英语国家社会与文化入门上册答案

英语国家社会与文化入门上册答案

【篇一：英语国家社会与文化入门上册第三版】

p> 1、britain is no longer an imperial（帝国） country(t)

2、the commonwealth（英联邦） of nations includes all european countries(f)

3、1 in 10 of the british population are of non-european ethnicity（种族）(f)

4、the stereotype（刻板印象） of the english gentleman never applied to the majority of the british people(t)

5、when people outside the uk talk about england, they mistake it as britain sometimes(t)

6、the scots and welsh（苏格兰和威尔士） have a strong sense of being british(f)

7、scotland（苏格兰） was never conquered by the romans （罗马人）(t)

8、most people in scotland speak the celtic（凯尔特）language, called “gaelic”(f)

9、scotland was unified with england through peaceful

means(t)

10、wales（威尔士） is rich in coal（煤炭） deposits（存款）(t)

11、cardiff（卡迪夫）, the capital of wales, is a large city(f)

12、the title of prince（王子） of wales is held by a held by a welsh according to tradition(f) 第二单元

1、ireland is part of great britain(f)

2、“ulster（阿尔斯特）”, referring to northern ireland, was once an ancient irish kingdom（王国）(t)

3、the capital of belfast（贝尔法斯特） is a large city with half

a million people(f)

4、northern ireland is significant（重要的） because of its manufacturing（制造业） industry(f)

5、the majority of irish people were descendants（后代） of the original celtic（凯尔特） people who inhabited british isles （群岛） before the romans arrived 2000 years ago(t)

6、most british people are protestants（新教徒） while most irish people are catholics（天主教徒）(t)

7、the british government does not have direct rule from london over northern ireland(t)

8、sinn fein（新芬党） is a legal political party in northern ireland(t)

9、the anglo-irish（岗格鲁-爱尔兰） agreement of 1985 guaranteed the loyalist（政府军） protestant community（社区）their to decide their future in northern ireland(t)

10、the good friday agreement（协议） was approved on 10 april 1998(t)

11、northern ireland today is governed by separate jurisdictions（司法管辖区）: thatf republic（共和国） of ireland that of great britain(f)

第三单元

1、it is no doubt that britain is the oldest representative democracy（民主） in the world(f)

2、in britain, the process of state-building（国家建设） has been one of evolution rather than revolution, contrast to france and the us（与法国和美国相比）(t)

3、the oldest institution（机构） of government in britain is

the monarchy（君主政体）(t)

4、the divine（神圣的） right of the king means the sovereign （主权） derived（派生的） his authority（权威） from his subjects（主题）(f)

5、as the king in theory had god on his side, it was thought

that he should exercise absolute（绝对） power(f)

6、the term “parliament（议会）” was first officially used in 1066 to describe the gathering of feudal barons（封建贵族）

and representatives from counties and towns(f)

7、britain is both a parliamentary democracy（议会民主制）

and a constitutional monarchy（君

主立宪制）(t)

8、britain, like israel, has a written constitution of the sort which most countries have(f)

9、common laws are laws which have been established（建立）through common practice（实践） in the courts（法院）(t)

第四单元

1、in the uk, a government cannot stand for longer than five years except in exceptional circumstances（情况下）(t)

2、anyone who is eligible（符合条件的） to vote with 500 pounds as deposit（存款） can stand as an mp（国会议员）(f)

3、each main party is given some time on national tv to “sell” their policies. the time is not given free and has to be paid by

the party(t)

4、the amount spent in national campaign（运动） is not limited other than that on tv(f)

5、secrecy（保密） is not an important part of the voting process(t)

6、there are two major national parties in the u.k. according to the text(f)

7、liberal democratic（自由民主） party is the newest of the major national parties(f)

8、children from the upper-middle-class（中上层阶级）

usually have a better education than those from the working or middle-class(t)

9、the majority of middle-class people today have working class parents or grandparents(t)

10、one of the distinctive features（独特的特征） about the british class-system is that it has also retained（保留） a hereditary aristocracy（世袭的贵族）(t)

11、the majority of britain’s recent immigrants have mainly come from north asia（北亚） and caribbean（加勒比）countries(f)

12、most immigrants earn a living by opening restaurants or becoming musicians(f)

13、the majority have problems of unemployment published

its household energy management strategy（家庭能源管理策略）(t)

