英语阅读理解专题练习(及答案)及解析

英语阅读理解专题练习(及答案)及解析

一、高中英语阅读理解

1．阅读理解

To eat only a vegan（素食的） diet might sound difficult, especially with many popular dishes containing meat or other animal products. Yet in 2017, veganism was described as “the fastest - growing lifestyle movement” i n the UK, according to BBC news.

A study by a UK market research organization, suggests that over 542,000 Brits went vegan during the previous decade, an increase of 360%. And the main force behind this increase was those aged 15-34 years old — 42% of recent vegans fall under that age range.

So why exactly has veganism become so popular among young Brits?

One reason could be that many young people want to protect the environment, as less meat consumption is known to be beneficial to the environment. Global meat manufacturing is believed to cause 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions（排放）, even more than that of all the world's cars, trains and planes combined. Another reason is that many of today's young people believe that it's wrong to kill animals to be used as food.

Jess Murray, 22, a student at University College London, said that he chose to become vegan after realizing that eating animals is a choice that people make, rather than something that we need to do to survive. “Becoming vegan was an ethica l (道德的) decision,” he told the Guardian. Social media is also believed to have given rise to the increase in veganism. Platforms such as Facebook allow young vegans to connect with each other much easier, while others such as Instagram have led to the creation of “vegan celebrities (名人)”, who share lips on vegan lifestyles. Despite the rising of veganism, Laura Wyness, an expert in diet and nutrition, said that meat is very important for people's health. “A strict vegan diet makes it difficult to ge t some minerals and vitamins that your body needs,” Wyness told BBC news.

However, the popularity of veganism doesn't seem to be fading. “It feels more like this is something that is sticking.” said an expert of the Vegan Society, a UK charity that pro motes veganism.

（1）What can we learn about veganism, “the fastest-growing lifestyle movement” in UK?

A. It has created many popular dishes.

B. It is backed up mainly by old people.

C. It has led to further market research.

D. It has grown steeply in the past 10 years.

（2）The following may account for the increase in veganism EXCEPT .

A. Young people prefer an environment-friendly life.

B. Young people want to become ethical celebrities.

C. Meal manufacturing contributes a lot to the world's greenhouse gas.

D. Social media allow the vegan message to spread quickly around.

（3）The underlined word “sticking” in the Iasi paragraph is equal to in meaning.

A. important

B. special

C. lasting

D. impressive

（4）Which of the following will serve as the best title of the passage?

A. Young Brits Going Vegan

B. Veganism Comes First

C. How to Start a Vegan Lifestyle

D. Veganism and the Environment

【答案】（1）D

（2）B

（3）C

（4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，研究表明，过去的十年里素食主义在英国增长迅猛。这一增长的主要力量是那些年龄在15-34岁之间的年轻人。其原因可能是由于肉类加工排放的热量大过世界上所有的汽车，火车和飞机的总和，他们认为杀死动物用作食物是不对，年轻人想要保护环境。另外社会媒体的参与也导致了年轻的素食者的增加。

(1)考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“A study by a UK market research organization, suggests that over 542,000 Brits went vegan during the previous decade, an increase of 360%.”可知，英国市场研究表明，在过去的十年里，素食主义者的人数增长了360%，增长迅猛。”故选D。

(2)考查细节理解。根据第五段中的“Becoming vegan was an ethical (道德的) decision,”他们认为素食是道德上的决定，及第六段可知，社交媒体也被认为导致了素食主义的增加的原因之一，因而出现了一些所谓的素食名人来分享他们的生活方式，可知素食主义者的增加不是因为他们想成为道德名人，而是分享素食主义让他们成为“名人”，这不是素质快速发展的原因，因此选B。

(3)考查词义猜测。根据第六段中的“ the popularity of veganism doesn't seem to be fading. ‘It feels more like this is something that is sticking.’”根据转折连词however 可知，前后两句意义是相反的。前面说“素食主义的流行似乎并没有消退”，因此可推断出后一句是反而会持续下去。故sticking意为”持续”，可知，lasting“持久的，持续的”符合题意，故选C。

(4)考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述过去的十年里素食主义在英国增长迅猛。这一增长的主要力量是那些年龄在15-34岁之间。素食主义在英国的年轻人中非常流行的原因可能是年轻人想要保护环境，社会媒体的参与也导致了素食者的增加。故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

2．阅读理解

A new study suggests a link between exposure to greenery and reduced desires for alcohol cigarette and junk food.

The study is the first to investigate the possible relationships between exposure to nature and desires and negative emotions. Researchers at the University of Plymouth's School of Psychology surveyed 149 respondents (应答者) aged 21 o 65 about the proportion( 比例 )of green space in their neighborhood, the presence of green views from their home, their access to a garden and how often they use public green space. The study also asked questions about experiences with depression and anxiety, as well as desires for things like caffeine, alcohol and nicotine. Participants rated the intensity( 强度), imagery, and intrusiveness(侵扰性) of their desires on an 11-point scale.

Researchers found the presence of visible green space contributed to decreased desires for junk food. The effect was particularly noticeable when more than 25 percent of a respondent's view was greenery.

Previous scholarship(学术研究) has dealt mostly with exercise in nature: A 2015 study out of the University of Michigan found 90- minute group nature walks were effective at combatting depression and relieving other mood disorders. But for people who struggle with accessibility or don't have time for a 90-minute walk, this new study suggests just looking out a window at a tree can help fight off a bad habit.

