英文文献翻译

Experimental results of a low-power roadheader driving a gallery with different types of rock

at the face

Abstract

In this paper , the experimental results of a 45-kW and 15-t roadheader excavating a gallery with two different types of rock at the face using two different cutting heads are shown. It is proved that the roadheader works properly with both cutting heads. In comparison with other results in the literature, the principal parameters, i.e. specific energy, cutting rate and tool wear, are at a level that can be considered satisfactory taking into account the low power of the roadheader. On the other hand, the influence of the number of picks, which is the main difference between the two cutting heads, on the operational parameters is shown.

Keywords: Roadheaders; Cutting head design; Specific cutting energy; Cutting rate;

Tool wear

1. Test description

1.1. Test objectives

The aim was to determine the possibility of driving these galleries by means of a 45-kW roadheader, comparing two different cutting heads excavating the same type of rock in similar operating cycles. The main difference between the two cutting heads was the number of picks: the first cutting head had 36 picks, while the new one had only 24 (Fig. 5). Because of the lower number of cutting tools in contact with the rock, the torque transmitted by the motor was transformed to a larger tangential force in the pick, which allows higher -strength rock to be cut. Stress concentration is the major factor in rock fragmentation.

The parameters to measure (according to classic studies on this theme; Fowell and McFeat-Smith, 1976;Gehring, 1989) are the cutting rate (volume of rock excavated per time unit in m3/s), specific energy (energy necessary to excavate a unit of volume

in MJ /m 3 ) and the tool wear or specific pick consumption (picks or pick mass lost excavating a unit of volume of rock in picks /m 3or g /m 3). All parameters were measured when the roadheader was excavating coal and rock, as well as when it was performing other parts of the cycle.

1.2. Description of the excavated face.

The coal seam mined by the sublevel caving method was vertical and its average thickness was2.0 m. With the aim of carrying out the test in the worst conditions, the test zone used was in an area with a seam thickness of less than 2.0 m. A three-segment steel set support was used, the gallery being of 2.50 m in width at the low part and 3.0 m high. In Fig. 6 sketches of the excavated faces with the 36-pick (7.74 m ) and 24-pick cutting heads (7.97 m ) are shown. The coal seam was 1.70 and

1.90 m thick, respectively. It was formed by two veins: on the right the coal was soft (

1.3. Test and measurements

The test for each of the two cutting heads consisted of advancing 1.35 m (equal to the distance between steel sets ) in three passes of 0.45 m each, since this was the dimension of the cutting head. While the road- header was excavating, the instantaneous power and other electrical parameters were recorded by means of a data logger . In each case, the cross-section was measured and the excavated volume was

calculated in order to determine the energy consumption and tool wear. All the picks were changed for new ones in each test and were weighed before and after the trial in order to determine the tool consumption during excavation. The pick mass lost in each test is more realistic than the number of picks changed for a longer period, because many picks can be lost due to other causes. The operating method was as follows: in the first pass (cutting the first 0.45 m) the different types of rock were cut separately; after this, the next two passes were carried out as in a typical cycle in the mine. Thus, the results for the two cutting heads could be compared in the ideal case, in which rock was cut separately, or in the other case of a more realistic excavation. Information about the cutting of two coal veins and the left rock wall can be obtained from the first pass. The results

for cutting of the right rock wall were less interesting because of its tendency to fall down due to discontinuities, which made its

excavation easier.

1.4. Tese with 36-pick cutting head

The record of the instantaneous power consumption during the complete trial with the 36-pick cutting head is shown in Fig. 9.

The total-interval average power is approximately 35kW (less than the nominal power of the motor),although there are periods of 2-3 s during which values of 60 kW, representing an overload of more than 30%, are reached. Moreover, peaks of 100 kW are also observed. However, these peaks, produced when a pick hits on a hard rock zone, are

instantaneous and are not significant. The cycle started with cutting of the soft coal vein, working from top to bottom. This is common, because the first cut is the most difficult one due to the rock being more confined, and thus the soft rock is selected for starting the operation.