14、on march 2, 2010, the british government publish its household energy management strategy(t)

15、on december 27, 2009 the tn climate（气候） change conference was held in copenhagen(t)

16、according to the kyoto protocol（京都议定书）, the government has agreed that the uk will meet tough targets（艰

难的目标） to reduce carbon emissions incrementally（增量）between now and 2020(f)

第五单元

1、by the 1880’s the british economy was dominant（主导） in the world(t)

2、both the us and canada overtook britain in economy by 1900(f)

3、by the end of world war ii, britain had gone heavily into debt（债务） in order to develop its manufacturing industry and borrowed large amounts from the us and france(f)

4、another reason for british decline is the loss of its colonies （殖民地）, especially india, which gained its independence in 1947(t)

5、in the 1970s, with the soaring（飙升的） price of oil and high rates of inflation（通货膨胀）, britain went through a bad period. in 1979, the labour party had to step down（下台）

from the government (t)

6、the leader of the conservatives（保守派）, margaret thatcher（玛格丽特-撒切尔） started a series of reforms. an extensive（广泛的） programme of privatization（私有的） was carried

out, and she was successful in an all-round（全面的） way (f) 7、tertiary（三级） industries include banking, insurance（保险）, tourism（旅游）, agriculture and the selling of goods (f)

8、britain has a large sector（部门） of agriculture producing 11.6% of its national wealth (f)

9、according to the text, the tertiary（三级） industry produces approximately（大约） two-thirds of the national wealth (t)

10、the service industry in the uk employs 70% of the total work force (t)

11、as a member of the world trade organization, the uk is playing a very important role in the world trade (t)

12、the uk is the third biggest international investor（投资者）in the world (f)

第六单元

1、much early british literature was concerned with christianity（基督教）, and anglo-saxons（盎格鲁-撒克逊人）produced many versions（版本） of the bible（圣经） (t)

2、beowulf（贝奥武夫） was a sea monster（海怪） killed by a swedish warrior（瑞典战士） (f)

3、“the wife of bath（浴的妻子）” is one of the tales（故事）contained in the canterbury tales（坎特伯雷故事集） (t)

4、there was a general flowering of culture and intellectual （知识） life in europe during the 17th and 18th century which is known as “the renaissance（文艺复兴时期）” (f)

6、keats, shelley and byron（济慈、雪莱和拜伦） brought the romantic movement（浪漫主义运动） to its height (t)

7、robinson crusoe（鲁宾逊漂流记） tells the story of a shipwreck and solitary survival（海难和孤独的生存） (t)

8、writers of romantic literature（浪漫主义文化） are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason (t)

第七单元

1、the purpose of british education is not only to provide children with literacy（读写能力） and the other basic skills but also to socialize（社交） children (t)

2、the state seldom interferes（干扰） with the decision of when, where, how and what children are taught (f)

3、the enduring feature（持久特征） of british education is the continuing debate over what should be taught in schools (f)

4、the 1944 education act made entry to secondary schools （中学）and universities “meritocratic（精英）” (t)

5、public schools are part of the national education system and funded by the government (f)

6、british universities are public bodies which receive funds from central government (t)

7、all secondary schools in britain are run and supervised（监督） by the government (t)

8、in oxford and cambridge the ba converts to an ma several years later, upon payment of a fee (t)

9、independent schools get money mainly through the private sector（部门） and tuition（学费）

rates, with some government support (t)

10、grammar schools select children at the age of 11 and provide them with a general education (f)

第八单元

1、when the second world war ended, britain no longer was

the largest military（军事） power in western europe (f)

2、the uk was awarded（授予） a seat on the un（联合国）security council（安理会） in recognition（识别） of its contribution in setting up the united nations (f)

3、according to the text, the most important single factor

which influences british policy-maker is its history (t)

4、the prime minister and cabinet（内阁） decide on the general direction of britain’s foreign policy (t)

5、the main government department involved is the foreign

and commonwealth office（外交和联邦事务部）(fco) (t)

6、britain is a parliamentary monarch（议会君主） (f)

7、there are about 60 members of the commonwealth（英联邦）

(f)

8、the british host a large american military（军事） presence and there are 63 american military bases in the uk (t)

9、britain is not a member of the nato（北约） due to its disagreement with some european countries on defence policy (f)

第九单元

1、on an average day, an overwhelming（压倒性的） majority

of britons over the age of 15 red a nation or local paper（报纸）(t)