"It has been known for some time that being outdoors in nature is linked to a person's well-being," lead author Leanne Martin said in a statement." But for there to be a similar association with desires from simply being able to see green space adds a new dimension to the previous research."

A 2018 study from Denmark's Aarhus University for example, found that. Having access to green space throughout childhood decreased a person's risk of developing mental health problems as an adult.

（1）What does the second paragraph mainly talk about?

A.The results of the new study.

B.The purpose of the new study.

C.The significance of the new study.

D.The content of the new study.

（2）What does the underlined word "combatting" in paragraph 4 probably mean?

A.Reducing.

B.Developing.

C.Understanding.

D.Encouraging

（3）According to the passage, the new study _____.

A.mainly referred to exercise in nature

B.has enriched the previous research to some degree

C.was carried out by the University of Michigan

D.found exposure to greenery helped cure mental problems

（4）n which section of a newspaper may this passage appear?

A.Entertainment

B.Business World

C.Tech &Science

D.Environment

【答案】（1）D

（2）A

（3）B

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一项新的研究成果---多看绿色植物和吃垃圾食品这两者看似风马牛不相及，可研究结构却表明它们之间存在着一种奇妙的关系：多看

绿色植物能帮助人们克制吃垃圾食品的欲望。

（1）考查段落大意。根据第二段中的“Researchers …surveyed 149 respondents aged 21 o 65 about the proportion of green space in their neighborhood…”研究人员调查了年龄在21~65岁之间的149名参与者小区内的绿植比例……；以及“Th e study also asked questions about experiences with depression and anxiety…”研究中还问了与抑郁及焦虑有关的问题……等可知，第二段主要介绍了新研究的调查内容，故选D。

（2）考查词义猜测。根据常识可知，在大自然中散步对人体有各种各样的好处，再结合句中出现的“relieving other mood disorders(缓解其他情绪紊乱)”不难推断出，combatting depression应表示“减轻抑郁”。故选A。

（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“…adds a new dimension(方面) to the previous research”为以前的研究增加了新的方面，可知，新的研究在某种程度上丰富了之前的研究成果。故选B。

（4）考查推理判断。纵观全文可知，本文介绍了一项科学研究的研究成果，所以该文章最有可能出现在“技术与科学”版块。故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和段落大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

3．阅读理解

Spanish Language & Culture Program

While improving your language skills, you can learn about Spanish culture. With the help, of courses in art, tourism, cinema and more....taught in Spanish.

Place: Alicante. Spain

Price: $ 3.495

Dates:

Program: from May 5th. 2019 to June 1st, 2019

Application: by March 1st, 2019Withdrawal: before April 1st.2019

Application:

Complete application

GPA:not less than 2.5.

$ 95 online application fee

Education completed: high school graduate

Program Details

You'll take 1 language course and 1 culture course. language courses meet for 60class hours/ 4 credits(学分). While culture courses meet for 20 hours/1 credit. Language and culture courses meet daily. Monday-Friday. Active learning of your courses may be scheduled for Fridays.

Before you leave for Alicante, you will choose your preferred courses and take a language placement exam. You'll be admitted to courses based on their availability. So it is in your best interest to have your home university agree with many courses before you set off for Alicante. To make sure that you receive the credit for the language level that is fit for you, have your home

university pre-agree with courses at several levels before you leave for Spain. Please ask your advisor at your home university about credit guidelines.

Where You'll Study and Stay

Lying on one of Spain's most. attractive campuses, the University of Alicante allows you to take part in classes and activities: with Spanish and other international students.You can choose CEA housing or prepare your own independent housing. CEA housing will make every effort to match your housing requests.

（1）When can you take back your application?

A.On June 1st. 2019.

B.On April 1st .2019.

C.On May 5th, 2019.

D.On March 5th, 2019.

（2）What can we learn about this program?

A.Each of the courses costs $95.

B.High school freshmen can apply for it.

C.Students can get 5 credits after finishing the program.

D.Active learning courses should be booked ahead of time.

（3）What should you do before leaving for Alicante?

A.Gain as many credits as possible.

B.Prepare many choices of courses.

C.Improve your communication skill.

D.Try your chosen courses at your home university.

【答案】（1）B

（2）C

（3）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了一个学习西班牙语和西班牙文化的项目。（1）考查细节理解。根据Dates部分中的“Withdrawal: by April1st, 2019”可知，在2019年4月1日之前可以撤回对这一项目的申请，故选B。

（2）考查细节理解。根据Program Details部分中的“You'll take 1 language course and 1 culture course. language courses meet for 60class hours/ 4 credits(学分). While culture courses meet for 20 hours/1 credit.”你将会有一门语言课，一门文化课程。语言课程上60个小时，获得4学分。文化课程上20个小时，获得1学分。可知，该项目结课时，学生一共可获得5个学分。故选C。

（3）考查推理判断。根据Program Details 部分中的“So it is in your best interest to have your home university agree with many courses before you set off for Alicante.”最好是在你去Alicante 之前，让你现在所在的大学同意你可选多种多样的课，可知，该项目不能保证你一定能选到你想上的课程，所以应该在前往Alicante之前准备好多种课程选择。故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

4．阅读理解

On a college camping trip, curiosity about waves and sand caused Rob Thieler to study shorelines around the world. Thirty years later and now a U.S. Geological Survey research geologist, Thieler, is combining science and smartphone technology to help study an endangered bird, the Atlantic Coast piping plover.

