英汉翻译技巧练习I(student).

英汉翻译技巧练习I

Part I An Overall Introduction of Translation Skills

I 英汉两种语言对比

1．所属语系与发展历史

英语－印欧语系汉语－汉藏语系

2．语音

3．语言的本质

英语－综合性语言汉语－分析性语言

4．句法现象

II 英汉两种文化差异

1．同一民族中亦存在文化差异：

蛤蟆naughty 叩手点心

2．英汉文化间的差异

a.思想观念、心理特征

龙—dragon 鹤—crane

b.表达方式、审美情趣

“愤怒出诗人”—“止怒莫若诗”

“十里蛙声不断，九溪曲流潺潺”—“You can hear frog’s continuous crying in ten miles and can enjoy the babbling of the winding streams.”3．对文化词语和表达的处理

文化词语，指的是充满汉语文化个性和特殊内涵的语言。

a.直译法

丢脸—to lose face/ to be disgraced

纸老虎—paper tiger/ scarecrow

骑虎难下—to ride a tiger/ in chancery

猫哭老鼠—cats crying for the death of rats/ to shed crocodile tears

b.直译加补充信息法

下海铁饭碗跳槽父母官待业青年酒囊饭袋清明节

c.释义法

望子成龙和番金三角

两手抓，两手都要硬

d.同（近）义表达借用法

得寸进尺—Give him an inch, and he’ll take an ell.

好聚好散—Merry meet, merry part.

贪多嚼不烂—to bite off more than one can chew

皇天不负有心人—Heaven helps those who help themselves.

水中捞月—to fish in the air

象只落汤鸡—like a drowned rat

e.回译法

忍者神龟—Ninja Turtles

画王电视—big screen Panasonic

米字旗—Union Jack flag

中国菜馆—chopsuey house

III 常见错误及解决方法

1.不要生搬硬套汉语构词模式

车、毛、鱼、核、皮、桌

2.False friends （假朋友）

休息室—restroom

药店—drugstore

白手—white-handed

食言—eat one’s words

茶叶店—tea-shop

蛇皮袋—snake skin bag

3.隐含意义的分析

倔强：intractable, mulish statesman, politician

他们热情照顾残疾客人。They took good care of disabled guests.

我这位朋友很健谈。My friend is very talkative.

VI 解释性翻译

镶补，减肥，重组

Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays—《天演论》

Honeymoon—蜜月者，西人娶妇时，即挟其游历，经月而返。《黑奴吁天录》Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Cashmere—御长裙，仙仙然描画不能肖。《茶花女》

V 参考字典

1．《英汉大词典》陆谷孙主编上海译文出版社

2．《汉英大辞典》吴光华主编上海交通大学出版社

Part II Translation Practice

一、准确理解词义：

I 根据上下文辩明词义：

Work:

1. He is working in the factory.

2. He is working a machine.

3. He is working at English.

4. The ship is working eastward.

5. The gears work smoothly.

6. My watch doesn’t work.

7. The screw worked loose.

8. Will these methods work?

9. The yeast has begun to work.

10. Electric computers work quickly and accurately.

Hand:

1. S oams shook her hand and went downstairs.

2. H e never read a book in his life and still writes a schoolboy hand.

3. I t would be like trying to make the hands of clock move backwards to its ticking.

4. M r. Hunter suddenly failed, and all hands in the mill were turned off. Like:

1. He likes maths more than physics.

2. In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of

dust shining like gold.

3. Like knows like.

4. Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.

Last:

1. He is the last man to come.

2. He is the last man to do it.

3. He is the last person for such a job.

4. He should be the last (man) to blame.

5. He is the last man to consult.

6. This is the last place where I expected to meet you.

Operate:

1. The hearing aids are operated from batteries.

2. The doctor operated on the patient for a tumor.

3. The frontier forces had to operate against the invaders.

1. With old plaster-casting, the bone takes longer to knit and crippling

effects from muscle inactivity result.