2、the british media play an important role in shaping（塑造）

a national culture (t)

3、in the late seventeenth and early 18th century, as the

british economy began to industrialise, and as literacy levels rose through the introduction of mass education, more and newspapers began to appear (f)

4、free press has the function of keeping an eye on the government, and therefore it is called the watchdog（监管机构）of parliamentary democracy（议会民主制） (t)

5、the advertising code（广告代码） ensures that advertisements are legal, decent（体面地）, honest and truthful; have a sense of responsibility for consumer and society; and respect the principles of fair competition（竞争）(t)

6、it is incorrect to say that class and educational differences are reflected in the newspapers people read (f)

7、the telegraph readers, for example, will be soft on crime

（犯罪）, be quite feminist（女权主义） and interested in green politics (f)

8、the tabloids（小报） are smaller format（格式）

newspapers with colour photos and catchy headlines（吸引人

的标题）. they are often called “the gutter press（黄色小报）” (t) 9、the british broadcasting corporation is funded by licence

（许可证） fees and viewers must buy a licence each year for their tv set (t)

10、the bbc（英国广播公司） world service, the international branch of the bbc, broadcasts in english and 42 other languages throughout the world (t)

第十单元

1、the tradition of having sunday off derived from（来自） the christian church（基督教堂）

(t)

2、the origin of bowling（打保龄球） lies in the victory celebration ceremony（仪式） by the ancient warriors (t)

3、tennis（网球） is usually regarded as a winter and spring sport (f)

4、the game of golf was invented by the scottish（苏格兰） (t)

5、the animal-lovers’ groups would like to have horse racing banned（禁止） (t)

6、easter（复活节） is the biggest and best loved british holiday (f)

7、christmas pantomime（哑剧） is one of the three christmas traditions that are particularly british (t)

8、it is commonly believed that boxing day involves the sport of boxing (f)

9、the biggest bonfire night（篝火之夜） celebration is held in london (f)

10、in ireland, new year’ eve called hogma除夕） (december 31st) is the major winter celebration (t)

选择题

第一单元

1、which of the following is not considered a characteristic of london? (d/the sports centre)

2、which of the following is not true about the characteristics of britain? (b/differences of social systems between scotland and wales（威尔士）)

3、which of the following is not true about britain? (d/it used to be one of the superpowers in the world)

4、three of the following are characteristics of london. which of the four is the exception? (c/london is not only the largest city in britain, but also the largest in the world)

5、the tower of london, a historical sight, located in the centre of london, was built by (d/william the conqueror)

6、who were the ancestors of the english and the founders of england? (a/the anglo-saxons（盎格鲁-撒克逊人）)

7、which is the largest city in scotland? (c/glasgow（格拉斯哥）)

8、why did the scottish kings decide to form an independent singular scottish（奇异的苏格兰） state in the century? (a/they needed a unified independent nation to fight against viking raids（维京人袭击）)

9、where do the majority of people in scotland live? (b/in the lowlands（低地）)

10、which of the following statements is not true? (b/wales was occupied by the anglo-saxons（盎格鲁-撒克逊人）)

11、which of the following parties in scotland still wants an independent scotland? (c/the scottish nationalist（民族主义）party)

12、when did scotland join the union by agreement of the english and scottish parliaments（议会）?(d/in 1701)

13、llywelyn ap gruffudd is not a simple historical figure for

the welsh. he is almost considered the legendary（传奇） hero of welsh nationalism because (d/he unified wales as an independent nation)

第二单元

1、in the 17th century the english government encouraged people from scotland and northern england to emigrate to the north of ireland, because (a/they wanted to increase its control over ireland)