The piping plover is a shorebird that breeds（繁殖）along the Atlantic Coast, the Great Lakesand the Great Plains. Rising sea levels associated with climate change, as well as increased development in their beach habitats（栖息地）, threaten the species（物种）. To help track changes in piping plover habitats, Thieler developed a free app called iPlover in 2012. This is a marked change from the typical way scientists collect data, which involves gathering information using specialized equipment or writing in notebooks and then putting into spreadsheets.

Since releasing iPlover, scientists have gathered data across 1500 km of breeding range. Thatequals about a third of the distance across the U.S., which is a large area to cover for only two thousand breeding pairs of piping plovers on the east coast. Instead of having to travel and spend days at each site, a number of cooperators in the field use the app to collect and send data, allowing scientists to gather data more efficiently. It also allows them to collect data at the same time during each breeding season, providing a better picture of changes that happen over longer periods of time. And fast, centralized access means scientists can look at data quickly to get a real-time idea of where and how piping plovers are using their habitats.

While iPlover is used by trained field staff, other apps like the U. S. Geological Survey'sweb-based “iCoast—Did the Coast Change?” invite citizen scientists to identify coastal changes by comparing bird's-eye-view photographs taken before and after storms. All the information scientists and citizen scientists alike collect helps federal and state agencies create policyplans for addressing climate change impacts (影响) worldwide.

（1）What can we know about the piping plover?

A. Its behaviour is changing.

B. Its habitat is growing bigger.

C. Its living environment is becoming worse.

D. Its breeding is limited to the Atlantic Coast.（2）Why did Thieler develop iPlover?

A. To study shorelines across America.

B. To advance information technology.

C. To find out global climate change.

D. To monitor changes of piping plover habitats.（3）Which of the following benefits the shorebirds?

A. The camping equipment.

B. Research on smartphones.

C. The changeable coast.

D. Progress in technology.

（4）What would be the best title of the text?

A. Protecting Endangered Shorebirds

B. Rob Thieler, a Creative Scientist

C. IPlover, Tool for Training Field Staff

D. Differences Between IPlover and ICoast

【答案】（1）C

（2）D

（3）D

（4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了随着技术的进步，保护濒危的岸禽

鸟类的措施变得更加的有效。

（1）考查细节理解题。根据文章第二段Rising sea levels associated with climate change, as well as increased development in their beach habitats（栖息地）, threaten the species（物种）可知，笛鸻的生存环境变得越来越糟了。故答案选C。

（2）考查细节理解题。根据文章第二段To help track changes in piping plover habitats, Thieler developed a free app called iPlover in 2012.可知，发明app其目的是为了追踪笛鸻的栖息地的改变。故答案选D。

（3）考查推理判断题。根据文章第三段Instead of having to travel and spend days at each site, a number of cooperators in the field use the app to collect and send data, allowing scientists to gather data more efficiently.可以推断出，技术的进步，使得科学家获得更有效的数据。故答案选D。

（4）考查主旨大意题。根据文章大意：文章主要讲述了随着技术的进步，保护濒危的岸禽鸟类的措施变得更加的有效。故答案选A。

【点评】1. 要想做好科普英语阅读理解题，同学们就要注意平时多读科普知识类文章，学习科普知识，积累常见的科普词汇，从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。

2. 要熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。科普类文章一般由标题(Head line)，导语(Introduction)，背景(Back ground)，主体(Main body)和结尾(End)五部分构成。标题是文章中心思想高度而又精辟的概括，但根据历年的高考情况来看，这类阅读理解材料一般不给标题，而要同学们选择标题。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述，这一部分命题往往最多，因此，阅读时，同学们要把这部分作为重点。结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。

3. 在进行推理判断时，同学们一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。

5．阅读理解

Lately a popular eight-floor bookstore in Hefei,Anhui province,has risen to fame because it becomes the world's first shared bookstore,in a move meant to encourage more reading among Chinese citizens.

It comes to people's attention as more than 200,000 visitors flooded the store on its first day as a shared bookstore on July 16 this year,a record high since it was reopened to the public in 2013.Some 4,000 books were brought home on the first day,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c19608707.html, reported.

Customers are allowed to borrow up to two books valued under 150 yuan per visit after registering with an app and paying the 99 yuan deposit fee（押金）.

All books on sale in the bookstore are available for sharing.Returned books that are damaged are sold at a discount.The bookstore also provides a bonus for bookworms.People who finish reading 12 books in three months receive eight percent of their deposit back,and members can be rewarded one yuan for every book read.

"We want to bring down the cost of reading so people could read more books,"Xu Xinwei,who helps run the bookstore,told https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c19608707.html,.

Some parents buy a lot of books for their children,but they usually end up collecting dust as their children grow up.Similarly,some popular novels for young people also fall out of fashion,according to Xu."Books are more effectively circulated when they're shared."

（1）The bookstore becomes a shared one .

A. to make more money

B. to make more room for new books

C. to inspire more people to read

D. to recommend new books

（2）What does the underlined phrase “risen to fame” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A. Become well-known. B. Settled down. C. Broken up. D. Taken over.（3）What can we infer from the passage?

A. The bookstore was once the best in Anhui province.

B. The books that are sold here can't be borrowed.

C. More than 4,000 books were taken home on July 16 in 2013.

D. The cost of reading can be reduced by sharing the books.

（4）What does the bookstore do to attract more readers?

