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More than 650,000 students left university this summer and many have no idea about the way to get a job. How tough should a parent be to galvanize them in these financially fraught times?

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1 In July, you looked on as your handsome 21-year-old son, dressed in gown and mortarboard, proudly clutched his honours degree for his graduation photo. Those memories of forking out thousands of pounds a year so that he could eat well and go to the odd party, began to fade. Until now.

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2 As the summer break comes to a close and students across the country prepare for the start of a new term, you find that your graduate son is still spending his days slumped in front of the television, broken only by texting, Facebook and visits to the pub. This former scion of Generation Y has morphed overnight into a member of Generation Grunt. Will he ever get a job?

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3 This is the scenario facing thousands of families. More than 650,000 students left university this summer and most in these financially testing times have no idea what to do next. Parents revert to nagging; sons and daughters become rebels without a cause, aware that they need to get a job, but not sure how.

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5 "I applied for a job as a political researcher, but got turned down," he says. "They were paying £18,000, which doesn't buy you much more than a tin of beans after rent, but they wanted people with experience or master's degrees. Then I applied for the Civil Service fast stream. I passed the exam, but at the interviews they accused me of being 'too detached' and talking in language that was 'too technocratic', which I didn't think possible, but obviously it is."

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6 Since then he has spent the summer "hiding". He can recount several episodes of Traffic Cops and has seen more daytime television than is healthy. He talks to his friends about his aimless days and finds that most are in the same boat. One has been forced out to stack shelves by his parents. For the rest it is 9-to-5 "chilling" before heading to the pub.

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So how about working behind the bar, to pay for those drinks? "I don't want to do bar work. I went to a comprehensive and I worked my backside off to go to a good university, where I worked really hard to get a good degree," he says. "Now I'm back at the same stage as those friends who didn't go to uni at all, who are pulling pints and doing dead-end jobs.

I feel that I've come full circle."

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8 Although she is taking a soft line with her son at the moment, she is clear that after an upcoming three-week trip to South America, his holiday from work will have to end. He may even have to pay rent and contribute to the household bills.

9 "They've got to grow up at some point. We've finished paying for university, so a little bit of help back is good," she says. "The South America trip is the cutoff point. When he comes back there'll be Christmas work if nothing else."

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10 Gael Lindenfield, a psychotherapist and the author of The Emotional Healing Strategy, says that the Goodwin parents have struck exactly the right note. The transition from university to a job is tough for parents and children: Crucially they must balance being positive and understanding with not making life too comfortable for their offspring.

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11 "The main job for the parents is to be there because if they start advising them what to do, that is when the conflict starts. If you have contacts, by all means use those," she says. "But a lot of parents get too soft. Put limits on how much money you give them, ask them to pay rent or contribute to the care of the house or the pets. Carry on life as normal and don't allow them to abuse your bank account or sap your reserves of emotional energy."

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12 Paying for career consultations, train fares to interviews or books are good things; being too pushy is not. But while parents should be wary of becoming too soft, Lindenfield advises them to tread sympathetically after a job setback for a few days or even weeks – depending on the scale of the knock. After that the son or daughter needs to be nudged firmly back into the saddle.

14 As for bar work, she is a passionate advocate: It's a great antidote to graduate apathy. It just depends on how you approach it. Lindenfield, who found her first job as an aerial photographic assistant through bar work, says it is a great networking opportunity and certainly more likely to get you a job than lounging in front of the TV.

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大学毕业找工作的第一要义:别躺在沙发上做梦

今年夏天,超过65万的大学生毕业离校,其中有许多人根本不知道怎么找工作。在当今金融危机的背景下,做父母的该如何激励他们?

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1七月,你看着英俊的21岁的儿子穿上学士袍,戴上四方帽,骄傲地握着优等学士学位证书,拍毕业照。这时,记忆中每年支付几千英镑,好让儿子吃好、并能偶尔参加聚会的记忆开始消退。但现在,你又不得不再考虑钱的问题。

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2等到暑假快要结束,全国各地的学生正在为新学期做准备的时候,你却发现大学毕业的儿子还歪躺在沙发上看电视。除此之外,他只是偶尔发发短信,浏览社交网站Facebook,或者去酒吧喝酒。这位属于“千禧一代”的年青人一夜之间变成了“抱怨一代”的成员。他能找到工作吗?

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3这就是成千上万家庭所面临的状况:今年夏天,65万多大学生毕业,在当今金融危机的背景下,他们中的大多数人不知道自己下一步该做什么。父母只会唠叨,而儿女们则毫无缘由地变成了叛逆者。他们知道自己该找份工作,但却不知道如何去找。

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4来自米德尔塞克斯郡的杰克·古德温今年夏天从诺丁汉大学政治学系毕业,获得二级一等荣誉学士学位。他走进大学就业服务中心,但又径直走了出来,因为他看见很多人在那里排长队。跟他一起住的另外5个男孩子也都跟他一样,进去又出来了。找工作的压力不大,虽然他所认识的大多数女生都有更明确的计划。

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5他说:“我申请政治学研究工作,但被拒绝了。他们给的年薪是1万8千镑,交完房租后所剩无几,也就够买一罐豆子,可他们还要有研究经历或硕士学位的人。然后我又申请参加快速晋升人才培养计划,并通过了笔试。但在面试时,他们说我‘太冷漠’了,谈吐‘太像专家政治论者’。我觉得自己不可能那样,但我显然就是那样的。”

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6打那以后,他整个夏天都在“隐身”。他能够轻松地复述出电视剧《交通警察》中的若干片段。他白天看电视的时间太长,已经到了影响健康的地步。跟朋友谈起自己漫无目标的日子时,他才发现他们的处境和自己一样。其中一位朋友在父母的逼迫下去超市上货,其余的则都是朝九晚五地“无所事事”,晚上则去酒吧喝酒打发时间。

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要么,干脆就在酒吧工作?这样还可以挣些酒钱。“我不想在酒吧工作。我上的是综合学校,我拼命读书才考上了一所好大学。到了大学,我又埋头苦读,才取得一个好学位。可现在我却跟那些没上过大学的做无聊的酒吧侍应的朋友处在同一个水平线上。我觉得自己好像兜了一圈,又回到了原来的起点。”

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7他的母亲杰奎琳·古德温替他辩护。她坚持认为她的儿子已经尽力了。因为她自己中学毕业后一直都在工作,所以她和她的丈夫发现,建议儿子如何继续找工作是件很棘手的事情。她说,“我一直都不得不工作。而现在的年青人很难做到这一点,因为如果你有了学位,学位就会为你提供新的机会,至少你自己会这么想。”

