化。

参考文献：

【1】山西面食孙秀芬化学工业出版社 2008年05月【2】白案上的面食舞蹈燕治国学苑出版社2001年10月1日

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