英美文学词汇精华荟萃

英美文学·词汇

bold 大胆的

mournful 悲哀的

elegiac 挽歌的

survive 幸存

secular 世俗的

biblical 圣经的

Old Testament 基督教的《旧约全书》New Testament基督教的《新约全书》

portray 描绘

warrior 战士,武士

stride 跨过

epic 史诗

doctrine 说教

evoke 唤起,引起

harshness 严肃

circumstance 环境,境况

harsh 严厉的，严酷的

sorrowful 悲伤的

fatalistic 宿命论的

courageous 有勇气的

determined 有决心的

typical 典型的

setting 背景

bards 吟游诗人

minstrel 吟游诗人(或歌手)

script 原本,手迹

exploit 开拓

revengeful 报复的,深藏仇恨的

sequence 次序

glorious 光荣的

thematically 从主题上说

primitive 远古的;原始的

wage 发动

hostile force 敌对邪恶势力

mighty 强大的,有力的

mingling 混合mingle

embody 具体表达

ruddy 红的

barren 单调的

flourish 繁荣utter 发表;反射

style, tone, genre 风格、语气、流派presentation 表达

accurate 精确的

originality 创新

absent 缺少

salvation 拯救

narrative verse 叙述诗

prose 散文

Romance 骑士(传奇)文学characteristic 典型的

motif 主题;动机;主旨

quest 寻求

encounter 遭遇

beloved 所爱的人

accomplish 完成;实现

infidelity 失真

liberal 自由主义的;不拘泥的improbable 不可能的

supernatural 不可思意的事,超自然的mysteries 神秘的事物

fantasies 幻想

plot 情节;结构

characterization 人物创造;描述standardize 使标准化

wicked 邪恶的

episodic 插话式的

straightforward 坦率地;简单的,直接的aristocratic 贵族化的

chivalric 有骑士风度的

a gallery of 一系列(gallery,走廊) walks of life 各行各业

masterpiece 名著,杰作

aristocracy 贵族,贵族政府

be conscious of 知道

ideals 理想;观念的;唯心论的practical matter 实际事物

detached 分离的

peculiarly 特有的

quick wit 敏捷,聪明的才智

expose 揭露

satirize 讽刺

abuse 陋习;滥用;虐待;辱骂

essentially 本质上

humanism 人文主义

anticipated 预示的

deal with 涉及

observant 奉行者,遵守法律或规章、习俗的人

ever-present 曾经存在的

clash 冲突

temperament 气质;性情

comic 喜剧的;滑稽的

ironic 讽刺的

obtainable 可得到的

distinctions 区别;特性

bourgeoisie 资产阶级

depict 描写

asserting 声称;断言

artistic 艺术的

ease 安逸

prosody 诗体论;作诗法;韵律学

virtually 事实上

strife n.斗争,冲突

opposing adj. 相反的,对立的

sect n. 宗派,教派,流派

Roman Catholicism 天主教

divergence n. 分歧

standardized 标准的,定型的

privileged adj. 有特权的

self-restraint 自制

self-reliance 自我实现

furtherance n. 促进

philosophical adj.哲学的

celebrate v.赞美

rationality n. 唯理性

yardstick n. 准绳

measurement n. 度量

superstition 迷信

injustice 不公平

yield place to 让步,屈服

dualistic 二元的

democratic adj.民主的

didactic adj. 说教的moralize v. 说教

revival 复苏

proportion 比例

unity 统一

grace 优雅,优美

delight 使喜悦

primarily 根本上,首先urbane adj. 文雅的

witty adj. 诙谐的

genre n.流派

prose n. 散文

direct adj. 直接的

smooth adj. 流畅的

flexible adj. 灵活的

lyrical adj.抒情的

epical adj.叙事的

satiric adj.讽刺的

Heroic Couplets 英雄体双行诗observed v. 说,评述represent v. 扮演,表现sentimental adj. 感伤的

in due time 及时的wholesome adj. 健康的

clarity n.清楚,透明conciseness n. 简明permanent heritage 永久遗产school n. 学派

epigram n. 讽刺短诗earnestness adj.热心的

英美文学学习笔记-The_Romantic_Period-EL1

Chapter 3 The Romantic Period-the English Literature A basic introduction to the romantic period. 1) Began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott's death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. 2) what are the characxteristics of the Romantic literature? A) In poetry writing, the Romantics employed new theories and innovated new techniques, for example, the preface to the second edition of the "Lyrical Ballads"acts as a manifesto for the new school B)The Romantics not only extol the faculty of Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school. B) The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration. C) They regarded nature as the major source of poetic imagery and the dominant subject. D) Romantics also tend to be nationalistic. 3) The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. 4) We can say that Romanticism actually consitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer 1) Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet , shwoing a contempt for the rule of reason,i th l i l t diti f th 18th t d t i th i di id l'i i ti )y y g world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. In essence it designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.William Blake opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century, and treasuring the individual's imagination.2) The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings; his Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery,poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone . 3) particularly the practice of selling young children into apprenticeships, a practice which provides the context for the opening lines of the "Chimney Sweeper." The two "Chimney Sweeper" poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance,i.e.the exploitation of child labor,examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor,and an ideological cir cumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect of "illusory happiness;" the poem from the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children. 4) Blake's Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity(天堂与地狱的结合一诗标志着他创作上的成熟). 5) The Bok of Urizen, The Book of Los, The Four Zoas, and Milton (尤来森之书，洛斯之书，四个左义斯，弥尔顿）。 The Tyger The Chimney Sweeper ( from Songs of Innocence/Experien ce)

英美文学重点整理

What’s symbolism? 1）Symbolism is a movement in literature and the visual arts that originated in France in the late 19th century. In literature, symbolism was an aesthetic movement that encouraged writers to express their ideas, feelings, and values by means of symbols or suggestions rather than by direct statements. Hawthorne and Melville are masters of symbolism in America in the 19th century. 2）举例。

48. “Young Goodman Brown ”is one of Hawthorne ’s most profound tales. What is the allegorical meaning of Brown, the protagonist? What does Hawthorne set out to prove in this tale? How does Melville comment on Hawthorne ’s manner of concerning with guilt and evil?