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8虽然现在她对儿子的态度还比较温和,但是她心里很清楚,去南美度三星期的假之后,他的休假就该结束了。他可能还得付房租,并分担家庭开支。

9 她说,“在某个时候孩子们总要长大成人。我们已经帮他交了大学的学费,所以他也该给我们一点点回报了。南美度假就是一个分水岭,他回来以后如果找不到工作,那就圣诞节打零工好了。”

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10心理治疗师盖尔·林登费尔德是《情感康复策略》的作者。她说古德温夫妇的做法是很恰当的。从大学到工作的转换对父母和孩子来说都很艰难,关键是父母要在支持理解孩子和不溺爱孩子之间找到一个平衡点。

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11“父母的主要任务就是支持孩子,如果他们教导孩子该如何做,那么就会引起矛盾,如果有熟人,一定要找他们想办法。”她说。“但很多父母心太软了。必须限制孩子的零花钱,要求他们交房租,或分担日常生活或养宠物的开销。父母要维持正常的生活,不要让孩子随便用你们的银行账户或者榨干你们的情感能量。”

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12为孩子支付职业咨询费、面试交通费及书费是好事,但不能催得太紧。林登费尔德建议:虽说父母不能太宽容,但是如果孩子找工作遇到了挫折,父母应该体谅他们,宽容他们几天甚至几周——这取决于他们受打击的程度。等他们缓过来之后,父母就该坚决要求孩子继续求职。

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13男孩更容易窝在家里。林登费尔德相信男人比母亲和姐妹更容易帮助儿子、侄子或朋友的儿子。她说,由于男人和女人处理挫折的方式不同,所以男孩需要跟男人谈话才能度过难关。

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14林登费尔德强烈支持去酒吧打工:那是克服毕业冷漠症的一剂良方。这工作好不好要取决于你如何看待它。就是在酒吧打工的时候,林登费尔德找到了她的第一份当航拍助手的工作。她说在酒吧工作是拓展人际关系的绝好机会,肯定比赖在家里看电视更容易找到工作。

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15她说:“在超市上货也一样。如果干得好,你就会被人发现的。如果你聪明、活泼,礼貌待客,你很快就会升职。所以,把它看作是机会。那些最终成功的人士很多都有在超市上货的经历。”

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16你的儿女可能不会干好莱坞影星们干过的活,比如像乌比·戈德堡那样去停尸房给死人化妆,或者像布鲁斯·威利斯那样在核电站当警卫,但即便是布拉德·皮特也曾经不得不穿上宽大的小鸡模样的服装站在快餐连锁店El Pollo Loco的门口招揽生意。他们中没有一个人因为这些经历而变得更加穷困。

Danger! Books may change your life

1 Like Lewis Carroll's Alice, who falls into a rabbit

hole and discovers a mysterious wonderland, when

we pick up a book we are about to enter a new world.

We become observers of life from the point of view of

a person older than ourselves, or through the eyes of

a child. We may travel around the globe to countries

or cultures we would never dream of visiting in real

life. We'll have experiences which are new, sometimes

disconcerting, maybe deeply attractive, possibly

unpleasant or painful, but never less than liberating

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from the real world we come from.

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2 The English poet William Cowper (1731–1800) said

"Variety's the very spice of life, / That gives it all its

flavour" although he neglected to say where or how

we could find it. But we know he was right. We know

we live in a world of variety and difference.

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We know

that people live various different lives, spend their time

in various different ways, have different jobs, believe

in different things, have different opinions, different

customs, and speak different languages. Normally,

we don't know the extent of these differences, yet

sometimes when something unusual happens to make

us notice, variety and difference appear more as a

threat than an opportunity.

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3 Reading books allows us to enjoy and celebrate this

variety and difference in safety, and provides us with

an opportunity to grow. To interact with other people's

lives in the peace and quiet of our homes is a privilege

which only reading fiction can afford us. We even

understand, however fleetingly, that we have more in

common with other readers of books in other cultures

than we might do with the first person we meet when

we step out of our front doors. We learn to look beyond

our immediate surroundings to the horizon and a

landscape far away from home.

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4 If we ever question the truth of the power of

reading books, we should take the trouble to go to our

local library or bookshop, or even, if we're fortunate

enough, to the books on our shelves at home.

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We should wonder at the striking vistas created by the

titles of novels ranging from the classics to the most

recent:

5 Every book will have its own language and dialect,

its own vocabulary and grammar. We may not always

understand every word or sentence, but whether

we're enchanted or whether we feel excluded, our

emotions are nevertheless stimulated. Other people

and other cultures are not always distant because of

geography. In a book we may confront people who

live in a different climate, have different religious

beliefs, or come from a different ethnic group. Even our

neighbours down the road may be strangers who we

can only meet through books.

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6 As soon as we are able to listen, books are

supremely influential in the way we live. From the

bedtime story read by a parent to their child all the way

through to the sitting room lined with books in our adult

homes, books define our lives. The English writer E.

M. Forster (1879–1970) even hinted at a more mystical

power which books possess over us.

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He wrote, "I

suggest that the only books that influence us are those

for which we are ready, and which have gone a little

further down our particular path than we have gone

ourselves." It's as if the right book comes to seek us

out at the right moment, and offers itself to us – it's not

us who seek out the book.

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7 Thomas Merton (1915–1968), the American monk,

priest and writer, was once asked a series of seven

questions by a journalist: Name the last three books

you have read, the three books you are reading now,

the books you intend to read, the books that have

influenced you, and why, a book that everyone should

read, and why. For the books which had influenced

him, he cited poetic works of William Blake, various

plays by ancient Greek thinkers and writers, and a

number of religious writings.

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When asked why they had

influenced him, he replied, "These books and others

like them have helped me to discover the real meaning

of my life, and have made it possible for me to get out

of the confusion and meaninglessness of an existence

completely immersed in the needs and passivities

fostered by a culture in which sales are everything."

8 So how would you answer the questions?

9 In 1947, Clifton Fadiman coined the term home-

run book. When a baseball player hits a home run, he

hits the ball so hard and so far he's able to run round

the four bases of the diamond, and score points not

only for himself but for the other runners already on a

base. It's the most enjoyable and satisfying event in a

baseball game.

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Likewise, a home-run book describes

not the child's first reading experience, but the first time

they read a book which induces such pleasure and

satisfaction that they can't put it down. For hundreds of

millions of children around the world, the best known

example of a home-run book will be the Harry Potter

stories.

