一篇很难的阅读理解题

Unit 7 The Virtues of Ambition

Joseph Epstein

Para 1

Ambition is one of those Rorschach words: define it and you instantly reveal a great deal about yourself. Even that most neutral of works, Webster’s, in its Seventh New Collegiate Edition, gives itself away, defining ambition first and foremost as “an ardent desire for rank, fame, or power.” Ardent immediately assumes a heat incommensurate with good sense and stability, and rank, fame, and power have come under fairly heavy attack for at least a century. One can, after all, be ambitious for the public good, for the alleviation of suffering, for the enlightenment of mankind, though there are some who say that these are precisely the ambitious people most to be distrusted.

Para 2

Surely ambition is behind dreams of glory, of wealth, of love, of distinction, of accomplishment, of pleasure, of goodness. What life does with our dreams and expectations cannot, of course, be predicted. Some dreams, begun in selflessness, end in rancor; other dreams, begun in selfishness, end in large-heartedness. The unpredictability of the outcome of dreams is no reason to cease dreaming.

Para 3

To be sure, ambition, the sheer thing unalloyed by some larger purpose than merely clambering up, is never a pretty prospect to ponder. As drunks have done to alcohol, the single-minded have done to ambition – given it a bad name. Like a taste for alcohol, too, ambition does not always allow for easy satiation. Some people cannot handle it; it has brought grief to others, and not merely the ambitious alone. Still, none of this seems a sufficient cause for driving ambition under the counter.

Give a dog bad name and hang him.

Para 4

What is the worst that can be said –that has been said –about ambition? Here is a (surely) partial list: To begin with, it, ambition, is often antisocial, and indeed is now outmoded, belonging to an age when individualism was more valued and useful than it is today. The person strongly imbued with ambition ignores the collectivity; socially detached, he is on his own and out for his own. Individuality and ambition are firmly linked. The ambitious individual, far from identifying himself and his fortunes with the group, wishes to rise above it. The ambitious man or woman sees the world as a battle;

rivalrousness is his or her principal emotion: the world has limited prizes to offer, and he or she is determined to get his or hers.

Ambition is,

into believing that what they want for themselves is good for everyone –that the satisfaction of their own desires is best for the commonweal. The truly ambitious believe that it is a dog-eat-dog world, and they are distinguished by wanting to be the dogs that do the eating.

Associating, persuade

Para 5

mostly a greater. Thus all politicians in high places, thought to be ambitious, are understood to be, ipso facto, without moral scruples.

climb – and still have risen as they have?

Para 6

If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition – wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny – must be considered worthy of

the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be esteemed by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. The educated not least because, nowadays more than ever before, it is they who have usurped the platforms of public discussion and wield the power of the spoken and written word in newspapers, in magazines, on television. In an odd way, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal.

There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this: a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped –with the educated themselves astride them.

Para 7

Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its accoutrements now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs –the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot own up to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive, vulgar. Instead we are treated to fine

pharisaical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the revolutionary lawyer quartered in the $250,000 Manhattan luxurious apartment; the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so egregious, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but refrain from appearing ambitious.”

Provided with

Para 8

The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and inculcated in the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less often openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly,

or perverse. It can also be forced into vulgarity, as witness the blatant pratings of its contemporary promoters. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right obtuse supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.

As shown in, make progress/be successful

Para 9

Many people are naturally distrustful of ambition, feeling that it represents something intractable in human nature. Thus John Dean entitled his book about his involvement in the Watergate affair during the Nixon administration Blind Ambition, as if ambition were to blame for his ignoble actions, and not the constellation of qualities that make up his rather shabby character. Ambition, it must once again be underscored, is morally a two-sided street. Place next to John Dean Andrew Carnegie, who, among other philanthropic acts,

Para 10

But going at things the other way, sacrificing ambition so as to guard against its potential excesses, is to go at things wrongly. To discourage ambition is to discourage dreams of grandeur and greatness. All men and women are born, live, suffer, and die; what distinguishes us one from another is our dreams, whether they be dreams about worldly or unworldly things, and what we do to make them come about.