【篇二：英语国家社会与文化入门_上册_翻译】united kingdom

该国，我们正在研究的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。这是

一个什么在许多方面

是一个复杂的国家复杂的名字。大多数人都知道做些什么，因为它

的庞大的海外帝国给它一个重要的国际作用，只是来到一个在未来

数年年底，之后第二次世界大战。然而，一些市民对英国知道（他

们可能会呼吁干脆英国或错误，英格兰）可能不大如何最真实的英

国人今天过自己的生活。

一方面，帝国的日子已经足够长的时间以前，只有老人记得他们的

任何东西是生活中的

是在与50英国1973 不是其英联邦成员资格。它仍然是一个相对富

裕的国家，是7 世纪 50年代和60年代鼓励一些移民，已制作了其

中1人在20 或祖父母，出生在印度或巴基斯坦，加勒比国家，这些

只是最常见的。

的元素组成。它包括4

但是，这4

伦敦是在该国南部，并在英国占主导地位的各种方式。这是迄今为

止该国最大的城市，约占全国人口的七分之一，它是政府的所在地，它是文化中心，这里是所有的主要报纸，电视台，与遥遥领先的最

广泛选择画廊，剧院和博物馆。此外它是商业中心，在英国大公司

总部的绝大多数，是国家的金融中心，三个主要的国际金融中心之一。因此，它结合了北京，上海，广州，还是纽约，华盛顿和洛杉

矶的职能，在一个城市。并鉴于其长期在英国的历史作用，也许西

安呢！伦敦是英国的经济和文化生活的巨大影响力，并在一定程度

上在其阴影的国家

中休息。

england

population (1994) 48.7 million (uk total 58.4 million)

area 130 423 km2 (uk total 241 752 km2)

英国是一个高度城市化的国家，其80个城市的人口居住在％，而只有2的农业劳动人口％。其最大的城市是首都，伦敦，这是在英国

统治在各个领域：政府，金融，和文化。英国物理上的四国最大的，它是迄今最多的人口。在规模优势，这反映在文化和经济优势也具

有己最薄弱的文化，在英国。

国：一个强大的文化源自欧洲中部。在43ad 然不是苏格兰和爱尔兰），成为了近400 的威胁，这从日耳曼民族时间：角度，和撒克

逊人。

其中最著名的传说源于英文本的时间。在公元5

歌手，诗人，小说家，甚至制片人至今点缀。

君主的事实，而不是完全拒绝它。

土地”或“英格兰”

世纪后期的：，袭击者来自斯堪的纳维亚，凶恶的海

，如阿尔弗雷德大帝，谁把，可能在这个时候它的起源。较富裕的

南方人倾向于认为是1066年越过英吉利海峡，并在黑斯廷斯战役，

哈罗德国王下击败英国军队。这标志着最后一次从外部入侵成功地

在英伦三岛的军队。威廉了英国王位，成为英国威廉第一。在伦敦，在伦敦，他城堡建中心大楼，今日依然适用。

诺曼并没有解决任何英格兰很大程度上：进口，而他们的统治阶级。接下来的三百年可

以看作是一个诺曼（和法语）贵族统治一个主要撒克逊和英语的人口。正是这种局势产生了英格兰的英雄传说另一个。这是罗宾汉，

由诺曼，谁成为非法压迫saxonnobleman，并

与他的“快乐男人”带传说藏在舍伍德森林在英格兰北部的中部。从

这个秘密的地方，武装他

们的长弓，然后他们出去抢劫从富人送给穷人。这种早期的英国社

会主义（！）有特色，在许多电视剧和电影，英国和美国。一些作

家已经看到在这个绿木隐藏着的英文字符的线索：内容丰富，非常

规的内部生活的外部符合隐藏的叛乱传奇受欢迎。但是，像所有成见，这一项在很多英国人，尤其是年轻人，喜欢展示他们的unconvenionality 外部其弱点，，例如

英国朋克摇滚乐队与他们的生动头发染高低不平。但是，确实有许

多英国房屋的死气沉沉方面隐瞒美丽的后花园。园艺是英国最受欢

迎的消闲活动之一，并在后花园提供了一个地方，人们的户外生活

在家里就可以进行公众的目光。对比这可能与其他国家的户外生活

可能更多的社会正面看路人门廊由坐在人。

在未来数百年诺曼入侵后，可以被看作是连接在一起的英国统治下

的不列颠群岛的各个

交给议会。查尔斯第一企图推翻于17世纪40 王被处决议会。经过

11 采取王位，从而最终建立对朝廷议会的统治地位。

scotland

population: 5.111 million

area: 77 080km2

（苏格

兰高地）和南部（南高地） 40英里的距离格拉古老的和国际上知

名大学从15

。

兰国王，以统一的压力，形成仅有约的同时，盎格鲁撒克逊英格兰

也是统一的一个独立的苏格兰国家奇异。这个较大，南方门口强大

的王国的存在是在苏格兰政治的，关于时间的关键因素，两者之间

频繁的战争。威廉莎士比亚的戏剧“麦克白”中设置的这个贝里克period.the 苏格兰小镇附近的现今英国苏格兰边境后，不愧是据说

易手13次，结果是英苏格兰冲突。尽管冲突，有密切的联系，两国之间广泛的两个贵族通婚，甚至王室之间的家庭。最近好莱坞电影，勇敢的心，告诉威廉华莱士的起义在1298年，是由英国平息的故事。但仅仅几年

