考研阅读理解的13个考点

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1、首段和尾段

一篇文章的主题句、或者说是中心思想往往出现在文章的首段或者尾段。大家在阅读了一定数量的文章之后就能够发现，许多文章开门见山地在文章第一段中就提出了要说明的对象或者要论证的观点，这些中心思想句的位置一般都是文章第一句话或者第一段的最后一两句话。

此外，文章的最后一段一般都会对全文的说明和论证进行总结，这些句子往往位于最后一段的第一句话或最后一句话。通过一些标志性词汇或者短语，我们可以更快地找到这些总结性句子，如：all in all, in short, to conclude, in consequence, in summary, in a word, as a result, therefore, accordingly, thus 等。主题句考查了考生是否能够把握文章大意的能力，因此是常考且几乎是必考的一个考点。

2、段首和段尾

无论是说明文还是议论文，一篇文章往往会分成几个部分或层次进行说明和论证，每一个段落一般都是一个部分或者层次。英美人写文章的逻辑性非常强，文章结构都非常规范，因此每个段落的首句和尾句也经常是该段落的中心思想句，因此也是出题的重点区域，涉及的问题包括了中心思想题、推理判断题和细节题等。下文也将会提到，在进行快速阅读的时

候，考生只需要浏览文章每一段的第一句话就大致能够判断这篇文章的中心思想和主旨。

3、长难句

上文提到了长难句是阅读理解的主要难度所在，其中包含了同位语、插入语、定语、不定式、分词、各种从句等，使得句子长达好几行。因此这些复杂的句型也往往成为了试题的重点所在。考生应该加强训练自己对付长难句的能力，平时练习中有意识地去分解这些句子，理解其中的指代关系和句子层次。

4、列举处

所谓的列举是指通过一些表示顺承关系的词语逐项列出一些事实或者观点，标志性的词汇包括First, Second, Third… ; Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly… Finally; First of all, Then, In addition,Further, Furthermore, Besides, Moreover… 针对这一考点的题目通常考查文章细节，有时候也涉及对文章内容的推理判断。这种题目没有固定的提问方式，不过通常会有两种题型：第一种是从四个答案选项中选择正确的一项，错误选项的意思往往与文章的意思相反或因果关系颠倒；第二中是从四个答案选项中选择错误的一项，即“except”题型，一般对照原文就能够找出错误的选项。

5、举例处

一般的说明文和议论文都需要一些例子来支持作者的说明和论证，这些例子往往与作者的说明与论述有很大的关联，具有重大的意义，因此也成为了考题出处的热点。这种题目在文章中的线索非常明显，一般都带有如下的标志性词汇：for example, for instance, take … as an example, as, such as, like 等。在做这种题目的时候，考生要牢记所举的例子一般都与文章的中心思想有着密切的联系，因此要在选项中去寻找与中心思想意思最接近的那一项。同时，一般文章举例处的前一句或者前几句就是与该例子相关的作者论点，所以在做此类题目的时候就需要追本溯源地往前读，才能保证所选答案的正确率。1999 年以后几乎每年的考研阅读题中都有1-2 道关于例证的题目，这应当引起考生的高度重视。常用的举例方法有两种：一是先提出观点，后举例说明；二是先列举事例再做出结论。考生应当学会举一反三，在具体的阅读文章中识别出个种例证。

6、引用处

说明文或者议论文中经常引用他人的观点来支持、佐证作者的观点。引文有可能是从正面来支持作者的观点，也有可能是作者通过驳斥反面观点从而论证自己的观点。因此，引文间接地表达了作者自己的观点，有一定的隐蔽性和迷惑性，所以也是出题考查的热点地区，通常会考查考生的推理能力和对作者态度观点的判断能力。

7、因果关系处

表示因果关系的句子也是考研英语命题者所青睐的出题来源，因为因果句阐述了两个事件或者事实之间的内在联系，是作者进行分析或者得出结论的地方。出题者为了考查考生的阅读能力和逻辑分析能力，经常会把含有因果关系的句子倒过来考，因此选项中因变成了果、果变成了因，考生需要注意辨别实际的因果关系，防止受到迷惑。表示因果关系的词语有：because, because of, so, for, since, as, thus, therefore, consequently, in consequence, as a result; result from, result in, cause, originate from, lead to, attribute to, derive from; base, basis, reason, result, consequence 等。有时候文章中虽然没有出现表示因果