Para 11

It may seem an exaggeration to say that ambition is the linchpin of society, holding many of its disparate elements together. But it is not an exaggeration by much. Remove ambition and the essential elements of society seem to fly apart. Ambition, as opposed to mere fantasizing about desires, implies work and discipline to achieve goals, personal and social, of a kind society cannot survive without. Ambition is intimately connected with family, for men and women not only work partly for their families: husbands and wives are often ambitious for each other, but harbor some of their most ardent ambitions for their children. Yet to have a family nowadays –with

birth control readily available, and inflation a good economic argument against having children –is nearly an expression of ambition in itself. Finally, though ambition was once the domain chiefly of monarchs and aristocrats, it has, in more recent times, increasingly become the domain of the middle classes. Ambition and futurity – a sense of building for tomorrow –are inextricable. Working, saving, planning –these, the daily aspects of ambition –have always been the distinguishing marks of a rising middle class. The attack against ambition is not incidentally attack on the middle class and what it stands for. Like it or not, the middle class has done much of societ y’s work in America; and it, the middle class, has from the beginning run on ambition. Be connected with

Para 12

It is not difficult to imagine a world shorn of ambition. It would probably be a kinder world: without demands, without abrasions, without disappointments. People would have time for reflection. Such work as they did would not be for themselves but for the collectivity. Competition would never enter in. Conflict would be eliminated, tension become a thing of the past. The stress of creation would be at an end. Art would no longer be troubling, but purely celebratory in its functions. The family would become superfluous as a social unit, with

all its former power for bring about neurosis drained away. Longevity would be increased, for fewer people would die of heart attack or stroke caused by tumultuous endeavor. Anxiety would be extinct. Time would stretch on and on, with ambition long departed from the human heart.

Para 13

Ah, how unrelievedly boring life would be!

Task: Read the text carefully and answer the following questions.

1.What is the main idea of the first three

paragraphs?

2.Why does the author mention politicians in high

positions in paragraph 5?

3.The conclusion of paragraphs 6 and 7 is “Succeed

at all costs but refrain from appeari ng ambitious.” The surface meaning is ______________________________________________________ _______. The deep meaning is

___________________________________________________. 4.Why does the author give the example of the

Watergate affair?

5.Why does the author think it is wrong to sacrifice

ambition in order to avoid potential excesses?

6.What is the author’s attitude towards a world

without ambition” do you agree with him? Give your reason.

Unit 6 Getting Along with Nature

Wendell Berry

Para 1

The defenders of nature and wilderness –like their enemies, the defenders of the industrial economy –sometimes sound as if the natural and the human estates were two separate estates, radically different and radically divided. The defenders of nature and wilderness sometimes seem to feel that they must oppose any human encroachment whatsoever, just as the industrialists often apparently feel that they must make the human encroachment absolute or, as they say, “complete the conquest of nature. ” But there is danger in this opposition, and it can be best dealt with by realizing that these pure and separate categories are pure ideas and do not otherwise exist.

Unmixed, mere

Para 2 unchanged

Pure nature, anyhow, is not good for humans to live in, and humans do not want to live in it – or not for very long. Any exposure to the elements that lasts more than a few hours will remind us of the desirability of the basic human amenities: clothing, shelter, cooked food, the company of kinfolk and friends – perhaps even of hot baths and music and books.

Para 3 completely

It is equally true that a condition that is purely human is not good for people to live in, and people do not want to live for very long in it. Obviously, the more artificial a human environment becomes, the mo re the word “natural” becomes a term of value. It can be argued, indeed, that the conservation movement, as we know it today, is largely a product of the industrial revolution. The people who want clean air, clear streams, and wild forests, prairies, and deserts are the people who no longer have them.

Para 4

People cannot live apart from nature; that is the first principle of the

conservationists. And yet, people cannot live in nature without changing it. But this is true of all creatures; they depend upon nature, and they change it. What we call nature is, in a sense, the sum of the changes made by all the various creatures and natural forces in their intricate actions and influences upon each other and upon their places. Because of the woodpeckers, nature is different from what it would be without them. It is different also because of the borers and ants that live in tree trunks, and because of the bacteria that live in the soil under the trees. The making of these differences is the making of the world.