This first cut then allows easier excavation of the other parts of the face, starting with the right rock wall, followed by the hard coal vein and finishing with the left rock wall.

When the cutting head is working, two different parts can be observed in the recording. One, for which high power is required, corresponds to the typical cutting operation (the head is against the face, cutting a significant volume of rock), the results of which are easy to compare in different tests. The other part corresponds to periods during which the head is carrying out other operations that require lower power. In this case, the results are not easily comparable because the power is only slightly higher than the power required for head rotation. These operations involve, for example, moving waste to help the conveyor work, attacking local points without excavating a significant volume of rock in order to give the final gallery profile, or moving the machine arm without contacting the face (in this case, head rotation is the only movement).

These operations are developed according to the conditions and can be carried out during excavation of part of the face, or after excavating the complete section. In this

study, the power consumption in cutting and other operations has been evaluated separately.

The new 36 picks placed on the cutting head weighed 30 017 g before the trial and 30 001 g afterwards, i.e. the overall mass loss was16 g.

1.5. Test with new 24-pick cutting head.

The complete power record of the 24-pick head test is shown inFig.10.

The average power for the complete period is similar to the other case, 35 kW, but the time spent at work is less (30 vs. 35 min, without computing stop periods).It can also be observed that the overloads endure for a longer time.

In this case, the excavation cycle was slightly different, having worked the right rock wall in two phases: the first after excavating the soft coal vein and the second at the end of the cycle, when the final gallery profile was cut. The 24 new picks weighed 19 985 g before the trial and 19 961 afterwards, i.e. mass loss was 24 g.

2. Results

2.1 Tool wear (pick conumption)

In this trial it was not possible to determine directly the pick consumption, because no pick was totally worn when cutting this small volume of rock. Nevertheless, the mass loss during the test allows us to estimate the rate at which one head would wear out a larger number of picks than the other. The results are shown in Table5.

From Table 5 it is inferred that the tool consumption would be approximately 45% greater using the 24-pick head compared to the 36-pick head.

Taking into account the pick weight (approx. 833 g) and assuming that it is not useful after losing 5–10%of its mass, then consumption of 1.53 and 2.23 g/m3is equivalent to 0.036–0.018 and 0.053-0.026 picks/m3, in accordance with other

published results (when the specific energy required is 10–15 MJ/m3, tool consumption of 0.040–0.050 picks/m3is common ).

These results are in accordance with the day-to-day work of this roadheader: the number of tools lost is nearly 45% greater with the 24-pick head than with the 36-pick head, as shown in Table 6.

This level of pick wear is high compared to soft mineral excavation (mining potash, Ortega, 1996, or mining coal, Bermudez, 1995). Nevertheless, it is not excessive in the case of excavating rock (Anon., 2000), which demonstrates again

that it is possible to use this kind of roaheader in advancing this type of gallery.

3. Conclusions

From the tests carried out and from experiences in the mine, the following conclusions can be inferred:

–Analysing only the excavation of rock (the most critical material), the cutting rate using the 24-pick head is approximately 10–20% greater than for the 36-pick head and the specific energy is clearly lower.

–Analysing a normal working cycle, in which the complete face is excavated, the cutting rate reached with the 24-pick head is 20% greater, with less specific energy needed.

–One disadvantage is that cutting tool consumption is 40–50% greater with the 24-pick head.

–Another disadvantage observed, for which the effects

were not quantified, is the greater level of vibrations in the roadheader.

In general, the use of a head with a lower number of picks would involve a balance

between greater advancement in the rock and greater pick consumption. In the case of this mine, the use of the 24-pick head is clearly advantageous (because of the 20% increase in cutting rate, an increase in advancement of 10–20 m/month occurs with wear of only 10–20 picks more).

On the other hand, these other general conclusions can be inferred:

–Because all the operating parameters were within normal ranges when using both cutting heads, it can be concluded that it is possible to use this type of low-power roadheader in advancing galleries through

2-m coal seams with hard rock walls (besides other advantages such as low investment costs, smaller equipment, etc.)