2. The custom had its spring in another country.

3. His mother died of difficult labour.

4. The Americans had viewed foreign policy as if it were a western

movie in which the cavalry appeared at the climacteric moment to use superior firepower on opponents who were usually of anther race.

5. The elevator girl reads books between passengers.

6. Don’t do your own thing, or you will meet with failure.

II. 词义的褒贬：

☉词义有轻重的不同：

打破：break, crack, crush, demolish, destroy, shatter, smash

闪光：shine, glitter, glare, sparkle

☉词义有范围大小与侧重点不同：

agriculture, farming, cultivation, agronomy

country, nation, land, state, power

empty (house, room, cup, box, stomach, head, words, etc.)

vacant (position, room, house, seat, etc.)

hollow (tree, voice, sound, cheeks, etc.)

☉词义有感情色彩与语体色彩

“死”

to expire, to pass away, to close (end) one’s day, to breathe one’s last

to go west, to pay the debt of nature to depart to the world of shadows to give up the ghost, to kick the bucket, to kick up one’s heels

to lay down one’s knife and fork

“怀孕”

1. She is having a baby.

2. She is in a family way.

3. She is knitting little booties.

4. She is in a delicate condition.

5. She is in an interesting condition.

☉词义的两面性：

1. The enemy’s scheme went bankrupt.

We’ve worked out a perfect scheme.

2. He is an aggressive and promising young man.

Japan is an aggressive country.

3. Hans was too obviously flattering the gentlemen by saying he was

the most courageous man he had ever seen.

Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture.

III 词语搭配：

Kill:

1. He killed the man.

2. He killed the dog.

3. He killed time everyday down at the park.

4. He killed his chances of success.

5. He killed the motion when it came from the committee.

6. He killed himself by overwork.

7. He killed the spirit of the group.

8. He killed three bottles of whisky in a week.

Kill the peace (promise, friendship, a marriage)

Heavy:

Rain clouds crops frost wine news road sea heart fire smoker bread wire load storm traffic reader

Broken:

A broken man (soldier, promise, spirit)

broken money (English)

IV. 词义的引申：

☉词义作抽象引申：

1. There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in his nature.

2. Every life has its roses and thorns.

3. She sailed into the room,

4. We must keep our powder dry.

5. John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.

☉词义作具体引申：

1. Do you see any green in my eye?

2. The battlefield became something holy. It was not touched.

3. The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors to Beijing.

4. We Zanziber would like to build a coloured society where all men

can have equal opportunity.

5. What aids there were to enlighten labor were immemorial.

二、词类转译：

I 转译成动词：

1. Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.

2. Talking with his son, the old man was the forgive r of the young man’s

past wrong doings.

3. Some of my classmates are good singers.

4. They worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim

lamps.

5. “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the

steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.

6. What is he at?

7. John voted with the Tories.

8. He is a man above vulgar interests.

9. Peter drew his knife on the robber.

10. It looks as if we are in for a storm.

11. If a man couldn’t walk into a room and tell who was for him and

who was against him, then he wasn’t much of a politician.

12. Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.

13. He proved himself worthy of confidence.

14. He is not very familiar with biological terms.

15. Are you doubtful of his success?

16. Some infectious diseases are responsible for diseases of the heart

valves.

II 转译成名词：

1. Formality has always characterized their relationship.

2. To them, he personified the absolute power.

3. Those who huddled pitifully together on the left were t he old, the

infirm, the ill and the very young.

4. Stevenson was eloquent and elegant—but soft.

5. The Wilde family were religious.

6. They were considered insincere.

III 转译成形容词：

1. It’s the truth.

2. Such news was no jokes.

3. We are deeply convinced of the correctness of this policy.

4. Gases differ from solid in that the former has greater compressibility

than the latter.

5. As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the

necessary help.

6. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.

7. The sun rose thinly from the sea.

IV 其他转译：

1. He then acted as a reluctant interpreter.

2. He had the kindness to show me the way.

3. This is a sheer nonsense.

4. Buckley was in a clear minority.

5. The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming

to visit the city poor.