Para 5

Some of the changes made by wild creatures we would call beneficent: beavers are famous for making ponds that turn into fertile meadows; trees and prairie grasses build soil. But sometimes, too, we would call natural changes destructive. According to early witnesses, for instance, large areas around Kentucky salt licks were severely trampled and eroded by the great herds of hoofed animals that gathered there. The buffalo “streets” through hilly country were so hollowed out by hoofwear and erosion that they remain visible almost two centuries after the disappearance of the buffalo. And so it can hardly be expected that humans would not change nature.

Humans, like all other creatures, must make a difference; otherwise, they cannot live. But unlike other creatures, humans must make a choice as to the kind and scale of the difference they make. If they choose to make too small a difference, they diminish their humanity. If they choose to make too great a difference, they diminish nature, and narrow their subsequent choices; ultimately, they diminish or destroy themselves. Nature, then, is not only our source but also our limit and measure. Or, as the poet Edmund Spenser put it almost four hundred years ago, nature, who is the “greatest goddesse,” acts as a sort of earthly lieutenant of God, and Spenser represents her as both a mother and judge. Her jurisdiction is over the relations between the creatures; she deals “Right to all …indifferently,” for she is “the equal mother” of all “And knittest each to ea ch, as brother unto brother.” Thus, in Spenser, the natural principles of fertility and order are pointedly linked with the principle of justice, which we may be a little surprised to see that he attributes also to nature. And yet in his insistence on an “indifferent” natural justice, resting on the “brotherhood” of all creatures, not just of humans, Spenser would now be said to be on sound ecological footing.

Nature supplies us with what we need and at the same time, imposes restriction on how much, and for how long, we can get it.

Para 6

In nature we know that wild creatures sometimes exhaust their vital sources and suffer the natural remedy: drastic population reductions. If lynxes eat too many snowshoe rabbits – which they are said to do repeatedly – then the lynxes starve down to the carrying capacity of their habitat. It is the carrying capacity of the lynx’s habitat, not the carrying capacity of the lynx’s stomach, that determines the prosperity of lynxes. Similarly, if humans use up too much soil –which they have often done and are doing –then they will starve down to the carrying capacity of their habitat. This is nature’s “indifferent” justice. As Spenser saw in the sixteenth century, and as we must learn to see now, there is no appeal from this justice. In the future, the Lord may forgive our wrongs against nature, but on earth, so far as we know, He does not overturn her decisions.

Para 7

One of the differences between humans and lynxes is that humans can see that the principle of balance operates between lynxes and snowshoe rabbits, as between humans and topsoil; another difference, we hope, is that humans have the sense to act on their understanding. We can see, too, that a stable balance is preferable to a balance that tilts back and forth like a seesaw, dumping a surplus of creatures

say this is to renew the question of whether or not the human relationship with nature is necessarily an adversary relationship, and it is to suggest that the answer is not simple. getting rid of, by turns

Para 8

But in dealing with this question and in trying to do justice to the presumed complexity of the answer, we are up against an American convention of simple opposition to nature that is deeply established both in our minds and in our ways. We have opposed the primeval forests of the East and the primeval prairies and deserts of the West, we have opposed man-eating beasts and crop-eating insects, sheep-eating wolves and chicken-eating hawks. In our lawns and gardens and fields, we oppose what we call weeds. And yet more and

Para 9

If our proper relation to nature is not opposition, then what is it? This question becomes complicated and difficult for us because none of us, as I have said, wants to live in a “pure” primeval forest or in a “pure”

primeval prairie; we do not want to be eaten by grizzly bears; if we are gardeners, we have a legitimate quarrel with weeds; if, in Kentucky, we are trying to improve our pastures, we are likely to be enemies of the nodding thistle. But, do what we will, we remain under the spell of the primeval forests and prairies that we have cut down and broken; we turn repeatedly and with love to the thought of them and to their surviving remnants. We find ourselves attracted to the grizzly bears, too, and know that they and other great, dangerous

Though we cut down the nodding thistles, w e acknowledge their beauty and are glad to think that there must be some place where they belong. (They may, in fact, not always be out of place in pastures; if, as seems evident, overgrazing makes an ideal seedbed for these plants, then we must understand them as a part of nature’s strategy to protect the ground against abuse by animals.) Even the ugliest garden weeds earn affection from us when we consider how faithfully they perform an indispensable duty in covering the bare ground and in building humus. The weeds, too, are involved in the business of fertility.