–It has been proved that it is possible to use low power roadheaders when advancing small sections of galleries or tunnels (Holzman, 1999) when cutting rock of up to 60 MPa (whenever the proportion of this rock at the face is -30%).

小功率掘进机在不同岩石类型的巷道中采掘面

采掘的实验结果

摘要

在这份论文中，所示的是一台功率45千瓦、重15吨的掘进机用两种不同的截割头在两种不同岩石类型的采掘面采掘的实验结果。结果表明掘进机在使用两种截割头时都能良好的工作。与其他文献记载的结果相比，一些主要参数，例如：能耗、切割率、工件磨损等可以用来较理想的解释掘进机的低功率。另一方面，截齿数量对运行参数的影响也显示出来，截齿数量是两种截割头之间最大的不同。关键词：掘进机；截割头设计；切割功率；切割率；刀具磨损

1.实验描述

1.1 测试目的

目的是通过比较在相同的操作周期内，两种不同的截割头采掘相同岩层，测试45KW的掘进机采掘这些巷道的能力。两种截割头最大的不同是截齿数。第一个截割头有36个截齿，而第二个截割头有24个截齿。较少截齿的截割头由电机传递的扭矩转化成更大的切割力，这种截割头更适合于高硬度的岩层的切割。应力集中是岩石分裂的主要因素.测量参数( 依照在这一个主题上的第一流的研究，Fowell 和McFeat- 史密斯，1976，Gehring，1989) 是截割率( 单位时间采掘岩石的体积m3/s)，特定能量(采掘单位体积的岩石所需的能量MJ/m3) 和刀具磨损或特定的截齿消耗(采掘单位体积的岩石所需消耗的截齿个数或截齿质量

个/m3or g/m3)。当掘进机在开凿煤和岩石的时候，以及当它在其他周期环节工作的时候. 所有这些的参数被测量。

1.2采掘面描述

被凹陷方法的次水平挖掘的煤缝合线是垂直的它的平均厚度是2.0 m。藉以实行

在最坏的情况下进行实验。用来测试的地域是在一个缝合线厚度少于 2.0 m 的的区域中。巷道使用三段钢板固定支承，巷道在低的部份有2.50 m 宽和 3.0 m 高。 36截齿截割头(7.74 m)采掘断面和24截齿截割头(7.97 m)采掘端面如图6所示。 煤缝合线厚度分别是 1.70 和 1.90 m 。相应地，它被分成两部分：在右边煤层很软 (

1.3 测试和测量

两个截割头中的每一个的测试包括以三次的方式前进 1.35 m ( 相等于在钢组之间的距离)每次前进0.45m ，因为这是截割头的尺寸。当掘进机在采掘时，电量和其他的电参数经由数据采集仪器被即时记录下来。(如图8所示)。

在每个过程中，其经过的区域被测量，而且掘进的体积被计算，为了要算出能量消耗和刀具磨损,。在每一次测试时所有的截齿被替换为新的，测试前后进行称重以便算出在采掘过程中截齿。在每一次测试中截齿的质量损失比需要很长一段时间才能改变的截齿数量减少更加现实因为一些截齿可能因为其他一些原因而丢失。具体操作方法如下：在第一阶段 ( 切割最初的0.45 m) 中不同类型的岩石分开被切割； 在这之后，接下来的两个阶段被当采矿中的典型的循环来执行。 因此，结果对于二个截割头来说可以在理想的情形中被比较，在一个阶段中不同岩层被独立的切割，在其他的阶段中是更加现实的采掘。关于的切割二条煤线资料和左边岩石墙壁的资料能从第一阶段中获得.。人们对获得右边岩层的切割资料兴趣不大，因为它趋向于由于不连续而倒塌，这使它的采掘更容易。