6. He is physically weak but mentally sound.

三、增词：

persuasion preparation backwardness tension arrogance madness antagonism

1. The crowds melted away.

2. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.

3. He sank down with his face in his hands.

4. Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia.

5. To wash before meal. To wash after getting up. To wash before

going to bed.

6. First you borrow, then you beg.

7. This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.

8. He is a complicated man—moody, mercurial, with a melancholy

streak.

9. He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his

own son guilty.

10. Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.

11. The lion is the king of animals.

12. All the rules of the military discipline must be strictly observed.

13. Once they had a quarrel.

14. Herb gave her a sly look.

四、重复：

great contributions gratitude ingratitude prosperity eternal glory to vivid hesitate arrogance grotesque careless in chaos street gossip rumours

1. China is the cradle of ancient and modern cultures.

2. Wood can not conduct electricity, nor can glass.

3. You can do translation work very well, if you care to.

4. Grammar deals with the structure of language, English grammar with the structure of English.

5. We shall need to apply our scientific and technological resources to literally every aspect of our society, to our commerce, our industry, our medicine, our transportation.

五、正反译法：

1. He knew he was mortally ill.

2. The first bombs missed the target.

3. Such a chance was denied me.

4. We can safely say so.

5. His refusal is not final.

6. This failure is the making of him.

7. We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.

8. He was 75, but he carried his years lightly.

9. My guess is as good as yours.

10. The decision is to come.

11. Don’t lose time in posting this letter.

12. The significance of these incidents wasn’t lost on us.

13. He saw at once that Phil was not all right.

14. The conclusion we reached in Britain is that change simply cannot

sensibly be put off.

15. Let bygones be bygones.

16. Haste makes waste.

17. Be careful! Mind my right arm!

18. She told me, as I departed, that she’d hate to be in my position.

19. Cease-fires in the Mideast have an unhappy habit of becoming unstuck.

20. He told us of his success with undisguised delight.

21. Dancing in public with a lot of country girls! I’m surprised that you could even think of it.

22. Washington must do something about the situation, and soon.

六、被动态的译法：

1. Today this treasury of silt is trapped behind the dam, and there is no

effective drainage system.

2. Yet the Nile has been changed by modern man in ways not yet fully

understood.

3. In case of non-delivery, letters must be returned to the senders.

4. The collection of poems has been translated into many foreign

languages.

5. Visitors are requested to leave their coats in the cloak-room.

6. Liars are not believed even when they tell the truth.

7. He was policed by bosses’ cops.

8. It is generally accepted that matter is in constant motion and in

constant change.

9. As rain fell in the Ethiopian highlands and the snow melted in the

Mountains of the Moon, the river was everlastingly renewed.

10. North Adelaide, which is chiefly residential, is bordered by more

parklands, and contains two open squares.

11. N and S Adelaide are divided by the Torrens River, spanned by

four bridges and lined with ornamental gardens.

12. The town hall’s foundation stone was laid in 1863.

七、定语从句的译法：

I 译成定语词组：

1. The incubation period is the time that elapses between the entrance

of the microorganism and the manifestation of the disease.

2. The people who worked for him live in mortal scare of him.

3. Each day we make decisions that affect our lives and sometimes, the

lives of others.

4. Brindley had begun on his account, out of interest, to survey the

waterways that he traveled as he went about his engineering projects for mills and mines.

II 译成并列句

1. The nervous system consists of a great number of nerves, which like

the blood vessels extend to all parts of the body.

2. He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up

to 200 pounds each.

3. Isabel was a tall girl with the oval face, a straight nose, fine eyes and

full mouth that appeared to be characteristics of the family.

4. The grammar schools legally could only teach the classical subjects

for which they had been founded.

5. …and the old ways of earning a living rivaled by new agricultural

techniques, by commerce with hitherto unknown parts of the globe, and by new crafts with strange machines that saved labor and that ran without the traditional human or animal power.