后，苏格兰人，在罗伯特布鲁斯的领导，是战胜国，在班诺克本战役，导致300年完全独立。在1603年，但是，伊丽莎白女王，英

国首位死亡无子女，以及符合未来王位的是苏格

兰的詹姆斯第六届，因此他也成为英格兰的詹姆斯第一，团结两个

宝座。但再过一百年苏格兰保持其独立的政治身份。然而，在1707

年由英格兰和苏格兰议会的协议，苏格兰加入了联盟。有两次叛乱后，在1715年和1745年，其中的斯图亚特索赔继承人（在1688

年被废黜的英国议会）英国王位试图重建他的统治权，英国，聚集

在苏格兰的支持，然后将与英国军队迈进。在1745年这导致了残

酷的英国军队的军事反应。起义军在被摧毁的卡洛登战役（英国领

土上的最后一战在北部苏格兰）。苏格兰高地部族（家族集团）文

化有效地摧毁了的”家族历史旅游方式。对于下面的卡洛登，更重要

的是，18有外部苏格兰血统的人比在它，其中许多回来找到自己的“根” 很好的目标。

格兰选举中只以同样的方式有国会议员在伦敦的英国议会做。它发

出了但在1992年选举的72个，只有3 格兰。然而，国会议员（49界，和“友谊地久天长” 格兰的身份。

population: 2.899 million

area: 20 776 km2

铁。

19％的人口，1比人口的比例相当高发言说，在苏格兰的盖尔。同样，所

像英国的其它地方，最后在罗马帝国的到来，威尔士是一个凯尔特

民族的土地，在一个

小部落王国携带者人数。威尔士是罗马人征服了最后，虽然有困难。威尔士土司卡拉多克打从反对侵略者的威尔士山区长期游击战。当

罗马人离开英国威尔士又是凯尔特人的土地，虽然再分成独立的王国，但与英国不属于它的盎格鲁撒克逊第五世纪侵略者。

但威尔士一直受到来自其英文邻国的压力，尤其是在诺曼征服，当

诺曼贵族成立由英王的权力和威尔士城堡屋。因此，有必要统一威

尔士成功抵御英语。但事实并非如此，直到

llywelyn 鸭gruffudd 把他的统治下，威尔士的大部分，以及军事

行动迫使英国承认为威尔士亲王于1267年他。但是，当他去世后，英国国王爱德华第一，关于征服威尔士设置，建立一个大石头城堡

有一系列从中控制人口。这些城堡站在今天的威尔士最大的旅游景

点之一（另一个是它的海滩，悬崖，山）和旅游业是一项重要产业。爱德华第一，并任命他的儿子威尔斯亲王，以及国王的第一个儿子

一直主张所有权以来

（包括查尔斯王子至今），试图使英国威尔士的国家。最后真正企

图抵制这一进程是在15世纪初时，欧文格林杜尔领导的一个不成功的奋起反抗英国。今天格林杜尔和llywelyn 会比威尔士简单的历史

人物，他们更是几乎威尔士民族传说中的英雄。他们简要运动的历

史时威尔士作为一个统一的独立国家存在的唯一倍。

后格林杜尔一百年1536年，威尔斯被带到法律，行政和政治进入

英国由一名英国议会

威尔士” 头仍处于日常使用。但是，作为威尔士的身份有时这是分

裂的根源，因为80 南方文化产业司和威尔士北部的农村。

姆里”（党的威尔士）4个是这个党的

1.britain is no longer an imperial country.