1.4. 36截齿截割头的测试

36截齿截割头掘进机在完整试验时候即时的耗电量的记录如图9所示。整个时间间隔的平均电量大约是 35 个千瓦 ( 少于电动机的额定功率)， 虽然有2 -3s 一段时间耗电量超过60 千瓦，代表负载超过 额定载荷的30%。而且，100千瓦的

峰巅也被观察。然而这些峰值的产生是由于截齿与坚硬的区域挤压，是暂时的是无关紧要的。

周期从切软的煤层开始,从顶到底工作。这是通常的，因为第一切割由于岩石是受限制的所以变得非常困难，因此选择软的岩石作为操作开始。从右边的岩壁开始，沿着硬的煤缝，选择较容易切割和有利于其它断面采掘的区域开始，然后完成左边的岩壁切割。

当截割头正在工作的时候, 可以在记录数据中观察二个不同的部分。一，对于典型的采掘工作哪一种需要更多的能源，( 截割头与工作面接触时, 切下大量的岩石), 所得到的结果很容易在两个测试中相互比较. 二，那种工作方法在完成相同工作时，需要较少的能源。由于一种截割头比另一种截割头旋转所消耗的能源只高出那么一点，因此结果不容易得出，所以在这情况，结果不是容易比较的。这些操作包括，举例来说，移动废物帮助运送装置工作，在没有开凿出工作通道中的大量岩石就开始工作，或在没有接触工作面是就移动截割臂( 在这情况，截割头旋转是唯一的运动)。

这些工作可以根据工作条件发展来确定而且能在采掘工作面期间实行, 或在整个的区段的采掘完成之后。在这一项研究中，采掘所消耗的电量已经与其他环节所消耗的电量分开评估。.

在实验前新安装的36截齿的截割头时的重量是30017 g ，实验之后的重量是30001g。整个的磨损消耗的质量是16g。

1.5. 用新的24截齿的截割头的测试

用24截齿的截割头的测试全部的电量记录如图10所示。在整个过程中的平均用电量和别的情况下相似，都是35KW，但是工作所花费的时间减少了(30比35, 不计算停止时间)。同时也可以观察出，能够承受过载的时间也有所增加。在这种情况，挖掘周期稍微有些不同，在右边的岩壁的工作可分两个阶段：第一阶段是在开凿软煤线后，第二阶段是在采掘周期的末期，即巷道采掘后期。在实验前新安装的24截齿的截割头时的重量是19985 g ，实验之后的重量是19961g。整个的磨损消耗的质量是24g。

2. 结果

2.1 刀具损耗(截齿消耗)

在这个试验中不可能直接地去测定截齿的损耗，因为在采掘小体积的岩石时没有截齿被完全用旧。然而，在测试期间截齿质量的损失允许我们去估计其中一个的截齿损耗量高于另外一个。结果如表5所示。从表5中可以推论出较好的使用与有36个截齿的截割头相比较的24个截齿的截割头的截齿消耗会大约是45%。

考虑到截齿的重量( 大概. 833 g)和在它的质量损失 5 -10% 时，就失效, 然后1.53克/立方米和2.23克/立方米的损耗量相当于每立方米损失0.036-0.018 和

0.053-0.026 个截齿，这与其它的发表结果是相一致的(当机器作业每立方米所必需的能量是10–15 MJ时，通常截齿的损耗也就是每立方米0.040 –0.050个截齿)。这些结果是符合掘进机的日常作业情况：24截齿的截割头几乎有45%的刀具损失比36截齿的截割头的更大。如表6所示。

与软矿物的矿的采掘相比较，这个截齿的磨损程度是较高的(碳酸钾，Ortega，1996, 或着煤矿,Bermudez, 1995)。然而,在采掘岩层的情况下，这个磨损程度不是过高的(Anon.，2000)，再次证明在掘进巷道的这一方面使用这种掘进机是可能的。