A. The bookstore encourages parents to buy more books for their children.

B. The readers are allowed to borrow the books unconditionally.

C. The readers who are members can receive one yuan for every book read.

D. The bookstore is considering offering a bonus for anyone who likes reading.

【答案】（1）C

（2）A

（3）D

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇新闻报道，最近，安徽省合肥一家受欢迎的八楼书店，由于成为世界上第一家共享书店，因此鼓励更多中国公民读书。本文以此展开，主要讲述了共享书店的运营模式。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“in a move meant to encourage more reading among Chinese citizens.”可知这个书店成为一家共享书店为了让更多的公民阅读。故选C。

（2）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中popular一词，以及提到这家书店成为世界上第一家共享书店，可见这家书店应该“名声大振”。risen to fame译为“名声大振”。故选A.

（3）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“"We want to bring down the cost of reading so people could read more books,”可推知，共享图书可以降低阅读成本，这样人们可以更多的阅读。故选D。

（4）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“and members can be rewarded one yuan for every book read.”可知，所有的阅读者都可以得到每本书一元钱的奖励。故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇新闻报道，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

6．阅读理解

There's a song by the great Jamaican singer Bob Marley called So Much Trouble In The World. Marley understood that part of the reason why there are so many problems in the world is the

lack of tolerance between people. The UN understands this too --- that's why it made Nov 16th "International Day for Tolerance".

But first of all, what is tolerance? According to French philosopher Voltaire, tolerance "s the consequence of humanity. We are all formed of frailty (脆弱) and error; let us pardon each other's fool --- that is the first law of nature."

Very often, people don't realize that they're intolerant. This is because intolerance has a lot to do with ignorance. For example, the UN's campaign is in part about the treatment of females by males. But often, the behavior of men toward women is intolerant because men don't put themselves in the shoes of women.

It's worth thinking a little about the words "tolerance" and "intolerance". Are they the best words to describe the evils of which we're speaking here? To agree to be "tolerant" of someone isn't necessarily a very respectful thing. When someone is tolerated, it implies that there's something wrong with them.

Still, what Voltaire said stands: We humans are not perfect and this weakness is something that we all share. That's the reason we should be tolerant. It's a little like generosity. We can give things to another person, and we can also give our forgiveness.

（1）What's the purpose of the UN "International Day For Tolerance"?

A. To arouse people's awareness of tolerance among people.

B. To celebrate the founding of the UN.

C. To solve the problem of global warming.

D. To change peopled opinion towards globalization.

（2）Why do men behave intolerantly towards women?

A. Because men don't realize the purpose of the UN.

B. Because men are physically stronger than women.

C. Because men don't appreciate the shoes of women.

D. Because men are not willing to understand women.

（3）Why is it meaningless to use the words "tolerance" and "intolerance"?

A. Because they are hard to pronounce in English.

B. Because they don't express the exact meaning people refer to.

C. Because they can't be translated into other languages.

D. Because they can't be used in a respectful way.

（4）In what sense is "tolerance" similar to "generosity"?

A. Humans are advised to treat others better.

B. Humans leant to find faults in others.

C. Humans need to give something to others,

D. Humans will change their attitudes to others.

【答案】（1）A

（2）D

（3）B

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了"国际宽容日"，联合国"国际宽容日"的目的是唤起人们对宽容的意识。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“Marley understood t hat part of the reason why there are so many problems in the world is the lack of tolerance between people. The UN understands this too --- that's why it made Nov 16th 'International Day for Tolerance'.”可推断，世界上的人们缺乏包容，因此联合国把11月16日设置为“国际宽容日”是为了唤起人们的包容意识。故选A。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“But often, the behavior of men toward women is intolerant because men don't put themselves in the shoes of women.”可知，男性对女性不包容是因为他们不愿意设身处地的为女性着想，不愿意理解她们。故选D。

（3）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的“Are they the best words to describe the evils of which we're speaking here? To agree to be 'tolerant' of someone isn't necessarily a very respectful thing. When someone is tolerated, it implies that there's something wrong with them.”可知，对某人宽容并不一定是一件值得尊重的事情，某人如果被包容，就暗示着某人有问题，因此推断使用“宽容”或者“不宽容”是没有意义的，因为它们不能准确表达人们所指的意思。故选B。

（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“It's a little like generosity. We can give things to another person, and we can also give our forgiveness.”可推断，在我们给与别人谅解时，宽容有点像慷慨。故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

7．阅读理解

Climbing Without Ropes

The popular image of the mountain climber is of a person carefully climbing a steep cliff with a network of safety ropes, but it is not the only kind. Many climbers now enjoy bouldering. It's more accessible and better for the environment.

Here is an example of a climber addressing a bouldering problem.

Figure 1: The climber has two routes she could take, one to the left and one to the right. The left one appears easier because it has a jug within easy reach, but look what happens if she chooses that direction. She gets stuck on the rock and has to go back down. Sometimes that is even difficult than going up.

Figure 2: The climber takes the one to the right this time. using a foothold and placing her right hand in a crimp, she is able to life herself up and locate other handholds. After only a few moves, she is able to throw her leg over the top of the boulder and pull herself up.

（1）According to the passage, bouldering ________.

A. is an indoor sport

B. has no safety protection

C. needs maps and equipment

D. is a steep cliff climbing

（2）Bouldering becomes popular because ________.

A. it challenges the limits

B. it costs less

C. it builds minds and bodies

D. it is a team game

（3）According to the example, the right route is ________.

