英国文学史及选读复习7 William Shakespeare 1564

Questions concerning Renaissance

1.What is Renaissance?

2.What did it bring in outlook, culture?

3.Generally speaking, what age is Renaissance?

4.What can we see from Davinci about the ideals of Renaissance?

5.What is Machiavelli’s political commentary?

6.What happened in Germany in the Renaissance time?

7.What is Mercantilism?

8.What is Protestantism?

9.Who is Descartes?

10.What is Copernicus’ discovery?

11.Who is Caxton?

12.Who are Francis Drake and John Hawkins?

13.When and where did the Renaissance first started? Why?

14.What are the historical changes in England during the Renaissance time?

15.What is meant by humanism?

16.What are the chief benefits to literature of the discovery of printing?

17.What effect on civilization has the multiplication of books?

18.What did Henry VIII do to the English Church?

19.What did Elizabeth I do to the Oxford and Cambridge universities?

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bd15235568.html, a few English representatives in learning and literature in the Renaissance

age?

21.What is the result of the enclosure movement?

William Shakespeare 1564—1616

1.Writers before Shakespeare 1400-1550

The fifteenth century was an age of preparation, of learning the beginning of science, and of getting acquainted with the great ideals,---the stern law, the profound philosophy, the suggestive mythology, and the noble poetry of the Greeks and Romans. The books worthy of remembrance which appeared in England during this period are as follows:

1.1Thomas More’s Utopia written in Latin, translated into all European language

speedily, published in 1516 is a powerful and original study of social conditions, unlike anything which had ever appeared in any literature. More learns from a sailor, of a wonderful kingdom of Nowhere, in which all questions of labor, government, society, and religion have been easily settled by simple justice and common sense. In this Utopia we find for the first time, as the foundations of civilized society, the three great words, Liberty, Fraternity, Equality, which retained their inspiration through all the violence of the French Revolution and which are still the unrealized ideal of every free government.

1.2Tyndale’s translation of the New Testament (1525). William Tyndale c. 1494-1536, made his translation from the original Greek, and later translated parts of the Old Testament from the Hebrew. It was the foundation for the Authorized V ersion, which appeared nearly a century later, and became the standard for the whole

English-speaking race.

1.3Wyatt(1503?-1542) and Surrey(1517?-1547)

In Tottel’s Miscellany, the first printed collection of miscellaneous English poems, half of the poems were the work of Sir Thomas Wyatt and of Henry Howard, earl of Surrey. Both together wrote amorous sonnets modeled after the Italians, introducing a new verse form which has been a favorite ever since with English poets. Surrey is noted for his translation of two books of Virgil in “strange meter”. The strange meter was the blank verse, which in the hands of Shakespeare and Milton was used to make the world’s masterpieces.

2.Shakespeare

2.1 his life

Born in 1564 in Stratford-on-Avon, son of a small farmer, later a businessman of gloves. At 7 he attended the local grammar school, learned Latin and Greek. He distinguished himself at school because in his younger years he was a school master in the country. There is a legend according to which he had poached upon the lands of a certain Sir Thomas Lucy, a rich landlord and country magistrate. He was caught and severely punished. He avenged himself by composing a satirical ballad. V ery soon it became so popular throughout the countryside that wherever Sir Thomas Lucy appeared he was met with the strains of the ballad. Sir Thomas was enraged and redoubled his persecution to such a degree that Shakespeare was compelled to leave Stratford and seek refuge in London.

In 1582 he married a farmer’s daughter Anne Hathaway. A son was born to him, the boy was named Hamnet, obviously after Hamlet, the hero of the tragedy written by Thomas Kyd.

In London he became acquainted with certain theatrical company, became an actor and playwright. Later he became a shareholder of the theater. His activities as a dramatic poet, actor and proprietor lasted till the year 1612 when he retired from the stage and returned to Stratford. He died in 1616.

2.2Dramatic career

first period 1587-1595

His first period of dramatic career was one of the apprenticeship. It is marked by youthfulness and exuberance of imagination, by extravagance of language, and by the frequent use of rimed couplets with his blank verse

Typical works of this period are his early poems, Love’s L abor’s Lost, Two Gentlemen of Verona, and Richard III.

second period 1595-1600

It is the period of rapid growth and development. The plays show more careful and artistic work, better plots, and a marked increase in knowledge of human nature.

e.g. The Merchant of Venice, Midsummer Night’s Dream ,As you Like it, Henry IV. third period 1600-1607

A period of gloom and depression, from 1600 to 1607, which marks the full maturity

of his powers.