3. 结论

从实验测试和矿上的经验中，可以推出以下的结论：

——只分析仅有岩石( 最关键的材料) 的采掘，使用24截齿的截割头的采掘比率大约比36截齿的截割头大10–20%，具体的能量显然低。

——分析完整的采掘面中一个标准的工作循环，以24 截齿的截割头到达的截割率比以往大20% ，且有较少具体能量需要。

——缺点是，截割刀具的损耗40–50%以24截齿的截割头的的更大。

——另外一个缺点，是掘进机里较为剧烈的震动，现在还没有被具体测量。

大体上，使用一个更少截齿的截割头会在更好的切割岩石和更快的损耗截齿之间有一个平衡。就这而论，使用24截齿的截割头显然有利。(在截割比率方面的20%的增加，在10-20米/ 月的掘进方面的增加也只用10-20个截齿多的磨损)。

另一方面, 可以推出其他的一些结论：

——因为当使用两种截割头的时候，所有的操作参是在正常范围

内，可以断定使用这类低功率掘进机掘进巷道通过2米煤缝与硬的岩壁是可能的(除其他优势，例如低的投资费用，更小的设备，等等)。

——已经被证明当截割硬度达到60 MPa 的岩石时候, 当掘进巷道或隧道

(Holzman,1999) 的小区段的时候, 使用小功率的掘进机是可行的(每当岩石的比例是采掘面的30%)。

英文文献翻译

中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。

论文外文文献翻译3000字左右

南京航空航天大学金城学院 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 系部经济系 专业国际经济与贸易 学生姓名陈雅琼学号2011051115 指导教师邓晶职称副教授 2015年5月

Economic policy,tourism trade and productive diversification （Excerpt） Iza Lejárraga,Peter Walkenhorst The broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tourism linkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-faceted approach influenced by a variety of country conditions.Among these,fixed or semi-fixed factors of production,such as land,labor,or capital,seem to have a relatively minor influence.Within the domain of natural endowments,only agricultural capital emerged as significant.This is a result that corresponds to expectations,given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in the tourism economy.Hence,investments in agricultural technology may foment linkages with the tourism market.It is also worth mentioning that for significant backward linkages to emerge with local agriculture,a larger scale of tourism may be important. According to the regression results,a strong tourism–agriculture nexus will not necessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand. It appears that variables related to the entrepreneurial capital of the host economy are of notable explanatory significance.The human development index(HDI), which is used to measure a country's general level of development,is significantly and positively associated with tourism linkages.One plausible explanation for this is that international tourists,who often originate in high-income countries,may feel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country that has a life-style to which they can relate easily.Moreover,it is important to remember that the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the level of health and education of the population.Therefore,a higher HDI reflects a healthier and more educated workforce,and thus,the quality of local entrepreneurship.Related to this point,it is important to underscore that the level of participation of women in the host economy also has a significantly positive effect on linkages.In sum, enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the host country.

快速外文文献翻译

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变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述

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文献综述怎么写 1) 什么是文献综述? 文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。 2) 文献综述的写作要求 1、文献综述的格式 文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，而文献综述介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写工作。 前言，要用简明扼要的文字说明写作的目的、必要性、有关概念的定义，综述的范围，阐述有关问题的现状和动态，以及目前对主要问题争论的焦点等。前言一般200-300字为宜，不宜超过500字。 正文，是综述的重点，写法上没有固定的格式，只要能较好地表达综合的内容，作者可创造性采用诸多形式。正文主要包括论据和论证两个部分，通过提出问题、分析问题和解决问题，比较不同学者对同一问题的看法及其理论依据，进一步阐明问题的来龙去脉和作者自己的见解。当然，作者也可从问题发生的历史背景、目前现状、发展方向等提出文献的不同观点。正文部分可根据内容的多少可分为若干个小标题分别论述。 小结，是结综述正文部分作扼要的总结，作者应对各种观点进行综合评价，提出自己的看法，指出存在的问题及今后发展的方向和展望。内容单纯的综述也可不写小结。 参考文献，是综述的重要组成部分。一般参考文献的多少可体现作者阅读文献的广度和深度。对综述类论文参考文献的数量不同杂志有不同的要求，一般以30条以内为宜，以最近3-5年内的最新文献为主。 2、文献综述规定 1. 为了使选题报告有较充分的依据，要求硕士研究生在论文开题之前作文献综述。 2. 在文献综述时，研究生应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向有关的国内外文献。通常阅读文献不少于30篇，且文献搜集要客观全面 3. 在文献综述中，研究生应说明自己研究方向的发展历史，前人的主要研究成果，存在的问题及发展趋势等。 4. 文献综述要条理清晰，文字通顺简练。 5. 资料运用恰当、合理。文献引用用方括号[ ]括起来置于引用词的右上角。 6. 文献综述中要有自己的观点和见解。不能混淆作者与文献的观点。鼓励研究生多发现问题、多提出问题、并指出分析、解决问题的可能途径，针对性强。 7. 文献综述不少于3000字。 3、注意事项 ⒈搜集文献应尽量全。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的综述。 ⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。 ⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。引用文献不过多。文献综述的作者引用间接文献的现象时有所见。如果综述作者从他人引用的参考文献转引过来，这些文献在他人