6. And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and exploited only by the Western Europeans.

7. This hope was nurtured by the great victories won by Genghis Khan's grandson, Hulagu, who was a Buddhist, and whose wife was a Christian.

III 溶合法

1. There are many people who want to see the film.

2. There is a sense in which morality and expedience need not conflict.

3. There are events taking place at this time which dim their hopes and

lessen the prospects.

IV 译成状语从句

1. He would have to be very careful not to offend the foreman, who

could give him the sack at any time.

2. The task, which seemed to be difficult, was already accomplished in

time.

3. He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.

4. Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to

keep alive their families.

5. There was something original, independent, and heroic about the

plan that pleased all of them.

6. Zhou Enlai arranged for experts from Beijing University to give Bill

Morrow some up-to-date information he wanted.

八、长句的翻译：

可调整语序、调整长度

1. Here at home in England, under the fire of the Boche, we do not

forget the ties and links that unite us to France, and we are persevering steadfastly and in good heart in the cause of European freedom and fair dealing for the common people of all countries, for which, with you, we drew the sword.

原序

2. The global economy that boomed in the 1960s, growing at an

average of 5.5 percent a year, and pushed ahead at a 4.5 percent-a-year rate in the mid-1970s, simply stopped growing in 1981-1982.

3. If you reach Chicago by train and spend only an hour or two there

you will feel the light wind off the lake which gives it the name “Windy City”.

变序

4. The Westerner who developed a farm, opened a shop, or set up in

business as a trader, could hope to prosper only as his own community prospered—and his community ran from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Canada down to Mexico.

5. His famous will, in which he left money to provide prizes for

outstanding work in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace, is a memorial to his interests and ideals.

6. Although experienced diplomats do not often share the popular

skepticism about international law, there is a danger that the popular attitude may affect inexperienced officials and pressure groups within a state, and that the state may, as a result, be pushed into breaking international law.

拆句

7. A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by

the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.

8. In the spirit of frankness which I hope will characterize our talks this

week, let us recognize at the outset these points: we have at times in the past been enemies. We have great differences today. What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend these differences.

9.It all began in the mid-1850s, when Lowe’s experiments with

balloons led him to believe in the existence of an upper stream of air that moved in an easterly direction, no matter what direction the lower currents flowed.

并句

10. We have rains there, too. Thunderstorms in spring and summer often come with intensity great enough to cause flash-flooding. Every child raised in the West know about these dangers. At least that’s what I

used to think. I’m not so sure anymore.

九、习语的译法：

I 英汉成语比较：

☉比喻不同

1. Just like the mushroom.

2. Kill the goose that lays the golden eggs.

3. Look for a needle in a haystack.

4. Like a rat in a hole.

5. No smoke without fire.

6. A good conscience is a soft pillow.

7. Neither fish nor fowl.

8. You cannot make a crab walk straight.

☉风俗习惯不同

1. Dog tired

2. To dog one’s steps

3. Top dog

4. Lucky dog

5. As faithful as a dog

6. Love me, love my dog

7. Every dog has its day

8. A surly dog

9. That/this dirty dag

10. He is in the doghouse.

11. He was a bit of a dog in his younger days ☉历史背景不同

1. To know the ropes

2. To tide over

3. To sink or swim

4. To go with the stream

5. To clear the decks

6. All at sea

7. Plain sailing

8. To rest one’s oars

9. To keep one’s head above water

10. Blow hot and cold

11. Love is blind.

12. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.