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10 As adults, we're always looking for our own home-

run books, not just for the first time, but time after

time again. Whoever has read a novel in one sitting

will always remember the pleasure and satisfaction

which await us, and eagerly, insistently, sometimes

even desperately seeks to reproduce the marvellous

sensation again. We cannot withstand the hunger to

visit another world, to meet different people, to live

other lives and to reflect on ourselves.

11 Danger! Books may change your life. Such is the

power of reading.

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1 刘易斯·卡罗尔书中的爱丽丝不小心掉进了兔子洞里,但她在那里发现了一个神奇的仙境。当我们打开一本书时,我们也会像爱丽丝那样走进一个全新的世界。我们能从一个年长者的角度,或通过一个孩子的眼睛来观察生活;我们可以周游世界,遍访现实生活中从没想过要访问的国家和文化;我们可以体验未曾经历过的事情,这些事情也许令人困惑,也许引人入胜;可能是不愉快的,也可能是令人痛苦的,但无论如何都至少能把我们从现实世界中解放出来。

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2 英国诗人威廉·柯珀(1731-1800)说:“变化是生活的调味品,它让生活变得有滋有味。”虽然他没有说在什么地方以及怎样才能找到变化,但我们知道他说得对。我们知道我们生活在一个充满变化与差异的世界里。

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我们知道人们的生活各不相同,过日子的方式也不尽不同,人们做不同的工作,有不同的信仰,持不同的观点,有不同的风俗习惯,说不同的语言。通常,我们不知道这些差异的大小,但一旦发生了不平常的事情并引起了我们的注意,这种变化或差异与其说是机会,毋宁说是威胁。

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3 读书让我们能够安全地享受和庆贺这种变化与差异,并为我们提供成长的机会。在家里安详平和的环境中与他人的生活互动,这是阅读小说才享有的特权。我们甚至感觉到——哪怕只是在一瞬间——我们和异文化读者的共同点或许要多于我们和家门口随便碰到的一个人的共同点。我们学会把目光移出我们周围的环境,投向天边,去领略一下异域风光。

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4 如果我们怀疑读书是否能给我们力量的话,我们就应该自己去一趟当地的图书馆或书店,或者,如果我们足够幸运的话,可以读一读家里书架上的书。

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我们会惊奇于古今小说的标题所创造出来的壮观景象:约翰·斯坦贝克的《愤怒的葡萄》、约翰·欧文的《第四只手》、亚历山大·索尔仁尼琴的《癌病房》、欧内斯特·海明威的《丧钟为谁而鸣》、格雷厄姆·格林的《哈瓦那特派员》、奥黛丽·尼芬格的《时间旅行者的妻子》、保罗·托迪的《到也门钓鲑鱼》。一旦开始阅读,我们就应该思考一下我们在书中读到的别样人生。

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5 每一本书都有自己的语言、方言、词汇和语法。我们不见得总能理解其中的每一个字、每一句话,但不管我们是痴迷其中,还是觉得被排斥在外,我们的情感被调动起来了。尽管在地理上有一定的距离,但其他民族、其他文化未必就离我们那么遥远。在书里我们可能遇见生活在不同气候、有不同信仰、来自不同民族的人。即便是住在同一条街上的邻居,我们也可能对其一无所知,而只能通过阅读结识。

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6 小时候,在我们刚刚能听懂别人说话的时候,书就对我们的生活方式产生了很大的影响。从父母给孩子读的睡前故事一直到成年后家中摆满书柜的客厅,书界定了我们的人生。英国作家E.M.福斯特(1879–1970)暗示书对我们具有另一种更加神秘的支配力。

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他写道:“我认为能影响我们的书籍是那些我们已经准备要读的书,而且这些书在我们已经选定的道路上走得比我们更远一些。”合适的书好像自己就会在恰当的时候找到我们,出现在我们面前,而不是我们去寻找那本书。

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7 美国修士、牧师及作家托马斯·默顿(1915–1968)曾经被记者一连串地问了7个问题:说出你最近读完的3本书;你正在读的3本书;你打算要读的书;对你有影响的书,并解释一下理由;一本你觉得每人都要读的书,并解释一下理由。关于对他有影响的书,他列出了威廉·布莱克的诗集、古希腊思想家和作家写的各种戏剧以及一些宗教作品。

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当被问及这些书为何会影响他时,他回答说:“这些书——还有其他类似的书籍——帮助我找到了人生的真谛。销售就是一切的文化培育了人们无止境的需求和消极被动,生活充满了困惑和空虚,而书籍则把我从这种困惑和空虚中解脱了出来。”

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8 那么,你又会如何回答这些问题呢?

9 1947年,克利夫顿·法迪曼发明了“全垒打书籍”这个词。当一个棒球手打出一个全垒打时,因为击球有力、打得远,他有时间跑完整个棒球场内的四个垒,不仅自己得分,而且还能帮其他各个垒的跑垒者得分,这是棒球赛里最有趣和最开心的事情。

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同样,一本“全垒打书籍”指的不是儿童第一次读书的经历,而是指他第一次读到一本给他带来极大愉悦和满足感的书以至于让他爱不释手的经历。对世界上数以亿计的儿童来说,“全垒打书籍”的最典型的例子就是《哈利波特》系列故事。

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10 作为成年人,我们总在寻找自己的“全垒打书籍”,不仅是第一次,而是一次又一次地寻找。所有一口气读完一本小说的人都会记得那种令人期待的愉悦和满足感,并会焦急、固执、有时甚至疯狂地寻求重复体验这种感觉。我们想周游另一个世界、想与不同的人见面、想经历别样的人生并自我反省,我们无法遏制这样的渴求。

11 危险!书可能会改变你的人生。这就是读书的力量。

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The Key to Wedded Bliss?

Money Matters

1 If you ask married people why their marriage works, they are probably not going to say it's because they found their financial soulmate.

2 But if they are lucky, they have. Marrying a person who shares your attitudes about money might just be the smartest financial decision you will ever make. In fact, when it comes to finances, your marriage is likely to be your most valuable asset –or your largest liability.

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3 Marrying for love is a relatively recent phenomenon. For centuries, marriages were arranged affairs, aligning families for economic or political purposes or simply pooling the resources of those scraping by.

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4 Today, while most of us marry for romantic reasons, marriage at its core is still a financial union. So much of what we want – or don't want –out of life boils down to dollars and cents, whether it's how hard we choose to work, how much we consume or how much we save. For some people, it's working 80-hour weeks to finance a third home and country club membership; for others, it means cutting back on office hours to spend more time with the family.