关系的标志性词语，但是在逻辑上也存在着因果关系，这个时候考生就需要自己进行判断和推理。

8、转折、对比和类比处

文章的转折出也是体现作者观点和文章主题的地方，作者经常通过先抑后扬的办法在转折词之后才明确提出自己的观点。一些明显的转折词包括but, however, on the contrary, yet, as a matter of fact, in fact, actually 等，转折词前后的意思一般来说都是相反的，而作者会偏重其中的某一方。因此，在阅读过程中看到转折词，考生最好能作上标志以方便做题时候的查找。另外，作者也经常把两个事物、两件事实、两种观点进行对比，从而论证自己观点的正确性。表示对比的一些标志性词语有in contrast, in comparison, compared with 等。特别需要指出的是，只要文章第一段中出现一组对比的概念或事物，这个地方往往会成为考题的命题重点，考生应掌握这一规律，在看到文章首段出现转折对比的内容时，应当立即集中注意力，同时还要明白，第一段出现转折关系时，转折后所表述的一定是文章的中心思想，而在首段出现的对照或对比的内容将在下文中进行具体的议论，并在文章最后得出结论。此外，由于议论文和说明文在论证说明事理的时候非常抽象，为了让读者更形象地理解这些抽象的概念，文章经常会运用类比的手法以增强文章的生动性。好的类比手法不仅有助于将抽象的道理阐释清楚，更可以让读者加深印象。类比在文中有两种体现方式，一是明喻，即A 像B 一样；二是暗喻，说A 是B，由于暗喻更加隐蔽，近年来命题专家也越来越趋向于在暗喻内容上设置问题。

9、特殊词汇

考研阅读试题中经常考查考生对于一些词语和词汇的理解，这些特殊词汇包括了平时不经常使用的生僻词、常见词语平时不经常用到的意思或搭配、以及关系代词等。这类题目的解题关键在于读懂词汇所在文章位置的上下文，从而推断中其意思。

10、数字和年代

考研阅读中经常出现对于数字和年代等细节的考查，看似容易，但是考生经常由于疏忽大意而失掉这些最容易的分数。其中要注意以下几点原则：首先，如果出现需要进行运算的题目，一般来说文章的原始数据不是正确答案；其次，如果答案中的四个数字或者时间都与文章的某一个部分相符合，那么要注意这些数字和时间所对应的不同问题，只选择与题目相关的那个数据；此外，要注意年份和世纪之间的差别，比如1999 年就是20 世纪，2009年就是21 世纪，也就是说世纪的数字是年份的前两个数字加1。如果考生记不住这个原则，那么可以在考试的时候用自己熟悉的年份和世纪进行现场推算。

11、专有名词

所谓的专有名词包括人名、地名、机构名称、书籍文章影视作品的名称以及其他专有名词。在阅读文章的过程中，考生每每遇到专有名词可以用铅笔作上标记，以便如果在题目中出现相应专有名词可以进行快速定位。

12、特殊标点符号

有一些特殊的标点符号也经常成为出题的对象，因此考生应该对以下标点符号的用法较为熟悉：冒号、括号、破折号以及引号。

逗号：两个逗号之间的内容、或者一个逗号后面的内容，通常都起到补充说明第一个逗号前面内容的作用。

冒号：冒号后面的内容通常都是用来解释说明前面的内容，例如前面是抽象的概念后面就是对这个概念的具体说明。

括号：括号中间的内容通常用来解释或补充说明括号前面的内容。

破折号：两个破折号之间的内容、或者一个破折号后面的内容，通常表示解释说明或者补充说明。

引号：表示引用他人的观点，一般用来从正面或者反面支持作者的观点。

相关的考题一般都是关于文章细节的问题。需要注意的是考题在考查标点符号用法是往往不会明确说明，需要考生自己去判断并根据具体情况分析标点符号的用法。

13、最高级以及绝对性词汇

最高级词汇以及其他一些表示唯一性的词汇由于其意义的绝对性，因而不容易产生歧义，所以也经常成为出题对象。这些词语包括形容词和副词的最高级，以及以下词汇：only, sole (solely), mere (merely), sheer, simply, entirely, absolutely, just, always, forever, never, none, must, all, any (anyone, anybody, anywhere) 等。

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