英国不再是一个帝国。

在英联邦国家包括所有欧洲国家。

1 是在英国人口的10 个非欧洲种族。

大不列颠包括3

当外界谈论

在苏格兰和威尔士有强烈的被英国。

苏格兰从未征服罗马。

在苏格兰的大多数人。

苏格兰与英格兰的统一，通过和威尔士拥有丰富的煤炭资源。

加的夫的威尔士的首府，是一个大的城市。

14.the title of prince of wales is held by a welsh according to tradition.威尔斯亲王的头衔是一所威尔士根据传统。

1.which of the following is not considered a characteristic of london?下列哪项不被视为伦敦的特点？

( a ) the cultural centre 文化中心

( b ) the business centre 商业中心

【篇三：英语国家社会与文化入门上册第三版名词解

释】

anglo-saxons they were two groups of germanic people who settled down in england from the 5th century. they were regarded as the ancestors of the english and the founders of england, the good friday agreement as a result of muti-party negotiations, the good friday agreement was approved on 10 april 1998.this agreement assures the loyalist community that northern ireland remains part of the united kingdom and it wont change its political status unless the majority of the people of northern ireland agree. under the terms of the agreement, northern ireland should be governed by three separate jurisdictions: that of the republic of ireland, that of great britain and that of its own elected executive government of ten ministers.

the house of commons the house of commons is the real center of british political life because it is the place where about 650 elected represent the interests of the people who vote for them.

the electoral campaigns before a general election, the political parties would start their electoral campaigns in order to make their ideologies and policies known to the public, the campaign involves advertisements in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning, postal deliveries of leaflets and “party electoral broadcasts” on the tele vision. the parties also try to attack and criticize the opponents’ policies, therefore, these campaigns sometimes can be quite aggressive and critical. privatization in the 1980s: the british economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s, with high ate of inflation and devaluation of the pound. therefore, in the 1980s, when the conservative party under margaret thatcher was in power, an extensive programme of privatization was carried out . many state-owned businesses were turned into private companies. privatization was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time unemployment rate increased rapidly.

the great famine the great famine took place from 1845—48 when successive potato crops failed and many people of ireland starved to death , or died of the diseases which preyed on malnutrition . many left the country for the new world. the great famine became a watershed in irish history , not merely because there was mass starvation and emigration , but also because the british government appeared to be indifferent to the fate of the poorest people in its nearest colony .naturally this period is characterized by campaigns for national independence and land reform .

the dreaming the dreaming is the belief system from ancient times that has bound indigenous group together . the central principle of the dreaming is that the people who live on the continent have special responsibilities to the land . the people don’t own the land , instead the land owns the people . the stories of the dreaming provide principles of how people should live and interact with each other .they also provide knowledge of the land so that the indigenous people can survive in the life-threatening environment .

famous english modernist writers is virginia woolf.

16. independent schools

independent schools are commonly called public schools which are actually private schools that receive their funding through the private sector and tuition rates, with some government assistance. independent schools are not part of national education system, but the quality of instruction and standards are maintained through visits fro m her majesty’s inspectors of schools. these schools are restricted to the students whose parents are comparatively rich.

the foundations of british foreign policy: the contemporary foreign policy of the uk is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. as britain lost its empire so recently, british policy-makers frequently forget that britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs. another decisive influence upon the way britain handles its external affairs is geopolitical attitude to europe.

britain and the eu. britain joined the european economic community in 1973 which is now called the european union (eu). britains participation in the eu remains controversial. at the center of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear about what the eu is and what it will become. the uk has always been interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the eu as a free trade area. britain likes to regard the eu as a place where economic cooperation is possible and where a flow of trained personnel and goods are possible. but britain has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a european government.

relative decline of the uk economy the uk has experienced an economic decline since 1945.but this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945,but since other countries developed more rapidly,it has slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth.

the three tradition of christmas in britain there are three christmas traditions which are particularly british: one is the christmas pantomime, a comical musical play. the main male character is played by a young woman while the main female character, often an ugly woman called “the dame”, is played by a man. another british christmas traditions is to hear the queen give her christmas message to her realm over the television

and radio. a third british tradition is boxing day, which falls on the day after christmas. traditionally, it was on bowing day that people gave christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants. now that most british people do not have servants, this custom is no longer observed. however, a new boxing day custom has emerged, in the cities: shopping. shops open up to sell off all their christmas stock decorations, food, cards and gift items at low prices

romanticism：roughly the first third of the 19th century makes up english literatures romantic period. writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with

the power of reason. a volume of poems called lyrical ballads written by william wordsworth and samuel taylor coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetrys declaration of independence. keats, byron and shelley, the three great poets, brought the romantic movement to its height. the spirit of romanticism also occurred in the novel.