The Sonnets with their note of personal disappointment, Twelfth Night, which is Sha kespeare’s “farewell to mirth,”and his great tragedies, Hamlet, Lear, Macbeth, Othello, Julius Caesar, belong to this period.

fourth period1607—1612

A period of restored serenity, of calm after storm, which marked the last years of the poet’s literary wo rk.

The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest are the best of his later plays.

3.Non-dramatic poems

His non-dramatic poetry consists of two long narrative poems and sequence of 154 sonnets. Narrative poems Venus and Adonis, The Rape of Lucrece.

He borrowed the outline of Venus and Adonis from Ovid’s Metamorphosis, but took details from some of the other stories. The poem tells the story of how V enus the Goddess of Love was in love with the handsome boy Adonis and how the latter was killed by a boar while hunting. The poem contains some vivid pictures of amorous V enus and wayward Adonis, a frank eulogy of earthly love, which can be regarded a healthy anti-dote to the asceticism of the Middle Ages.

The Rape of Lucrece is a tragic tale about the chaste Roman dame Lucrece who, after being raped by the terrible Tarquin, committed suicide and then was revenged. It condemns lust and tyranny and praises healthful love.

4.Sonnets

3.1general introduction to Shakespeare’s 154 sonnets.

154 sonnets are the only direct expression of his own feelings, for his plays are the most impersonal in all literature.

Among the sonnets, numbers 1-126 are addressed to a young man, beloved of the poet, of superior beauty and rank but of somewhat questionable morals and constancy. Sonnets 127-152 form a less coherent group. They involve a mistress of the poet, a mysterious “Dark Lady”. The poet’s attitude to her is frankly lustful, with occasional pangs of conscience and feeling of revulsion. The final two sonnets are translations or adaptations of some version of a Greek epigram, and they evidently refer to the hot springs at Bath.

3.2definition of sonnet:

a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme

scheme. There are two prominent types: the Petrarchan, composed of an octave and a sestet (rhyming abbaabba cdecde/cdccdc/cdedce); and the Shakespearean, consisting of three quatrains and a couplet (rhyming abab cdcd efef gg). Sonnets were highly popular in Renaissance Italy, and thereafter in Spain, Portugal, France, and England. German and English romantics revived the form, which remains popular. Notable sonneteers include, besides Petrarch and Shakespeare, Dante, Edmund Spenser, Philip Sidney, John Keats, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, George Meredith, Edna St. Vincent Millay and W. H. Auden.

e.g. Sonnet 75 by Edmund Spenser

One day I wrote her name upon the strand,

But came the waves and washed it away:

Agayne I wrote it with a second hand,

But came the tyde, and made my paynes his pray.

“V ayne man,” sayd she, “that doest in vaine assay,

A mortal thing so to immortalize,

For I my selve shall lyke to this decay,

And eek my name bee wiped out lykewize.”

“Not so,” quod I, “let baser things devize,

To dy in dust, but you shall live by fame:

My verse your virtues rare shall eternize,

And in the heavens wryte your glorious name.

Where whenas death shall all the world subdew,

Our love shall live, and later life renew.”

On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer by John Keats

Much have I traveled in the realms of gold,

And many goodly states and kingdoms seen;

Round many western islands have I been

Which bards in fealty to Apollo hold.

Oft of one wide expanse had I been told

That deep-browed Homer ruled as his demesne;

Y et did I never breathe its pure serene

Till I heard Chapman speak out loud and bold:

Then Felt I like some watcher of the skies

When a new planet swims into his ken;

Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyes

He stared at the Pacific---and all his men

Looked at each other with a wild surmise---

Silent, upon a peak in Darien.