Para 10

We know, then, that the conflict between the human and the natural

estates really exists and that it is to some extent necessary. But we are learning, or relearning, something else, too, that frightens us; namely, that this conflict often occurs at the expense of both estates. It is not only possible but altogether probable that by demising nature we diminish ourselves, and vice versa. Likely

Task: Read the text carefully and answer the following questions.

1.The adjective “pure” is used three times in

paragraphs 1 and 2. What does it mean in each case?

2.In the author’s opinion, pure nature is not good for

people to live in for very long. Why is it not good?

3.“Nature, then, is not only our source but also our

limit and measure.” How do you understand the statement?

Try to explain in your own words.

4.Does the author believe that humans get along well

with nature? If so, what evidence does he offer? If not, what does he really want to express?

5.Can you tell from the article which of the two types

of defenders the author strands by?

Why B2B Is a Scary Place to Be

Too many business-to-business forums

are chasing too few dollars

On July 11, Chuck Steinberger summoned the 31 employees of his Internet company to give them bad news: The company was closing--immediately. A planned merger had fallen through, and venture capitalists had pulled $10 million in promised funding. But this wasn't the predictable demise of another pet-supply or teen-wear site. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b213584606.html, was a business-to-business (B2B) exchange serving the $300 billion market for motors, valves, timers, and other industrial parts.

Get ready for the Great Internet Shakeout, Part 2. The competitive forces that have ripped through the business-to-consumer market are now wending their way through one of the Web's supposedly unassailable segments: the B2B exchange market. Too many similar sites are chasing after too few dollars, and too many operate under misguided strategies and poor management. ''Frankly, a lot of business models that don't make sense got funded to try to capitalize on the huge stock market valuations,'' says Steven J. Kafka, senior analyst at Forrester Research Inc.

The result: The same crash-and-burn financing cycle that mowed down consumer sites is now decimating B2B exchanges. After

running up to stratospheric levels in the first quarter of this year, the typical B2B stock is down by 70% to 90%. And private

venture-capital funding is quickly drying up as well.

That wasn't the plan. Just like early consumer retail ventures on the Net, e-marketplaces for businesses showed huge promise. They are supposed to help buyers slash purchasing costs and discover new suppliers, products, and lower prices. Even better, business has been expected to snowball as suppliers are turned on to new buyers.

The long-term prospects are still enormous. Sure, B2B

e-commerce is embryonic today, accounting for a mere $215 million in 1999, or 1.4% of all commercial transactions, according to AMR Research Inc. But it is expected to explode: B2B e-commerce could reach $5.7 trillion by the end of 2004, and fully half of that will flow through exchanges.

But the race to stake out that turf has led to a weed-like profusion of players. While it's hard to pin down the exact number of online marketplaces, analysts say there are some 800 to 1,400 of these exchanges. In the chemical industry alone, more than 15 exchanges are scrapping away. And every industry, from aerospace to electronics to medical supplies, has seen dozens of exchanges pop up the past few months.

With the sector's crash, that seems to have peaked. Back in March, venture capitalists poured $800 million into 77 exchanges. Since then, investment in e-marketplaces has slowed. Four months later, in August, 35 exchanges got $500 million in funding, according to New York-based VentureWire, a newsletter that tracks the venture-capital industry.

That has meant a multitude of sites fighting for more limited investment dollars and opportunities for sales. When the smoke clears three years from now, analysts predict a massive consolidation with 200 to 300 survivors. ''There will be only two to three winners in each space,'' says John Ekoniak, a senior analyst at U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray. ''It's going to be survival of the fittest.''

The likely end for those that can't make it alone? Being gobbled up by a big fish. So far this year, Deloitte Consulting says that 33

e-marketplaces have already merged or been acquired.

The B2B chemicals sector is a perfect example of that drama in action. An estimated $1.6 trillion market that is technologically sophisticated, with lots of buyers and sellers and a complex supply chain, chemical markets would seem ripe for e-commerce. But with at least 15 different marketplaces, the exchanges have failed to generate significant transactions, and none has yet emerged a winner.