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5 "A lot of the debates people have about money are code for how we want to live our lives," said Betsey Stevenson, assistant professor of business and public policy at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School, who researches the economics of marriage and divorce. "A lot of the choices we make in how we want to live our lives involve how we spend our money."

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6 Making those choices as a team is one of the most important ways to preserve your marital assets, and your union, experts say. But it's that much easier when you already share similar outlooks on money matters – or when you can, at the very least, find some middle ground.

7 The economies achieved by pairing up are fairly obvious. However, the costs of divorce can be financially devastating, especially when children are involved. And, not surprisingly, money manages to force a wide wedge between many couples.

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8 "Most people think people break up over sex issues and children issues –and those are issues –but money is a huge factor in breaking up marriages," said Susan Reach Winters, a divorce lawyer in Short Hills, N.J.

9 Not everyone is married to a financial twin, and that's not necessarily a problem. There are several ways that you and your significant other can become more compatible, and ultimately more prosperous, when it comes to money.

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13 Set those goals together. Jerry Ballard, 58, a former insurance executive in Houston, said that he and his wife of 36 years, Susan, also 58, managed to avoid money clashes because they share a savings philosophy. "The cardinal rule was that we don't interrupt our savings," he said, adding that they saved between 10 and 20 per cent of their salaries each year. As long as they did that, they were less likely to disagree about spending.

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14 Eric Gundlach, 53, of Owings Mills, Md., who has been married for 29 years, said he and his wife, Ann- Michele, "made our expectations explicit." These included sending their son to private school and having big experiences, like traveling, in lieu of purchasing things.

15 RUN A HOME LIKE A BUSINESS Make a budget and keep track of earnings, expenses and debts. And structure your business as a partnership; when it comes to making big financial decisions and setting goals, do it together.

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"When they are making the decisions together, they really have ownership of those decisions and any results of those decisions," said Mary Ann Sisco, national wealth advisor at JP Morgan's private wealth management division. "Even if you have negative results, you tend to weather the storm better." Share responsibilities too. Though one partner tends to control the finances, advisors recommend rotating tasks. One person should handle investments for a certain period, while the other pays the bills; rotate and repeat.

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16 BE SUPPORTIVE OF CAREERS Having a supportive partner helps you professionally, which should trickle down to your mutual bottom line. "Marrying the right person helps you succeed in your career through encouragement and support, the only kind of support that comes through a supportive, intimate relationship," said Mr. Gundlach,

whose wife backed his decision to start a management consulting practice after 22 years as a human resources executive.

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17 ENJOY, BUT WITHIN REASON Create a cash cushion, and live

a lifestyle you can sustain. Many people who were working at hedge funds that went bust or financial firms like Bear Stearns are learning these lessons now. Ms. Sisco, of JP Morgan, said that because her younger clients haven't experienced a downturn, they assumed the money would keep pouring in.

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18 She said she is working with one couple in their early 30s who have two young children. Right before the husband lost his job on Wall Street, the couple had ordered $35,000 drapes. They had to move to a smaller apartment in Manhattan and had to sell their vacation home.

19 USE A MEDIATOR Perhaps both of you have strong yet divergent opinions about how to invest. Or maybe you are a saver while your spouse prefers to hand over a big piece of earnings to Bavarian Motor Works. An independent third party, whether a financial planner or a therapist, can help you find a middle ground.

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20 Marc B. Schindler, a financial planner at Pivot Point Advisors in Bellaire, Tex., recently did this for a client who complained that his wife spent a thousand dollars a month on her wardrobe. Mr. Schindler then contacted the wife, who said her husband spent just as much on dinner with his buddies.

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So the husband asked Mr. Schindler to show how much they would save if they invested the $12,000 she spent each year. Mr. Schindler – careful to title the report "Clothing, Dinner or Invested?" –ran an analysis and found that the couple would have $1.6 million after 28 years, assuming a 9 per cent rate of return. "They are going to try and compromise," he said.

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21 MAINTAIN SOME INDEPENDENCE Pooling resources is important, but so is maintaining a degree of financial independence. Carve out some money for both partners to spend on things that make them happy. And when paring back, it's essential that each person make sacrifices.

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22 INVEST IN YOUR MARRIAGE Spend it – time and money –together. Go on dates. "What that does is enliven the marital foundation," said Gary S. Shunk, a Chicago therapist who specializes in wealth issues. "It's a kind of investment into the heart and soul of the relationship. "

23 Think of it as dollar-cost averaging your marriage, where you make small investments over time. If you wait until retirement, it could be too late.

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婚姻幸福的奥秘是什么?

金钱才是关键

1假如你询问已婚人士婚姻成功的奥秘在哪里,他们可能不会说那是因为找到了持相同金钱观的知己。

2但如果他们幸运的话,他们一定是找到了这样的知己。和金钱观相同的人结婚很可能就是一辈子最聪明的财务决策。事实上,就财务而言,婚姻可能是你最有价值的资产——或者最大的一笔债务。

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3近年来,人们为爱而结婚。但在此前的几个世纪,婚姻都是包办的,家庭联姻或出于经济或政治目的,或仅仅是为了使家境不好的家庭集中两家的财力,以维持生计。

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4 如今,尽管我们大多数人是因相爱而结婚,婚姻从根本上讲仍然是金钱上的结合。不管是工作的努力程度,还是决定消费多少或储蓄多少,我们生活中想要得到的——或不想得到的——许多东西归根结底都跟钱有关。对有些人来说,他们想要的就是一周工作80小时来支付第三套房的房款和乡村俱乐部的会员费;而对另一些人来说,他们想缩短上班时间,花更多的时间陪伴家人。

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5 “关于钱的许多争论是提示我们想如何生活的密码,而生活方式的许多选择则与如何花钱密切相关。”宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院的商业及公共政策助理教授贝齐·史蒂文森如是说,他研究婚姻和离婚经济学。

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6 专家们说,夫妻共同做出这些选择是维护婚姻资产及婚姻关系的最重要的方法之一。当然,如果夫妻双方一开始就在钱的问题上看法相似,或者至少能够在钱的问题上相互妥协,那么事情就好办多了。

7 联姻的经济效益很可观,但离婚的代价却是毁灭性的,尤其是有了孩子之后。毫不奇怪,金钱也造成了许多夫妻间的不和。

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8 新泽西州秀特山市的离婚律师苏珊·里奇·温特斯说:“大多数人认为婚姻破裂是因为性或孩子的问题。这些的确是问题,但金钱也是导致婚姻破裂的一个重要因素。”

9 并非每个人都能找到金钱观一致的伴侣,当然找不到也不一定就成为问题。在金钱的问题上,有几种方法能让你和你的另一半更加融洽,更加富有。

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10 下面这些指导原则是由婚姻成功人士以及心理学、离婚和理财专家共同制定的:

11 互相交流,确定共同目标步入婚姻殿堂之前,男女双方要聊聊各自的财务状况及目标。他们要互相问对方一些棘手的问题:我们要不要孩子?什么时候要孩子?谁来照看孩子?要送他们上公立学校还是私立学校?我们想过怎样的生活?我们什么时候退休?