4.Shakespeare’s place and influence

He holds, by general acclamation, the foremost place in the world’s literature, and his overwhelming greatness renders it difficult to criticize or even to praise him. His genius included all the world of nature and of men. To study nature in his works is like exploring a new and beautiful country; to study man in his works is like going into a great city, viewing the motley crowd as one views a great masquerade in which past and present mingle freely and familiarly, as if the dead were all living again. And the marvelous thing, in this masquerade of all sorts and conditions of men, is that Shakespeare lifts the mask from every face, lets us see the man as he is in his own soul, and shows us in each one some germ of good, some “soul of goodness” even in

things evil. For Shakespeare strikes no uncertain note, and raises no doubts to add to the burden of our own. Good always overcomes evil in the long run; and love, faith, work, and duty are the four elements that in all ages make the world right. To criticize or praise the genius that creates these men and women is to criticize or praise humanity itself.

He influenced many great writers, e.g. Goethe; his influence upon the English language and thought is beyond calculation. Shakespeare and King James Bible are the two great conservators of the English speech. One who habitually reads them finds himself possessed of a style and vocabulary that are beyond criticism. Even those who read no Shakespeare are still unconsciously guided by him, for his thought and expression have so pervaded English life and literature that it is impossible, so long as one speaks the English language, to escape his influence.

Winter

When icicles hang by the wall,

And Dick the shepherd blows his nail,

And Tom bears logs into the hall,

And milk comes frozen home in pail,

When blood is nipped and ways be foul,

Then nightly sings the staring owl,

“Tu-whit, tu-who!”

A merry note,

While greasy Joan doth keel the pot.

When all aloud the wind doth blow,

And coughing drowns the parson’s saw,

And birds sit brooding in the snow,

And Marian’s nose looks red and raw,

When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl,

Then nightly sings the staring owl,

“Tu-whit, tu-who!”

A merry note,

While greasy Joan doth keel the pot.

Spring

When daisies pied and violets blue

And lady-smocks all silver-white

And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue

Do paint the meadows with delight,

The cuckoo then, on every tree,

Mocks married men; for thus sings he,

“Cuckoo!

Cuckoo, cuckoo!” O, word of fear, Unpleasing to a married ear!

When shepherds pipe on oaten straws,

And merry larks are ploughmen’s clocks, When turtles tread, and rooks, and daws, And maidens bleach their summer smocks, The cuckoo then, on every tree,

Mocks married men; for thus sings he,

“Cuckoo! Cuckoo, cuckoo!” O, word of fear, Unpleasing to a married ear!

英国文学史及选读__期末试题及答案

考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s

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《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题） 2. Romance （名词解释） 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4. Ballad（名词解释） 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet) 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia 10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读） 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要，最重要属sonnet18。（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读） 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要，特别是Paradise Lost和Samson Agonistes。对于Paradise Lost需要知道它是blank verse写成的，故事情节来自Old Testament，另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象。 16. John Bunyan——The Pilgrim’s Progress 17. Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images. 18. Enlightenment（名词解释） 19. Neoclassicism（名词解释） 20. Richard Steele——“The Tatler” 21. Joseph Addison——“The Spectator”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。 22. Steel’s and Addison’s styles and their contributions 23. Alexander Pope: “Essay on Criticism”, “Essay on Man”, “The Rape of Lock”, “The Dunciad”; his workmanship (features) and limitations 24. Jonathan Swift: “Gulliver’s Travels”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是Gulliver游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; （我们主要讲了三个地方）“A Modest Proposal”比较重要，要注意作者用的irony 也就是反讽手法。 25. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. 26. Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, 当然是Robinson Crusoe比较重要，剧情要清楚，Robinson Crusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。另外注意Defoe的style和feature，另外Defoe是forerunner of English realistic novel。 27. Samuel Richardson——“Pamela” (first epistolary novel), “Clarissa Harlowe”, “Sir Charles Grandison” 28. Henry Fielding: “Joseph Andrews”, “Jonathan Wild”, “Tom Jones”第一个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。他是一个比较重要的作家，另外Fielding也被称为father of the English novel. 29. Laurence Sterne——“Tristram Shandy”项狄传 30. Richard Sheridan——“The School for Scandal” 31. Oliver Goldsmith——“The Traveller”(poem), “The Deserted V illage” (poem) (both two poems were written by heroic couplet), “The Vicar of Wakefield” (novel), “The Good-Natured Man” (comedy), “She stoops to Conquer” (comedy),

2014-2015英国文学史及选读期末试题B

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班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································

(完整word版)吴伟仁--英国文学史及选读--名词解释

①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】

英国文学史及选读第一册复习题.doc

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英国文学史及选读2017期末复习名词解释中英

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