学术英语(医学)课后问题答案

Unit1

1、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:

·Neuron overload

·Patients* high expectations

·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctor

2、Mrs. Osorio’s condition:

·A 56-year-old woman

·Somewhat overweight

·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension

·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it

·Not enough exercises she should take

·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan

3、Good things:

·Blood tests done

·Glucose a little better

·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:

·Cholesterol not so great

·Her weight a little up

·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 4

4、The situation:

·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.

·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to herconditions.

·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent — and completely justified —request”：the form signed by her doctor.

·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient while

completing documentation.

5、Similarities:

·In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task at a time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time. Multitasking is just an illusion both in computers and human beings.

Differences:

·The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.

·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but computers can do much better.

·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.

6、

·7 medical issues to consider

·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue

·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts

·10 patients that afternoon

·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts

·5 residents under the authors supervision

·4 patients seen by each resident

·10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient

·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts

·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total

·If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about 10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.

7、Possible solutions:

·Computer-generated reminders

·Case managers

·Ancillary services

·The simplest solution: time

Unit2

1、The author implies:

? Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re- emerging infectious diseases

·Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of the infectious diseases

·Unfinished war against infectious diseases

2、Victory declarations:

·Surgeon General William Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”.

·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines

·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost over

What followed ever since:

·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola

·Comeback of the old afflictions:

? Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union

? TB in urban centers like New York City

? Rising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever

·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world

3、Elaborate on the joined battle:

·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and controlof emerging disease in October 1995.

·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.

·Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.

4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which can travel from one country to another remote country in a very short time.

5、TB:

·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread

·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain

·A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunocompromised

Group A strep:

·A change in virulence

·Mutation in the exterior of the bacterium

Flu:

Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its level of virulence

6、Examples:

·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination. ·Du e to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. '

? The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.

7、The four areas of focus:

·The need for surveillance

·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field

·Appropriate prevention and control

·Strong public health infrastructure

8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.

Unit3

1、Terry's life before

·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do

·She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.

·She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.

·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.

·She got married and got a son and a daughter.

2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:

·Loss of stamina and strength

·Problems with balance

·Bouts of horrific facial pain

·Dips in visual acuity

3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:

·She started injections.

·She adopted many pharmacotherapies.

·She began her own study of literature:

? She read articles on websites such as PubMed.

? She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.

?She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types —dementia，Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.

?She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, and neurophysiology.

4、Approaches Terry mainly used:

·Self-experimentationwith various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models

·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS

·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet ·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load

5、Cases mentioned in the text:

·Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings

·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa

·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration ·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins

·Inefficient clearing of toxins

6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and

autoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we can take many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.

Unit4

1、Two concepts:

·Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain. Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.

·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies —like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.

2

·TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensive facilities.

·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.

·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.

·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, and they are indeed all natural, from nature.

·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the efficiency i s proven and ensured.

·Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM

3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a

comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.

4、A well-justified NO:

·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture ·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness

·Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement

·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture

·Greater interest by stakeholders

·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists

5、

·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:

? Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient

?Correct selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas

·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, and will result in complications in patient

6、

·Randomized controlled trials

Advantages:

?Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control group

? Tendency to produce comparable groups

? Guaranteed validity of statistical tests of significance

Limitations:

? Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a whole

?A poor choice for research where temporal factors are an

issue

? Extremely heavy resources, requiring very largesamplegroups

? Quasi-experiments

Advantages:

? Control group comparisons possible

?Reduced threats to external validity as natural environments do not

suffer the same problems of artificiality as compared to a well-controlled

laboratory setting.

?Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experiments

Limitations：

?Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimental designs do

not use random sampling in constructing experimental and control

groups.

?Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random samplingmethods to construct the experimental and control groups

? Cohort studies

Advantages:

?Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure and outcome

? Particular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposure

? Ability to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factor

Limitations:

? Larger, longer, and more expensive

? Prone to certain types of bias

? Not practical for rare outcomes

? Case-control studies

Advantages:

? The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with long periods between exposure and outcome

? Time and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methods

Limitations：

? Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trials as it is observational in nature

? Difficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcome

? “N=1” trials

Advantages

? Easy to manage

? Inexpensive

Limitations：

? Findings difficult to be generalized to the whole population

? Weakest evidence due to the number of the subject

7、

? Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:

? The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies)

? The accuracy of evaluation

·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.