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步进电机的知识 什么是步进电机： 步进电机是一种把电脉冲转化为角位移的执行机构。通俗的说：当驱动程序收到一个步进脉冲信号，将驱动步进电机轴旋转一个固定的角度（步进角）。您可以通过控制脉冲个数来控制角位移，从而达到准确定位的目的;同时，你可以通过控制脉冲频率来控制电机的旋转速度和加速度，实现速度控制的目的。 步进电机的种类： 步进电机分为三种：永磁式（PM），反应式（VR）和混合式（HR）永磁式步进电机一般为两相，转矩和体积较小，步进角一步7.5度或15度;反应式一般有三相可以实现大转矩输出，步进角一般是1.5度，但噪声和振动大。在欧洲和美洲80个国家已被淘汰;混合式步进是混合了永磁式和反应的优势。它由两相和五相：一般两相的步距角是1.8度，而的五相步距角为0.72度。是使用最广泛的的步进电机。 步进电机允许的最高表面温度 步进电机温度过高首先会的磁性材料退磁，导致转矩降低甚至失步，电机表面温度允许的最大值取决于的磁性材料退磁点;一般来说，磁性材料退磁点在摄氏130度以上有些材料甚至高达摄氏200度高，所以步进电机表面温度在摄氏80-90度是正常的。 步进电机精度为多少？是否累积 一般步进电机的精度为步进角的3-5%，且不累积 如何确定步进电机驱动器直流电源 A.电压确定 混合式步进电机驱动器的电源电压范围较广（比如IM483的供电电压12?48VDC），电源电压通常根据电机的转速和响应要求来选择。如果要求较快的运行速度较高的响应速度就选用较高的电压，但注意电源电压的峰值不能超过驱动器的最大输入电压，否则可能会损坏驱动器。 B.电流确定 电源电流一般根据输出相电流I来确定。如果采用线性电源，电源电流一般可取I的1.1?1.3倍;如果采用开关电源，电源电流一般可取I的1.5?2.0倍。 步进电机的主要特性 在步进电机关机时要确保没有脉冲信号，当电机运行时 如果加入适当的脉冲信号，它会转过一定的角度（称为步距角是）。转速与脉冲频率成正比。 2龙式步进电机步距角7.5度，旋转360度，需要48个脉冲来完成。 3步进电机具有快速启动和停止的优良特性。 4只要改变脉冲，可以很容易地改变电机轴旋转的方向。 因此，目前的打印机，绘图仪，机器人设备以步进电机作为动力核心。 步进电机控制的例子 我们以四相单极步进电机为例： 四个相绕组引出四个相和两个公共线（连接到正极）。一相接地。会被激发，。我们使用四相八拍控制，即第1阶段第2阶段交替反过来，会提高分辨率。步距角0.9°，可以转移到控制电机励磁是为了转移如下： 如果电机反转的要求，传输的激励信号可以逆转的。2控制方案 控制系统框图如下