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12 理财规划人卡伦·阿尔特费斯特与她的丈夫刘易斯在纽约经营L. J.阿尔特费斯特财务管理公司,她说:“在我为夫妻设计的理想方案中,夫妻双方每周都要讨论家庭的财务问题。这样,他们才能保持目标一致。”

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13 一起制订目标。杰里·巴拉德今年58岁,曾在休斯敦担任过保险总监。他说他和结婚36年的同龄妻子苏珊之所以能够避免理财方面的矛盾是因为他们都坚守了存款信条。他说:“我们的基本原则是绝不中断存款。”他补充说,他们每年把10%到20%的工资存起来。只要持之以恒,他们在花销方面就不太会产生分歧。

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14 马里兰州奥因斯米尔斯市的埃里克·冈拉克今年53岁,已结婚29年。他说他和妻子安·米歇尔“开诚布公地披露各自的期望。”这些期望包括:送儿子去私立学校读书;有重大的人生体验,如外出旅游,而不是购物。

15 像经营企业一样经营家庭制定收支预算,记录收入、支出及债务。夫妻双方应该像合伙人一样管理家庭财务,做重大财务决定和制定目标时,双方要互相协商。

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摩根大通集团私人财富管理部的国家理财顾问玛丽·安·西斯科说:“夫妇双方一起参与决策时,他们都是决策的制订者,要共同承担决策的结果。即使结果是负面的,他们也能更好地共度难关。”双方也应该分担责任。虽然通常是夫妻中的一方负责理财,婚姻顾问还是建议他们轮流负责。在一段时间内,一方可以负责投资,另一方则负责付账;过一段时间之后两人可以互换角色,如此重复更替。

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16 支持对方的事业一位支持你的伴侣可以帮助你在事业上取得成功,这也会一点一滴地增加你们的银行存款。冈拉克先生说:“和合适的人结婚能鼓励你、支持你,有助于你在事业上取得成功。这种支持来自夫妻间互相扶持的亲密关系。”他的妻子在他做了22年的人力资源经理之后支持他改行自己创业,做管理咨询。

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17 在合理的范围内享受要有一定的现金储备。生活中适度消费,并采取一种你能够维持的生活方式。在已经破产的对冲基金或像贝尔斯登这样的金融公司工作过的许多人现在正在接受这方面的教训。摩根大通集团的西斯科女士说:一些年轻客户由于从来没有经历过经济衰退,他们以为钱会源源不断地涌进来。

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18 她说她正在给一对30出头、育有两个孩子的夫妇提供咨询服务。就在丈夫失去华尔街的工作之前,他们刚刚订购了价值3.5万美元的窗帘。之后,他们不得不搬到曼哈顿的一套较小的公寓里居住,连度假屋也卖掉了。

19 借助调停人化解矛盾也许你们双方在投资问题上意见不一致,而且都很强硬。或者说也许你希望多储蓄,而你的配偶宁可花一大笔钱去买德国宝马汽车的股票。一个独立的第三方,无论是理财师还是心理治疗师,都可以帮你们找到双方都可以接受的方案。

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20 得克萨斯州贝莱尔市轴心点咨询公司的理财规划师马克·B.辛德勒最近就为一位抱怨妻子每月花1,000美元买衣服的顾客解决了难题。辛德勒先生联系到他的妻子,而她则抱怨丈夫每月花同样多的钱跟朋友吃饭。

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那位丈夫要辛德勒先生计算一下,如果他们把她一年花在衣服上的1.2万美元用来投资,他们能攒多少钱。辛德勒先生写了一份题为“衣服、吃饭,还是投资?”的报告,他在报告的题目上颇费了一番心思。经过分析,他得出了结论:假设回报率为9%的话,这对夫妻在28年后将得到160万美元的收入。他说:“他们会尽量互相让步。”

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21 保持一定的独立性共享资源固然重要,但保持一定程度的财务独立性也很重要。要留出一些钱来满足夫妻双方各自的需求。当需要缩减消费时,双方都要做出牺牲,这一点很重要。

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22 为婚姻投资夫妻双方要互相陪伴,一起消费。他们应继续约会,“这样做能使婚姻的基础更加牢固,是对夫妻关系的情感投资。”一位专攻理财问题的芝加哥心理治疗师加里·S.尚克这样说。

23 你可以把这个看作是对婚姻的定投,你只需坚持长期进行小额投资就行了。如果你等到退休才做这件事,也许就来不及了。

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Winston Churchill

1 In the summer of 1940, Britain stood alone on the brink of invasion. At that crucial time, one man, Winston Churchill, defined what it meant to be British. We like to think of ourselves as tolerant and long-suffering people. But Churchill, through his leadership and his example, reminded us that if all we hold dear – our democracy, our freedom – is threatened, we will show courage and determination like no other nation.

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2 "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. You ask what is our policy? I can say it is to wage war by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all our strength that God can give us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of human crime. You ask what is our aim? I can answer in one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory however long and hard the road may be."

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3 This was the moment when Britain had to be at its greatest. And in Churchill we found the greatest of Britons.

4 Winston Churchill was born in 1874 into one of Britain's grandest families. The Churchills had been fighting for king and country for generations. Young Winston always believed he'd do the same. But self-belief was something he maintained despite rather than because of his family.

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His father Lord Randolph Churchill (1849–1895), and his mother, Jennie (1854–1921), were both cold and distant people. Winston was packed off to Harrow. He wasn't good-looking or clever; he was sickly, with a lisp and a stammer. He was bound to be bullied –and he was. Far from giving support, Winston's father predicted his child would "degenerate into a shabby, unhappy and futile existence".

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5 He left school and, after three attempts, got into the military academy at Sandhurst. After Sandhurst he went looking for military action – wherever it was. He paid for himself by doubling up as a war correspondent. He used his dispatches to promote himself as a hero of the Boer War, and returned to England in 1900 renowned and all set to become an MP.

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6 He was elected as Tory MP for Oldham in the same year. Then he swapped to the Liberals, then back. He was never really a Party animal. He cared about Britain. His vision was of a place with better living standards for ordinary people, but with a fierce regard for law and order. Though he wasn't a vicious man, Churchill's attitude to suffragettes, trade unionists or anyone who challenged the system was brutal. His weapon of first resort was the army.