·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”

8、

·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society

·Research and education

·Political, economic, and social factors

Unit5

·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from：

? Continuous stress

? Pain

? Hardships

·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.

·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.

2、

·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.

·Manifestations of a healthy person:

? Energy and vitality

? A certain zip in gait

? A warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior

3、

·Constant messages, positive and negative，are sent to our mind about the health of our body.

·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.

·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them.

·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.

4、

·People's minds are infected by spin:

? Half-truth

? Fearful fictions

? Blatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit

·Spin is a result of unconscious living.

·The kind of falseness is pandemic.

·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.

·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.

·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time.

·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.

6

·We grow more reluctant to take risks.

·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.

·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves.

·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become an unconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.

7

·A multi-faceted process:

? Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensions

? Building our wellness toolbox slowly

? Picturing our whole state of being

·Attention to the little stuff:

? Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to change

? Striving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spirit

? Taking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict

8

·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.

·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions.

·Come to terms with the toxic emotions

Unit6

1、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and more people are cared

in hospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a new set of questions to consider.

2、

·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure

·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life

·Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatmentchoices, tests, and other medical care

·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home

3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, including doctors, nurses, and

facility.

4、

·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially

·Hiring a home nurse for additional help

·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like a hospital bed or bedside commode)

5、

·Health insurance

·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker

·Help from local governmental agencies

·Doctor's supervision at home

6、

·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.

·Recently, it is a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who areliving with potentially fatal diseases.

7、

·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment.

·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.

Unit7

1、

·A dying patient

·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and start comfort measures

·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments

2、

·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker

·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice

3、

·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy

·Patient-centered care

·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor 4、

·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.

·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.

·Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.

5、Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethical

transgression.

6、

·Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than having the patient make decisions on their own.

·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes a large part of medical practice.

Unit8

1、

·Research:

An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge

·Practice:

Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success

·Blurred distinction:

? Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapy

?Notable departures from s tandard practice being called “experimental” with the terms “experimenta l”and “research” carelessly defined

2、

·Autonomy：

Individuals treated as autonomous agents .

·Protection:

Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection

·A case in point:

Prisoners involved in research

3

·“Do no harm” as the primary principle

·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms . ·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seeding the benefits

4、

·“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethics

·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard

·Benefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and research

5、

·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden：Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not?

·Equal treatment of equals:

Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status

6、

·Definition:

The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them ·Application:

? A process rather than signing a written form

? Adequate information as the premise

? A well-informed decision as the expected result

7、

·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons ·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence

·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice:

? At the individual level: fairness

? At the social level: distinction between classes

综合学术英语教程练习答案

Unit Two Task1Familiarizing Yourself with Classif ication 1.Skim the f ollowing passage f or the answ ers to the questions below. 1) Man-made or anthropogenic causes, and natural causes. 2) Pollution (burning fossil fuels, mining coal and oil, etc.), the production of CO( the increase of population, the demolition of trees, etc.) 3) COis a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere. 4) Classif ication helps us to determine and understand the relationship of the parts of a subject which is studied by us. Classification is made on the basis of a clear definition. 5) In order to make a clear and logic classification, one needs to follow a principle of classification and go on with a system consistently. For example, the categories of classification should be mutually exclusive and no overlapping is allowed. Reading1Causes for Global Warming Task2Understanding Lectures through Classification Listening1 1.Listening to the lectur e and write down wha tev er y ou believ e is impor tant, especially the classif ica tions of key terms. Unconscious motivation, unconscious conflict, the id, the ego, the superego, etc. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ba15876463.html,e y our notes.Decide if the sta tements below ar e true(T)or false(F).Then justify y our answ ers,in the space pr ovided,b y giving evidence fr om the talk. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) F 7) T 8) F 3.Listen again,paying a ttention to the f ollowing classif ica tions and then complete the tables below. Idea One: The existence of an unconscious motivation Idea Two: The notion of unconscious dynamics or conflict 4.Listen again and piece y our notes together into a shor t summar y.Then r etell the lectur e to y our par tner.