A. a shortcut

B. a dead end

C. tough but to the top

D. lined with jugs

【答案】（1）B

（2）C

（3）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍没有安全绳的攀岩运动。登山者的流行形象是用一根安全绳，一个人小心翼翼地爬上陡峭的悬崖，但这并不是唯一的一种。许多登山者现在都喜欢抱石。它更容易接近，也更适合环境。

(1)考查细节理解。根据What is bouldering?部分中的“Participants employ no safety ropes.”可知，bouldering没有安全感。故选B。

(2)考查细节理解。根据Why boulder?部分中的“improve your climbing skills by focusing on basics places to climb, such as climbing walls at gyms and parks, easy to find less time commitment to bouldering than to mountain climbing intellectual and physical enjoyment as one solves problems”可知，Bouldering变得受欢迎是因为它建立了精神和身体上的快乐。故选C。

(3)考查细节理解。根据“Figure 2：The climber takes the one to the right this time. using a foothold and placing her right hand in a crimp, she is able to life herself up and locate other handholds. After only a few moves, she is able to throw her leg over the top of the boulder and pull herself up.”可知，根据这个例子，右边的路线是艰难的，但能达到顶峰。故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，要求考生准确捕捉细节

信息，结合题目要求，选出正确答案。

8．阅读理解

Recent summer temperatures in parts of Australia were high enough to melt asphalt. As global warming speeds up the heat and climatic events increase, many plants may be unable to cope. But at least one species of eucalyptus tree can resist extreme heat by continuing to “sweat” when other essential processes stop, a new study finds.

As plants change sunlight into food, or photosynthesize (光合作用), they absorb carbon dioxide through pores on their leaves. These pores also release water via transpiration(蒸腾), which circulates nutrients through the plant and helps cool it by evaporation(蒸发). But exceptionally high temperatures are known to greatly reduce photosynthesis—and most existing plant models suggest this should also decrease transpiration, leaving trees in danger of fatally overheating. Because it is difficult for scientists to control and vary trees' conditions in their natural environment, little is known about how individual species handle this situation. Ecologist John Drake of the S.U.N.Y. College of Environmental Science and Forestry and his colleagues grew a dozen Parramatta red gum (Eucalyptus parramattensis) trees in large, climate-controlled plastic pods that separated the trees from the surrounding forest for a year in Richmond, Australia. Six of the trees were grown at surrounding air temperatures and six at temperatures three degrees Celsius higher. The researchers withheld (扣留) water from the surface soil of all 12 trees for a month to imitate a mild dry spell, then induced a four-day “extreme” heat wave: They raised the maximum temperatures in half of the pods（three with surrounding temperatures and three of the warmer ones）— to 44 degrees ℃. Photosynthesis ground to a near halt in the trees facing the artificial heat wave. But to the researchers' surprise, these trees continued to transpire at close-to-normal levels, effectively cooling themselves and their surroundings. The trees grown in warmer conditions coped just as well as the others, and photosynthesis rates bounced back to normal after the heat wave passed, Drake and his colleagues reported online in Global Change Biology.

The researchers think the Parramatta red gums were able to effectively sweat — even without photosynthesis — because they are particularly good at tapping into water deep in the soil. But if a heat wave and a severe drought (干旱) were to hit at the same time and the groundwater was exhausted, the trees may not be so lucky, Drake says.

Other scientists call the finding encouraging. “It's definitely good news,” says Trevor Keenan, a n ecologist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, who was not part of the study. “It would be very interesting to know how this translates to other species,” he adds. Drake hopes to conduct similar experiments with trees common in North America.

（1）How does one species of eucalyptus tree cope with extreme heat waves?

A. By releasing water.

B. By blocking sunlight.

C. By absorbing groundwater.

D. By reducing photosynthesis.

（2）What did the researchers do during their study?

A. They grew all the trees in artificial temperatures.

B. They induced a heat wave in a dozen

pods of trees.

C. They created climate-controlled surroundings for trees.

D. They varied trees' conditions in their natural environment.

（3）The underlined phrase “ground to a near halt” in Paragraph 4 means “________”. A. continued B. substituted C. strengthened D. ceased

（4）What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs?

A. Photosynthesis is necessary for the trees to sweat.

B. No further experiments will be done other species.

C. Other species will be transplanted to North America.

D. Groundwater helps the trees survive the extreme heat.

【答案】（1）A

（2）C

（3）D

（4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，联合国环境科学与林业学院的生态学家John Drake 和他的同事们通过对红桉树做实验，得出结论：在极度的高温中，红桉树仍然可以通过释放水分来抵抗热浪，获得生存。

(1)考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“But at least one species of eucalyptus tree can resist extreme heat by continuing to 'sweat’”可知，桉树通过“流汗”，即释放水分来抵抗极度的热，故选A。

(2)考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Ecologist John Drake… and his colleagues grew a dozen Parramatta red gum … trees in large, climate-controlled plastic pods that separated the trees from the surro unding forest for a year in Richmond, Australia.”可知，研究者们将12棵红桉树种植在巨大的，气候受控制的塑料舱里，这种塑料仓将这些树和周围的森林分离开来。可知，研究者们为这些树创造了一个气候受控制的生长环境，故选C。

(3)考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的“But exceptionally high temperatures are known to greatly reduce photosynthesis”可知，极度的高温会减少光合作用。由第四段后面的内容可知，令研究者们惊讶的是，面对着人工制造出来的热浪，这些树继续以接近正常的水平蒸发，有效地使自己和周围的环境凉爽下来。结合这两点可以推知，面对人工制造出来的热浪，光合作用应该是大大减少，但这并没有影响树木的蒸发。划线部分意思应当接近于“大大减少，降低”这一类的意思cease意为“停止”，故选D。

(4)考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的“The researchers think the Parramatta red gums were able to effectively sweat — even without photosynthesis — because they are particularly good at tapping into water deep in the soil. But if a heat wave and a severe drought （干旱）were to hit at the same time and the groundwater was exhausted, the trees may not be so lucky, Drake says.”可知，这些树擅长吸取地下水，如果热浪干旱同时发生，地下水枯竭的话，那么这些树生存的可能性就比较小了。由此可以推知，地下水帮助这些树存活下来。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

9．阅读理解

America is well known for being a melting pot of different ethnic groups and cultures, but nowhere is this diversity more pronounced than in Queens, New York.