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7 But then he'd always wanted to be a general. This ambition dated back to the days when he spent his school holidays playing with toy soldiers in the corridors of Blenheim Palace, below the tapestries of his heroic ancestors. He must have been delighted when, in 1911, he was made First Lord of the Admiralty –and even more so when the First World War offered him the opportunity to plan a major military offensive at Gallipoli, in 1915.

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8 Gallipoli was a disaster, costing Winston his job and nearly his sanity. This was the onset of his first major bout of depression, a curse he called his "black dog". Thankfully he now had a wife, Clementine, to help him through it. She was 11 years younger than him, beautiful, clever and unswervingly loyal.

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She kept him together, but he got himself out of it, in true Churchillian fashion. To make amends for his mistake, he took himself off to the trenches of France to fight. He must be one of the few soldiers to have written home from the First World War that he had "found happiness and content such as I have not known for months". He was a man made for war.

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9 By the time Churchill returned to England, he'd already

achieved many great things. He'd been a successful journalist, he'd fought for his country and he'd held high office, as he was to do again in the 1920s as Chancellor of the Exchequer. But by 1930, Labour was in power and he was on the backbenches, a nobody and a has-been. He largely sat out the 1930s at his country retreat Chartwell.

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10 In September 1938, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (1869–1940) famously brandished an agreement he'd signed with Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) and declared he'd secured peace in our time. You could almost hear the sighs of relief. But not from Winston. He'd predicted –long before anyone else –what German nationalism was leading to.

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By the time he was proved right, and war had been declared, King George VI (1895–1952) knew that "there was only one person I could send for to form a Government who had the confidence of the country. And that was Winston". When the call came, Churchill was 65- year-old. It had been a long wait, but destiny had arrived.

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11 People talk of 1066, of the Armada, of Trafalgar. But 1940 was the most important year in British history. It was the year of Dunkirk, the Battle of Britain, the Blitz. It was the year when every single Briton, civilian as well as soldier, found themselves at war. The cause appeared hopeless, yet Winston, reviving the V sign for victory from the fields of Agincourt 500 years before, told us we could win.

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12 Churchill was an instinctive, daring, often infuriating war leader. He was rude and unpleasant to his staff, who struggled to keep up with his limitless capacity for hard work and hard liquor. But he was also an inspiration. When victory was finally declared in Europe on 8 May 1945, it was quickly followed by a general election.

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The billboards said "Cheer Churchill, Vote Labour", and that's what people did. That was the irony. The very democracy that Churchill was prepared to lay down his life to defend was the same democracy that knew the difference between the needs of peace and the needs of war.

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13 When Churchill died in 1965, the new rock-and-roll Britain stood still. If Britain –its eccentricity, its strength of character, its big-heartedness –had to be summed up in one person, it was him. He had gone, but, thanks to him, Britain lived on. And what could be greater than that?

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温斯顿·丘吉尔

1 1940年夏天,英国面临外敌入侵,孤立无援。在这一危急时刻,有一个人——温斯顿·丘吉尔——挺身而出,显示了英国人的英雄本色。我们英国人喜欢把自己看成是一个宽容而坚忍的民族。但是丘吉尔以他卓越的领导才能和光辉的榜样让我们看到,当我们所珍视的一切——我们的民主、我们的自由——受到威胁的时候,我们会展示出无与伦比的勇气和决心。

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2 “我所能奉献的唯有热血、辛劳、眼泪和汗水。你问我们的政策是什么?我会说我们的政策就是在海、陆、空全面开战,竭尽全力,尽上帝赋予我们的全部力量去战斗;与黑暗的、可悲的人类罪恶史上最穷凶极恶的暴政作战。你问我们的目标是什么?我可以用一个词来回答,那就是胜利。不惜一切代价,去夺取胜利。战胜一切恐怖,去夺取胜利。不论前方的道路多么漫长、多么艰辛,一定要夺取胜利。”

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3 在这样一个时刻,英国必须显示出她最伟大的一面。而在丘吉尔身上,我们看到了一个最伟大的英国人。

4 1874年,温斯顿·丘吉尔出生于英国一个极为显赫的家庭。丘吉尔家族世代为国王和国家出生入死,征战沙场。温斯顿年轻的时候一直相信他会继承父业。但是他一直能够保持自信却与他的家庭无关,他的家人并没有给他多少支持。

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他的父亲伦道夫·丘吉尔勋爵(1849–1895)和母亲珍妮(1854–1921)都是冷漠、拒人于千里之外的人。他们把温斯顿送到了哈罗公学。他既不英俊又不聪明;他体弱多病,说话口齿不清,还结巴。他是那种在学校里注定要被人欺负的学生——实际情况也是如此。温斯顿的父亲不仅没有给他支持和帮助,还预测他的儿子将来会“沦落到穷困潦倒、一事无成、抑郁而终的地步”。

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5 离开学校之后,经过三次努力,温斯顿进入了位于桑赫斯特的英国皇家陆军军官学校。从桑赫斯特毕业之后,他就找地方去打仗——不管是什么地方。他自费兼任战地记者,并因报道出色而成为布尔战争的英雄。因此当1900年回到

英国的时候,他已经名满天下,为当选国会议员铺平了道路。

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6 同年,他代表奥德姆市当选为保守党国会议员。此后,他一度转投自由党,后来又重回保守党。他从来不是一个热衷于党派斗争的人。他只关心英国的前途和命运。他理想中的英国是普通百姓安居乐业的地方,但同时他又非常看重法律和社会秩序。尽管丘吉尔不是一个邪恶的人,但他对妇女参政论者、工会主义者以及任何想要挑战现行体制的人都残酷无情,他首先想到的手段就是动用军队进行镇压。

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7 但是他一直想当一名将军。这个理想可以追溯到他的学生时代。学校放假的时候,他就在布伦海姆宫的走廊里、在他那些战功卓著的祖先的织锦画像下玩玩具士兵,那时候他就萌生了这种理想。1911年,被任命为海军大臣的时候,他一定非常高兴;1915年,当第一次世界大战让他有机会制定加利波利重大攻势计划的时候,他更是欣喜万分。

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8 但是加利波利战役以惨败收场,让温斯顿丢掉了饭碗,也使他几乎精神崩溃。丘吉尔第一次犯严重的抑郁症就是从那个时候开始的,他把这个让他痛苦不堪的疾病称为“黑狗”(沮丧)。值得庆幸的是,此时他已经娶妻成家。他的妻子克莱门泰因帮他度过了难关。她比他小11岁,美丽、聪明、忠贞不渝。