学术英语 课文翻译

U8 A 1 在过去的30年里，作为一个专业的大提琴演奏家，我花了相当于整整20年时间在路上执行和学习音乐传统和文化。我的旅行使我相信在我们的全球化的世界中，文化传统来自于一个身份、社会稳定和富有同情心的互动的基本框架。 2 世界在快速改变，正如我们一定会创造不稳定的文化，让人质疑他们的地方。全球化使我们服从于别人的规则，这往往会威胁到个人的身份。这自然使我们紧张，因为这些规则要求我们改变传统习惯。所以如今全球领导者的关键问题是：如何使习惯和文化发展到融入更大的行星，同时不必牺牲鲜明特色和个人的骄傲？ 3 我的音乐旅程提醒了我，全球化带来的相互作用不只是摧毁文化；他们能够创造新的文化，生机，传播存在已久的传统。这不像生态“边缘效应”，它是用来描述两个不同的生态系统相遇发生了什么，例如，森林和草原。在这个接口，那里是最小密度和生命形式的最大的多样性，每种生物都可以从这两个生态系统的核心作画。有时最有趣的事情发生在边缘。在交叉口可以显示意想不到的连接。 4 文化是一个由世界每个角落的礼物组成的织物。发现世界的一种方式是例如通过深入挖掘其传统。例如音乐方面，在任何的大提琴演奏家的曲目的核心是由巴赫大提琴组曲。每个组件的核心是一个称为萨拉班德舞曲的舞蹈动作。这种舞蹈起源于北非的柏柏尔人的音乐，它是一个缓慢的、性感的舞蹈。它后来出现在西班牙，在那里被禁止，因为它被认为是下流的。西班牙人把它带到了美洲，也去了法国，在那里成为一个优雅的舞蹈。在1720年，巴赫公司的萨拉班德在他的大提琴组曲运动。今天，我扮演巴赫，一个巴黎裔美国人的中国血统的音乐家。所以谁真正拥有的萨拉班德？每一种文化都采用了音乐，使其具有特定的内涵，但每一种文化都必须共享所有权：它属于我们所有人。 5 1998年，我从丝绸之路发现在数千年来从地中海和太平洋许多文化间观念的流动。当丝绸之路合奏团执行，我们试图把世界上大部分集中在一个阶段。它的成员是一个名家的同等团体，大师的生活传统是欧洲、阿拉伯、阿塞拜疆、亚美尼亚、波斯、俄罗斯、中亚、印度、蒙古、中国、韩国或日本。他们都慷慨地分享他们的知识，并好奇和渴望学习其他形式的表达。 6 在过去的几年里，我们发现每一个传统都是成功的发明的结果。确保传统的生存的一个最好的方法是由有机进化，目前利用我们所有可用的工具。通过录音和电影；通过驻在博物馆、大学、设计学校和城市；通过表演从教室到体育场，合奏的音乐家，包括我自己，学习有用的技能。回到家中，我们和其他人分享这些技能，确保我们的传统在文化桌上有一席之地。 7 我们发现，在本国执行传统出口的是国外激励从业者。最重要的是，我们对彼此的音乐发展出了激情，并建立了相互尊重、友谊和信任的纽带，每一次我们都在舞台上这都是可触及的。这种欢乐的互动是为了一个理想的共同的更大的目标：我们始终能够通过友好的对话解决任何分歧。我们相互开放，我们形成一个桥进入陌生的传统，驱逐往往伴随着变化和错位的恐惧。换句话说，当我们扩大我们看世界的镜头的时候，我们更好地了解自己，自己的生活和文化。我们与我们的小星球的遥远的行星有更多的共同分享，而不是我们意识到的。 8 发现这些共同的文化是很重要的，但不只是为了艺术的缘故。所以我们的许多城市，不仅是伦敦，纽约，东京，现在即使甚至是中小城市正在经历着移民潮。我们将如何吸取同化有自己独特的习惯的人群？移民不可避免地会导致抵抗和冲突，就像过去一样？有什么关于德国的土耳其人口的阿尔巴尼亚人在意大利，北非人在西班牙和法国？文化繁荣的引擎可以帮助我们找出如何集合可以和平融合，同时不牺牲个性身份。这不是政治正确性。它是关于对人而言什么是珍贵的承认，和每一个文化已经给予我们世界的礼物。

(完整word版)学术综合英语课后答案解析

Unit 1 C 1.The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2.In the course of preparing one’s speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view. 3.An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice. 4.By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience. 5.The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing. 6.When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in your speech.

学术英语课后翻译答案

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