Here, second-generation Puerto Ricans live alongside third-generation Greeks and first-generation Koreans, all united by a common feeling of pride in their American identity. However, they are also proud and curious about their ancestral roots. National Geographic's Genographic Project, also known as the Human Family Tree, set out to trace the origins by examining their genetic makeup using a simple DNA test. What interested them more was something that intrigues us all: the history of our recent ancestry. One recurring theme among immigrants seems to be the hard work and sacrifices that went into building a new life, and how their descendants now feel a duty to honor that effort by working hard too. Here is one Queens resident's story.

Richard, 38

My great-grandfather Tomas came to America from Poland when he was fifteen. His mother had died, and his father remarried. Tomas didn't like his stepmother, so he ran away to Belgium, where he boarded a ship to America—without a ticket. Arriving in America with nothing, he got a job on the railroads in California. Then one day he saw an announcement in a newspaper that was read by immigrants. It was from his brother in New York who was also seeking his fortune in America and was looking for him. Tomas got in touch and they had an emotional reunion in New York, where Tomas subsequently settled. This is the story that my grandmother has passed down to us, to my parents, and all my aunts and uncles. She is an amazing woman and I suppose: the one who holds us all together. She's actually quite forgetful now, but she never forgets family details. What that has meant is that all of us have a strong family bond and a strong sense of belonging to a group that has struggled and fought together to steered here.

（1）What is special about Queens?

A. Conflicting ethnic minorities live here.

B. Many foreigners like to travel to this place.

C. The pronunciation varies from person to person.

D. Many different people and cultures are gathering here.

（2）What does the "one recurring theme" in paragraph 2 refer to?

A. A sad experience.

B. A common subject.

C. An unknown topic.

D. An unusual quality.

（3）Which of the following can best describe Tomas?

A. Brave and independent.

B. Tough and honest.

C. Talented and persistent.

D. Kind and hard-working.

（4）What can we know about the immigrants from the text?

A. They are ashamed of their roots.

B. They feel attached to their family.

C. They can't fit in with the new surroundings.

D. They are less interested in recent generations.

【答案】（1）D

（2）B

（3）A

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，美国是一个种族和文化的大熔炉，尽管移民在美国生活了几代，但他们仍对自己的祖辈感到骄傲和好奇。祖辈的努力和牺牲让他们有强烈的家庭归属感，也激励着他们更加努力。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“America is well known for being a melting pot of different ethnic groups and cultures, but nowhere is this diversity more pronounced than in Queens, New York.”可知，美国是不同种族和文化的大熔炉，但这种多样性在纽约的皇后区最为明显，即：皇后区汇集了不同种族的人和文化。故选D。

（2）考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的“One recurring theme among immigrants seems to be the hard work and sacrifices that went into building a new life, and how their descendants now feel a duty to honor that effort by work ing hard too.”移民中……似乎是为了建立新生活他们所付出的努力和牺牲，以及他们的后代应该感到有责任通过努力工作来纪念他们的努力。联系上下文，可知这是很多移民谈到的话题，故推测划线部分的意思是“一个共同的主题” 。故选B。

（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“so he ran away to Belgium, where he boarded a ship to America—without a ticket. Arriving in America with nothing, he got a job on the railroads in California.”可知Tomas没有买票一个人坐上了到美国的轮船，到了美国后身无分文在火车站找了一份工作，这些体现了Tomas的勇敢和独立。故选A。

（4）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“What interested them more was something that intrigues us all: the history of our recent ancestry.”和最后一段中的“She's actually quite for getful now, but she never forgets family details. What that has meant is that all of us have a strong family bond and a strong sense of belonging to a group that has struggled and fought together to steered here.”可知美国移民对他们祖辈的历史更感兴趣；Richard的祖母忘不了家庭细节意味着他们有强烈的家庭纽带和归属感，即这些移民看重家庭以及对家庭的依恋。故选B。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇人生感悟类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

10．阅读理解

Destination Travels

78 Soho St,

New York, NY

Dear Ms Pierce,

Thank you for trusting Destination Travels for your honeymoon plans. This letter includes all the information regarding the flights and accommodation arrangements we have already agreed on.

August 6UA 674New York, JFK 6:30 AM Puerto Rico Int. Airport 9:00AM

August 15UA 673Puerto Rico Int. Airport 1:00 PM New York, JFK 3:30 PM

be waiting for you in order to transfer you to the hotel. The transfer to and from the airport is offered by the hotel as part of your honeymoon package. The reservation has been made for a nine-night stay under your future husband's last name. The price of the newlyweds' suite includes breakfast and one more meal at the hotel restaurant. You can also use all of the hotel facilities—pool, gym, sauna, etc. for free as part of your honeymoon package. In addition, you can take scuba diving or snorkeling classes with the hotels trained staff at a reduced price—40% off.

Thank you for choosing Destination Travels. We guarantee your honeymoon with us will be an unforgettable experience. To aid us in improving our service, please visit our website at www. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c19608707.html, and complete the questionnaire.