中考英语阅读理解难点分析及高分秘诀

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第三、有的词是需要摸索的。 在阅读题中，有的词是在文章中有提示的，因为英语写作有个潜在的规则，词语若非不得已，不要重复。秉承这个原则，我们可以在文章的结构平行处找线索。或是反义词，或是近义词，根据文章的具体情况，同学们不难作出一个比较有针对性的选择。 第四、考纲单词必须熟记。 大纲要求的单词、平时做题总是遇到的单词，生活中会经常遇到的单词，这些词是同学们发挥才智，施展所有做题技巧的基础。没有特别好的方法，就是有恒心一直背：把单词表上的词分类，单独把不会的列出来，分批背，平时总是遇到又不认识的，用一本笔记本把他们都记下来，天天反复天天背。 文章看不懂 “单词我都认识，文章说什么我就是看不懂。”也许有的同学会这样说。问题可能出在这里： 第一、单词不是真的都认识。 英语中几乎每一个单词都不是只有一个释义，同学们所说的认识，也许只是这些单词的一个意思，有可能在文段中考查的是这个单词另外一个意思。这类情况要解决它，就把它当个生词来处理就行了。唯一不同的是，同学们对这类词的处理要注重在语境中理解，这样才能更好地区分不同词义。

解析雅思阅读之分析长难句答案

1.An alternative to this notion of genetic programming is to see the teacher-subjects’ actions as a result of the social environment under which the experiment was carried out. 2.An action such as shocking a victim, which in isolation appears evil, acquires a completely different meaning when placed in this setting. 3.Here we have two radically different explanations for why so many teacher-subjects were willing to forgo their sense of personal responsibility for the sake of an institutional authority figure. 4.That would matter less if people applied the same degree of skepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other fields. 5.One form of pollution –the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming –does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating problem. 6.Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality and personal and moral code with that of larger institutional structures, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authority. 7. A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the carves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal ways. 8.Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that

高考英语阅读理解中的长难句3

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英语阅读理解长难句分析技巧指南 英语长句和难句一般结构复杂，逻辑层次多；并列成分和插入成分多；修饰语多，特别是后置定语很长；各种从句多，并且从句与从句之间的关系复杂；省略和倒装经常出现；由于结构的需要，常见的搭配常常会颠倒或提前等等。 长难句分析方法指南 英语句子无论多么复杂，它们都是通过一些语法手段和逻辑手段连接起来的。所以，在理解英语句子的时候，理解并且拆分句子的语法结构和逻辑结构就自然而然成为了我们解题的突破口。 怎么拆分呢？我们可以把主句和从句拆分出来，即找出全句的主语，谓语和宾语；找出句中所有的谓语结构，非谓语结构，介词短语和从句的引导词；分析各从句的作用以及它们之间的关系。说的具体一点，可以寻找下面一些“信号词”来对英语句子进行拆分，进而更加有效地理解英语原文。 长难句分析注意事项 在分析句子成分时，还应该特别注意下列几点： 1 是否有同位语和插入语。 2 是否有省略，倒装和分隔等现象。 3 替代词的所指对象。

4 判断并列成分的层次。 5 并列连词and, or, but, for通常起承上启下的作用，不要将它们归入后文的句法分析。 6 在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含从句的现象。 7 非谓语动词短语在句中作次要成分（定语和状语）时又带着自己较长的从属成分，尤其是状语从句或宾语从句时的结构分析。 8 在有多个的复合句和并列句中，状语（单个词，短语或从句）究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词语的修饰语。 长难句分析实例 1. Decision-thinking is unlike poker---it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. 分析：这句话不长，但是由于有多个从句，并且还有省略，所以难度很大。破折号把这个长句分成为两个句子，前边是简单句，其中not unlike构成双重否定表肯定；后面的是复合句，进一步说明前面的内容。在这个复合句中it是形式主语，matters是谓语，意思为“要紧，重要”，not only---but also和and引导的是并列的名词性从句，在句中做真正的主语。其中后边的两个句子省略了matters。在主语部分中，matters not only what you think 的顺序应该是not only