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她让他振作起来,但最终丘吉尔以自己特有的方式走出了抑郁。为弥补他的过失,他奔赴法国战场,在战壕中浴血奋战。在第一次世界大战中,大概没有几个士兵会像他那样从战场上写信回家,说他“感觉到了几个月来从没有过的幸福和满足”。他就是为战争而生的。

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9 当丘吉尔回到英国的时候,他已经成就了丰功伟业。他曾是一名成功的记者,他曾为国家浴血奋战,他曾经身居高位。在20世纪20年代他再次官居要职,担任财务大臣。但是到了1930年,工党开始执政,而他只是一名后座议员,一个无足轻重的小人物,一名过气的政客。30年代的大部分时间,他都在他的乡间别墅查特威尔庄园里闲坐度日。

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10 1938年9月,时任首相的内维尔·张伯伦(1869–1940)公开挥舞着他和阿道夫·希特勒(1889–1945)签订的和平协议,宣告他已经确保了我们这个时代的和平。你甚至都可以听到人们如释重负地松了一口气。但是丘吉尔并不这么认为。他预测到——比任何人都要早——德国的民族主义会走向何方。

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事态的发展证明他是对的,战争爆发了,英国国王乔治六世(1895–1952)知道“要组建一个能赢得全国信任的政府,我只能去请一个人,那就是温斯顿。”任命下来的时候,丘吉尔已经65岁了。为这一天他等了很久,但上天最终还是把大任交给了他。

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11 人们经常会说起1066年的诺曼征服,说起击败西班牙无敌舰队的壮举,提到特拉法尔加战役这些重要的历史事件。但其实1940年才是英国历史上最重要的一年。敦刻尔克大撤退、不列颠之战、德国空袭英国都发生在这一年。在这一年,每一个英国人,不管是平民还是士兵,都发现自己处于战争之中。英国似乎不可能赢得这场战争,但是温斯顿用500年前阿金库尔战役中那个表示胜利的V字手势告诉我们,我们能够取得胜利。

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12 丘吉尔是一个直觉敏锐、大胆、常常令人恼火的战争领袖。他对部下粗鲁,令人不快。他工作起来不要命,喝起酒来也不要命,这让他的部下疲于应付。但同时他也鼓舞了无数人。1945年5月8日,欧洲最终宣布战争胜利,英国随即举行了大选。

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英国许多告示牌上都写着“为丘吉尔喝彩,给工党投票”,而人们也确实是这么做的。这真是充满了讽刺意味。丘吉尔随时准备誓死保卫的民主国家知道和平时代的需求和战时的需求是不一样的。

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13 1965年,丘吉尔去世,刚刚进入摇滚乐时代的英国举国皆哀。如果要用一个人来代表英国的怪僻、坚强的个性和宽广的胸怀,那就是丘吉尔。丘吉尔已经离我们而去,但正是因为有了他,英国才得以存活下来。还有什么比这更伟大的业绩呢?

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浅析翻译的创造性

浅析翻译的创造性 人们常把翻译定义为把一种语言的意思用另一种语言表达出来,所以一般人总容易将翻译看成是一种语言上的机械对应活动,丝毫谈不上有什么创意,甚至有人认为翻译就是“模仿”或“拷贝”的同义词。不仅如此,在传统观念中,作者和译者是全然不同的两种角色,作者是自由的,可以根据自己的喜好随意处置自己的作品,而译者在这方面没有任何权利,他只能跟在作者的脚步后面亦步亦趋,不敢越雷池半步,他只能如实地反映原作的思想和风格,不能有自己的主观意志,更没有发挥创造性的自由。 近些年来,认为翻译缺乏创造性的看法在理论界开始受到系统而有力的挑战。当代翻译研究已经证明,翻译不仅是一个很崇高的职业,而且还是一个充满巨大创造性的职业。这对于广大的翻译工作者来说是一种鼓舞,因为这犹如打开了一扇长期关闭着的窗户,使翻译者一下子获得了一种前所未有的视野,由此对自己从事的工作性质的认识产生了一种新的飞跃。 译者的创造性体现在翻译过程中的方方面面。英国翻译理论家彼得·纽马克曾列举了翻译中对译者创造性要求最高的七种情况,包括文化词语、特殊的句法结构、具有文化内涵的暗喻、习语、谚语、双关语和新造词、特殊的语音联觉效果等等。其中,最突出的是对原文中遇到的语言和文化障碍所做的出色而灵活的处理。请看例子: 狄更斯的小说《大卫·科波菲尔》第22章,有这样一段近乎文字游戏的表达,幽默而不失词趣,可是,多年来成为了一个翻译难题,各路高手屡试不爽。 I love my love with an E,because she’s enticing;I hate her with an E,because she’s engaged.I took her to the sign of the exquisite,and treated her with an elopement,her name’s Emily,and she lives in the east. (David Copperfield,XXII) 这段文字其实是英语中的一种嵌字顺口溜,也是一种文字游戏,说的人一般要讲六句话,每句话最后一个字的头一个字母都要一样(如上述文字都是以字母E打头的单词),如果作不上来便要受罚。此类文字游戏的翻译通常对译者都是一种挑战,因为这种文字上的特点在汉语里似乎是不可能再造的。且看以下两种译文: 译1:……我爱我的爱人为了一个E,因为她是Enticing(迷人的);我恨我的爱人为了一个E,因为她是Engaged(订了婚的)。我用我的爱人象征Exquisite (美妙),我劝我的爱人从事Elopement(私奔),她的名字是Emily(爱弥丽),她的住处在East(东方)。(转引自《英美名著翻译比较》,第271页) 翻译家董秋斯是以上译文的译者。 在这段译文中,英语和汉语夹杂。对于不懂英语的读者来说,那就构成了遗

科技翻译

科技英语翻译的理解与表达 随着世界科技发展的日新月异和我国对外科技交流的日益频繁,科技翻译的重要性越发凸显出来。科技翻译要求确切理解和掌握原文的内容,不能主观地发挥个人的想法和推测,做到科学性和艺术性的完美结合。其科学性和艺术性主要体现为“信、达、雅”的翻译标准。 下面就英语科技翻译的科学性和艺术性,以及翻译的三个标准,讨论科技英语翻译的理解与表达。 一、科技翻译的科学性 科技英语的翻译由于其文体的特殊性,首先就要求它的译文要求忠于原文,它的文字表达不需要过于华丽的辞藻,语句直截了当,词意简单明了。而做到这些就需要译者准确理解原文,包括掌握常用词汇的专业化和语句中词汇翻译的灵活性等。 例1:Applications and incomes become the carrier’s focus of attention. Personalized service has present itself as the high mode service. carrier:n.[化学]载体;运送者;带菌者;货架。这些是“carrier”的常用词意,但是在科技英语翻译中,它更常用其专业释义。 这句句子中的“carrier”如果用常用的几个词意带入,很快就会发现句