II 英汉习语对译

☉直译

1. Golden age

2. To pack like sardines

3. Sour grapes

4. A gentlemen’s agreement

5. An olive branch

6. The Trojan horse

7. The heel of Archilles

8. The sword of Damocles

9. To show one’s card

10. To turn over a new leaf

11. He laughs best who laughs last.

12. Necessity is the mother of invention.

13. We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.

14. Barking dogs do not bite.

15. A rolling stone gathers no moss.

☉借用

1. Burn one’s boats

2. Walls have ears

3. Go through fire and water

4. Man proposes, God disposes.

5. Fish in the troubled waters

6. Constant dropping wears the stone.

7. A thorn in the flesh

8. Facts speak louder than words.

9. A flash in the pan

10. Have one foot in the grave

11. At the end of one’s rope

12. The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.

13. To laugh off one’s head

14. To spend money like water

15. Six of one and half a dozen of another

☉意译

1. To have other fish to fry

2. To rain cats and dogs

3. Have a bee in one’s bonnet

4. Hit the nail on the head

5. But the die was cast, he could not go back.

6. She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth; she thinks she can do

what she likes.

7. Among so many well-dressed and cultured people, the country girl

felt like a fish out of water.

8. They don’t invite Bob to their parties because he is a wet blanket.

☉注释

To carry coals to Newcastle

☉注意事项：缩略，多义，风格，褒贬，民族文化色彩，假朋友

十、英语专业词的翻译：

I 词义选择：

Column pupil cell

Feed:

1. She feeds the cow with the bran.

2. This motor can feed several machines.

3. We use the pump to feed fresh water into the boiler.

4. They use mechanical stokers to feed coal into the furnace.

5. We can feed the oil into the bearing in several ways.

6. Tool carriage supports and feeds the cutting tools over the work. Money:

1. Money bill

2. Money corporation

3. Money dealer

4. Money flow

5. Money market

6. Money order

7. Money position

8. Money terms

Finance (Financial):

1. Finance bill

2. Finance charge

3. Finance house

4. Finance officer

5. Financial executive

6. Financier

7. Financial statistics

8. Financial committee

9. Financial Adjustment

10. Financial policy

II 译名的统一：

III 新词语的译法：音译，意译，音义兼译，象译，创造新词

高考英语翻译技巧(很有用)及练习题

高考英语翻译技巧(很有用)及练习题 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translation: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．究竟是什么激发小王学习电子工程的积极性？(motivate) 2．网上支付方便了客户，但是牺牲了他们的隐私。(at the cost of) 3．让我的父母非常满意的是，从这个公寓的餐厅可以俯视街对面的世纪公园，从起居室也可以。(so) 4．博物馆疏于管理，展品积灰，门厅冷落，急需改善。(whose) 【答案】 1．What on earth has motivated Xiao Wang’s enthusiasm/ initiative to major in electronic engineering? 2．Online payment brings convenience to consumers at the cost of their privacy. 3．To my parents’ satisfaction, the dining room of this apartment overlooks the Century Park opposite the street and so it is with the sitting room. 或者What makes my parents really satisfy is that they can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment, so can they from the living room. 4．This museum is not well managed, whose exhibits are covered with dust, and there are few visitors, so everything is badly in need of improvement. 或The museum whose management is reckless, whose exhibits are piled with dust and whose lobby is deserted, requires immediate improvement. 【解析】 1．motivate sb to do sth 激发某人做某事，on earth究竟，major in 以…为专业，enthusiasm/ initiative热情/积极性，故翻译为What on earth has motivated Xiao Wang’s enthusiasm/ initiative to major in electronic engineering? 2．online payment网上支付，brings convenience to给…带来方便，at the cost of以…为代价，privacy隐私，故翻译为Online payment brings convenience to consumers at the cost of their privacy. 3．To my parents’ satisfaction令我父母满意的是，后者也那样so it is with。也可以用主语从句What makes my parents really satisfy 表语从句thatthey can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment。overlooks俯视，opposite the street街对面，living room 起居室。故翻译为To my parents’ satisfaction, the dining room of this apartment overlooks the Century Park opposite the street and so it is with the sitting room.或者What makes my parents really satisfy is that they can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment, so can they from the living room. 4．not well managed/ management is reckless疏于管理，be covered with dust/ be piled with dust被灰尘覆盖，few visitors游客稀少，be badly in need of improvement/ requires immediate improvement亟需改善。故翻译为his museum is not well managed, whose exhibits

英汉笔译期末“短句翻译”复习提纲

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