Destination Travels wish you all the best.

Sincerely.

Rebecca Simms

Customer Service Manager

Destination Travels

（1）After arriving at Puerto Rico Int, Airport, the couple can get directions from ________.

A. a Destination Travels Manager'

B. an official of New York City Hall

C. a tourist information desk

D. a hotel worker

（2）What service is offered by the hotel at no extra cost to the newlywed couple?

A. The snorkeling classes.

B. The airport express service.

C. A one-night stay.

D. The air tickets.

（3）What does the customer service manager ask Ms Pierce to do?

A. Call the service department.

B. Complete the order form.

C. Scan the website to find information.

D. Fill out the customer satisfaction survey.

【答案】（1）D

（2）B

（3）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，是酒店客服经理写给皮尔斯的一封信。信中告知了所乘坐的航班和住宿安排的所有信息，感谢了皮尔斯的到来并请他填写问卷调查表。(1)考查细节理解。根据表格后的内容“On arriving at Puerto Rico Int, Airport, a representative of The Caribbean Hotels &Resorts will be waiting for you in order to transfer you to the hotel.” 可知，一到达Puerto Rico Int,，就会有酒店与度假村的代表（Representative）即工作人员（worker）在等你以便将您送到酒店。也就是这对夫妇得到酒店的工作人员的指引，故选D。

(2)考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“The transfer to and from the airport is offered by the hotel as part of your h oneymoon package.”可知，机场来回的换乘车是酒店蜜月套餐的一部分，不用再有额外的花费，故选B。

(3)考查细节理解。根据“please visit our website at www. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/c19608707.html, and complete

the questionnaire.”可知，客服经理请皮尔斯女士完成问卷调查，即填写客户满意度调查。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇生活类阅读，要求考生准确捕捉细节信息，结合题目要求，选出正确答案。

11．阅读理解

It could have been any of us, but it happened to be me. I received a brief 18-months of undivided attention and love as the only child, before three more appeared. The second was a severe blow. No doubt, learning the need to share was important, but I had tasted the life of an only child.

Then came years of requests to look after the siblings（兄弟姐妹）, being urged that, You should be setting a better example, “Again and again the others got away with doing wrong but I didn't. We each played our roles; the second one who later skipped school to meet boys; the ever so attractive third, the boy who could do no wrong; and finally the surprise appearance of the fourth, seemed certain to be spoiled even now. So that left me: the reasonable, quiet one who got the grades, did the housework and became a chameleon（变色龙）—skilled at reading a situation and being what was needed.

Then eventually came the chance to be the first to leave and experience life on the outside, not defined（定义）as the eldest. The moment I had waited for. But now, many years later, being the eldest matters again. It's down to me; it seems, to take the lead in caring for our parents, AH the time I was made to learn about sharing; however, when it comes to responsibility, it no longer seems to apply. The others are too busy, too far away, or too unconcerned. So dutifully I travel many times across the country for hours to provide care and support. Requests to my siblings to help out more fall on deaf ears. To me, the dutiful first born, it feels like the right and only thing to do; to be there for our parents as they were for us. Sadly, that feeling isn't shared by the second, third or fourth.

（1）How does the author comment on the four children in the second paragraph?

A. Angrily and Bitterly.

B. Angrily and proudly.

C. Bitterly and humorously.

D. Humorously and proudly.

（2）How did the author develop his social skills?

A. Through hard work.

B. With the parents' help.

C. At the parents' request.

D. In practice for effectiveness.

（3）What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refers to?

A. To care for the old.

B. To help the young.

C. To live outside alone.

D. To travel nationwide.

（4）What can we learn from the text?

A. The writer hates to be the eldest.

B. The writer feels proud of his role.

C. The writer is satisfied with his attempt.

D. The writer is regretful about the siblings.

【答案】（1）C

（2）C

（3）A

（4）D

【解析】【分析】本文为夹叙夹议文。作者作为家中四个孩子中的老大，从小被要求照顾小的，给兄妹树立好的榜样。父母老了，第一个关心照顾父母，认为照顾父母是自己的责任，但是其他的兄妹却只一味地推脱照顾老人的责任，这让作者深感遗憾。

（1）推理判断题。根据第二段中的描述，作者的三兄弟姐妹相继出生后自己要为他们树立好的榜样，其他的人犯错不被处罚而我不能，描述老二用“逃学见男友skipped school to meet boys “，老三”迷人attractive “的男孩，老四的出生是个”suprise“，而且一直被宠坏spoiled了。这一切的一切让我成为一个明白道理的、安静的成绩好的，做家务的，擅长做一切的人。由此可推断出作者所用语言有点苦涩但风趣。分析选项可知C项符合题，故答案选C。

（2）细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Then came years of requests to look after the siblings （兄弟姐妹）, being urged that, You should be setting a better example,” 接下来是多年来被要求照顾兄弟姐妹，被敦促树立一个好的榜样。根据常识这一切该是孩子的父母要求大的孩子照顾小的，要求大的给小的做榜样。故答案选C。

（3）猜测词义题。分析To me, the dutiful first born, it feels like the right and only thing to do; to be there for our parents as they were for us.本句中的it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式to do; to be there for our parents as they were for us.，即对我来说，第一个出生的一直尽职本份的我，因为父母曾养育了我们，我们要照顾他们，这是正确的唯一要做的事。由此可知“it'指的是照顾老人。故答案选A。