子是不通顺的,根据前后文则可以猜测它的词意应该与经济体有关。实际上,这里“carrier”是“运营商”的意思。 译文:运营商的关注焦点已从技术转向了应用、服务和收益。作为信息服务的高级形态,个性化服务开始逐步走上了前台。 例2:Ozone pollution is a concern during the summer months because strong sunlight and hot weather result in harmful ozone concentrations in the air we breathe. concern:vt.涉及,关系到;使担心。n.关系;关心;关心的事。这些是“carrier”的常用词意。 译文1:因为强烈的阳光和炎热的天气会导致有害臭氧集中在我们呼吸的空气中,所以在夏季,臭氧污染是一个关注点。 显然把“concern”翻译为“关注点”并不适合在这一句的翻译中,因此我们可以对词意进行灵活的变动。 译文2:受强光和炎热天气影响,有害臭氧在空气中大量聚集,因而在夏季,臭氧污染是一个尤为突出的问题。 二、科技翻译的艺术性 科技翻译的前提是忠实于原文,这不意味着呆板、毫不变通的文字的堆砌。科技翻译需要创造性的技巧运用,所以,可以说,翻译是一种再创造。 It is fortunate that men have worked out new plane shapes which enable

英语翻译例子

Translation Work 1 The evidence has gotten much stronger that a substance known as C-reactive protein may be every bit as important as cholesterol in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease. Back in 2002, a thought-provoking study found that a blood test for C-reactive protein, called CRP, was actually better than the standard cholesterol test at predicting the risk of a heart attack or a stroke. Now two studies published in The New England Journal of Medicine have shown that drugs that reduce the levels of that protein in patients with severe heart disease can show the progression of atherosclerosis and prevent heart attacks and cardiac-related deaths. 更有力的证据证明一种被称作C反应蛋白的物质在诊断与治疗心脏疾病中有可能与胆固醇一样重要。早在2002年,人们在一个发人深省的研究中已发现血液C反应蛋白测试,即CRP,比胆固醇水平测试能更好地预测心脏病或中风的风险。现今,在《新英格兰医学期刊》中刊登的两则研究表明,用以减少患有严重心脏病的病人中的C反应蛋白水平的药物可以显示病者动脉粥样硬化的进展,并且该种药物还可以预防心脏病、降低因患与心脏相关疾病而死亡的风险。

英语常用翻译十二式

英语常用翻译十二式 英语翻译十二式(一) 同义反译法 例子: 1. Only three customers remained in the bar. 酒吧间只有三个顾客还没有走。(不译:「还留着」或「还呆在那里」) 2. I'll be here for good this time. 这一次我再也不走了。(不译:「永远在此呆下去」) 3. Please keep the fire burning when I'm out. 我不在家的时候,请别让炉子灭了。(不译:「我外出时,请让炉子继续烧着」) 4. "Wait, he is serious." 「等等,他不是说着玩儿的。」(不译:「等等,他是认真的。」) 5. "Now, Clara, be firm with the boy!" 「听我说,克拉拉,对这孩子可不能心软。」(不译:「……对这孩子要坚定」) (二) 删减解释词 例子: The traveller in the south must often have remarked that peculiar air of refinement, that softness of voice and manner, which seems in many cases to be a particular gift to the quotation and mulatto women. 到南方去的人看见那些黑白混血的女郎,准定会注意到她们十之八九都赋有那种独特的优雅风度、那种柔和的声调和文静的举止。 (三) 短句拆译 例子: " ...on one sunshiny morning in June , ..." 「在六月里的一天早上,天气晴朗,……」 (四) 译词推陈出新 例子:

谈古诗翻译中译者的创造性

谈古诗翻译中译者的创造性 [摘要]古诗翻译要求译者根据需要发挥自身的创造性,对诗歌进行形式和意义的变通,最大限度地把原诗的情、韵、意完好地再现出来,从而达到译文和原文在意境、文化背景和情感上的和谐统一。 标签:古诗翻译;创造性;译者 [一、概论 在古诗翻译中,关于译者能不能进行创造性翻译的问题,许渊冲提出了另一种创造性的翻译理论,那就是译诗与原诗的创优似竞赛论。他认为,“文学翻译是两种语言甚至是两种文化之间的竞赛,看哪种文字能更好地表达原作的内容。”(许渊冲,2003)他主张译者应该充分发挥创作精神,译出“青出于蓝而胜于蓝”的好诗,译者作为翻译的主体在翻译过程中尽量忠实于原作的同时又具有极大的自主性。作品中留有许多空白与不定点等待着读者去补充,而读者的思想中又存在不同的先行结构与前理解,所以读者不同,补充的图景也各异。译者不仅是原作的读者,还是译作的创作者。他们以理解的主动性、阐释的能动性以及重构的创造性把一个全新的译作呈现在译语读者面前,但同时译者不能完全脱离原文文本随意发挥,因为原作作为一个独立的审美客体具有相对固定的审美意蕴,寄寓了原作者的某种情感。译者的责任应该是把它们尽量完美地再现出来,在译语读者面前呈现出一个忠实的译语文本。 二、译者的创造性发挥达到与意境的和谐 译文是原文的代替物,而不是译者随心所欲地改变原文的意思、风格,按照自己的意图重新创造出译文。诗歌有它比较固定的模式或内涵,翻译时,我们有时需要把诗歌原文中的意境传达出来,充分发掘出蕴涵于其中的美的因素。明朝的朱承爵说:“作诗之妙,全在意境融彻,出声音之外,乃得真味。”(陈伟,1997)这说明了意境的重要性,也说明了译者需要在翻译过程中既要在考虑到源语的语言特征的同时,还要充分考虑到译语的特点,进行创造性的语言转化,使译文符合目的语的语言习惯特征。根据语境的需要还需进行必要的增减词,进行整体的变通。如: 刘方平的《月野》中有: 更深月色半人家,北斗阑干南斗斜。今夜偏知春气暖,虫声新透绿窗纱。 Winter Bynner的译文为: When the moon has colored half the house, With the North Star at its height and the South starsertting,

科技翻译

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