（4）推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，作者对父母尽心尽力地照顾，而其他的兄弟姐妹却置之不理，推脱责任，他们认为这只是我应该做的事。作者认为非常遗憾，他们三兄妹不应该有这种感觉。由此可推断出作者对于其他的兄妹深表遗憾。故答案选D。

【点评】英语阅读理解细节题具体方法与步骤：

①排除干扰项，突出主题。事实细节题的设计干扰项一般都是某一细节的错误叙述与论断，可先排除干扰项。

② 按文章的体裁，作者写作的组织模式及有关的信息词，如for example，first，second…等预测应该到何处寻找自己所需要的事实。

③ 快速通篇跳读，自左至右，自上而下呈Z形扫视，直到找到细节出处，待找到含细节句子时，放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，直至找到答案。

④注意识别指代词语。为避免重复，文章中对多次提及的事物或现象会使用不同的词语，如同义词、近义词、代词等。

12．阅读理解

American college students are becoming more adventuresome as they study abroad, showing less interests in English-speaking destinations such as Great Britain and Australia and more in such countries as China, India, Argentina and Brazil.

Britain remained the most popular study destination in 2005, according to annual figures from the Institute of International Education, followed by Italy, Spain and France. But the number of

American students studying in Britain and Australia descended a little, even as the number of American students abroad rose by 8%. The growth came in non-English speaking European countries and in Asia. China is now the eighth most popular destination for American students, attracting nearly 6,400 in 2005, up 35% from the number of the year before. Argentina and India saw increases of more than 50%.

Allan Goodman, president of the Institute of International Education, said that a range of factors contributed to the trend, from growing awareness of globalization after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, to programs such as former President Bush's National Security Language Initiative, which trains soldiers, intelligence officers and diplomats in foreign languages. “What Americans are doing is waking up and discovering there's a world out there,” he said.

Other figures showed the flow of students in the opposite direction, from foreign countries into American universities. The institute found that international enrollment (入学) in American higher education remained steady at about 565,000. The figures are of keen interest to universities, which depend on foreign students for teaching and research help, and to policy-makers, who consider it important, as future foreign leaders may be familiar with the United States. The year of 2005 saw big increases in students from South Korea, Mexico and Taiwan of China. India sends the most students and China is No.2. Other countries that show large percentage increases in the number of students sent to the US include Nepal and Vietnam, while Japan, Turkey and Malaysia saw declines. About 58% of international students in the US come from Asia.

（1）What does the underlined word “descended” in Paragraph 2 means?

A. Changed.

B. Declined.

C. Multiplied.

D. Increased.

（2）Why do more American students study in Asia?

A. They expect to get more teaching and research help.

B. They lose confidence in English-speaking countries.

C. They are afraid that terrorist attacks will happen again.

D. They prefer to explore a different world from their own.

（3）Where were most foreign students in America from in 2005?

A. China.

B. India.

C. Argentina.

D. Britain.

（4）What can we infer from the passage?

A. There were 6,400 American students studying in China in 2005.

B. Chinese students to America will overpass Indians in the future.

C. International enrollment in American higher education changed a lot.

D. Asian students account for a large part of foreign students in America.

【答案】（1）B

（2）D

（3）B

（4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了不同国家的人国外留学的情况。

（1）考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的“But the number of American students studying in Britain and Australia descended a little, even as the number of American students abroad rose by

8%.”这句话的后半句的意思是“尽管美国学生在国外的人数增长了8%”，由此推知“但是在英国和澳大利亚学习的美国学生人数下降了一点，”故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“What Americans are doing is waking up and discovering there's a world out t here,”可知，现在越来越多的美国学生来到亚洲是因为他们更喜欢从自己的世界去探索不同的世界。故选D。

（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“The year of 2005 saw big increases in students from South Korea, Mexico and Taiwan of China. India sends the most students and China is No.2.”可知，在2005年美国多数的外国学生都来自印度。故选B。

（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“About 58% of international students in the US come from Asia.”可知，在美国，亚洲学生占外国学生的很大一部分。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，要求考生准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，选出正确答案。

13．阅读理解

A Song of Ice and Fire is a seven-part series of fantasy written for adults. George R. R. Martin writes each chapter from the perspective of a specific character, providing a limited point of view for each section. The reader is able to understand the inner workings of the individual, but the reader is barred from a whole understanding of the text. The world he has created has magic, but there is much more than that. While magic exists, it exists on the edge, and the inner unrest of the characters is much more important.

His work also has a level of realness that is astonishing in a work of fantasy. Characters are imperfect, and many make questionable moral choices. In the end, however, Martin shows that both good and bad happen to both the people of high moral standard and the corrupt. He has made it clear that any character can die at any point, which has led to a lot of heartbreak from readers.

In 2011, A Song of Ice and Fire became a television series titled Game of Thrones. Martin has been closely involved with the production. It has currently run for seven seasons, and viewers anxiously await the eighth season to answer their questions from the season seven finale.

His fans are also waiting for The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring, the next books in the series, to answer the questions Martin and the television show have not yet addressed. Martin, however, has no plans to rush. He has made it clear that he will continue to write the books while working on the television show and writing other novels.

But how will the story continue? What is going to happen in Westeros, and more importantly: when are we going to find out? Martinis skill as a writer has kept readers and viewers spellbound. Many hope he will finish the next book before the next season of the show begins, but no one knows with Martin. He always keeps his readers guessing.

（1）One of the characteristics of A Song of Ice and Fire is ________.

A. each chapter is written from a limited point of view

B. magic is the center of the story

C. Martin has made imperfect characters die at any point

D. many characters make astonishing choices

（2）What is George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire considered to be?

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