**ELIZABETH **4. A comparison of the three giants: William Dean Howells; Mark Twain; and Henry James They are the three dominant figures of the realistic period. The forerunner of American Realism is Howells. Though the three writers wrote more or less at the same time, they differed in their understanding of the “truth.”While Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life”of the Americans, Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphasis on the “inner world”of man. Though Twain and Howells both shared the same concern in presenting the truth of the American society, they had each of them different emphasis. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “local colorism,”a unique variation (变体) of American literary realism.

英美文学名词解释总结.doc

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英美文学术语

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英美文学流派整理

英美文学 玄学派：是指17世纪英国文坛出现的一个独特的诗歌流派。英国诗人约翰·邓恩是这个流派的代表人物，他因在诗歌中精妙地运用“奇喻”的比喻手法而蜚声文坛。它们往往以精致典雅的形式表现情感与观念的矛盾，把古典主义的性情与浪漫主义的风骨很好地融合到了一起。骑士文学盛行于西欧，反映了骑士阶层的生活理想。骑士精神和道德是上层社会的贵族文化精神，它是以个人身份的优越感为基础的道德与人格精神，但它也积淀这西欧民族远古尚武精神的某些积极因素。 三联剧：在古希腊悲剧创作中，有一类悲剧均由三部分组成，每部分即能独立存在，各部之间又有紧密联系。这种剧合则为一，分则为三，代表作家为埃斯库罗斯。 文艺复兴：是指13世纪末在意大利各城市兴起，以后扩展到西欧各国，于16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。 人文主义：是文艺复兴核心思想，是新兴资产阶级反封建的社会思潮，也是资产阶级人道主义的最初形式。它肯定人性和人的价值，要求享受人世的欢乐，要求人的个性解放和自由平等，推崇人的感性经验和理性思维。 七星诗社：是16世纪中期法国的一个文学团体，是由七位人文主义诗人组成的文学团体。他们中以龙沙和杜贝莱最著名。七星诗社的诗人们从事过各种创作，他们的诗声望很高，但他们的主要贡献却是对于法语改革的主张。 狂飙突进运动：是18世纪德国文学界的运动，是文艺形式从古典主义向浪漫主义过渡时的阶段，也可以说是幼稚时期的浪漫主义。但其中心代表人物是歌德和席勒，歌德的《少年维特的烦恼》是其典型代表作品，表达的是人类内心感情的冲突和奋进精神。 伤感主义：１８世纪后期欧洲资产阶级启蒙运动中的一种文艺思潮，也称为“主情主义”。该派的得名，源与英国作家斯特恩的小说《在法国和意大利的感伤的旅行》。该派作家崇尚感情，把感情看的高于“理性”，因而强调文学的主要任务是细致刻画任务的心理动态和描写人物的不幸遭遇，以便唤起读者在感情上的同情和共鸣，表达出对当时贵族阶级的理性主义和古典主义的反抗。伤感主义把个人主义和主观幻想的因素带进文艺，代表作家有英国的斯特恩，理查逊，法国的卢梭（如《忏悔录》《遐想录》），伏尔泰，德国的歌德，里希特，海涅等等。 “梅塘集团”是十九世纪法国文坛由以左拉为核心的六位作家组成的文学创作团体。因在巴黎郊外左拉的梅塘别墅为主要活动场所而得名。一八七O年开始的普法战争，法国战败，被

英美文学专有名词术语解释

Literary Terms（文学术语解释） *Legend（传说）: A song or narrative handed down from the past, legend differs from myths on the basis of the elements of historical truth they contain. *Epic（史诗）: 1)Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes. 2)Beowulf is the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. John Milton wrote three great epics: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. *Romance（罗曼史/骑士文学）: 1)Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval England. 2)It sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. 3)Chivalry(such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness to the weak and poor) is the spirit of romance. *Ballad（民谣）: 1)Ballad is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited. 2)Ballads were passed down from generation to generation. 3)Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad. *The Heroic Couplet（英雄对偶句）:1)It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines. 2)The rhyme is masculine. 3)Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer. *Humanism（人文主义）:1)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. 2)Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to prefect himself and to perform wonders. *Renaissance（文艺复兴）:1)It refers to the transitional period from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14th century. 2)The Renaissance means rebirth or revival. 3)It was stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek classics, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion. 4)Humanism is the essence of Renaissance. 5)The English Renaissance didn’t begin until the reign of Henry Ⅷ. It was reg arded as England’s Golden Age, especially in literature. 6)The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. 7)This period produced such literary giants as Shakespeare, Spenser, Marlowe, Bacon, Donne and Milton, etc. *University Wits（大学才子）: 1)It refers to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan age who graduate from either Oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later become famous poets and playwrights. 2)Thomas Greene, John Lily and Christopher Marlowe were among them. 3)They paved the way, to some degree, for the coming of Shakespeare. *Blank verse（无韵体）:1)It is verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 2)It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton. *Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗节）:1)It is the creation of Edmund Spenser. 2)It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter（六音步）,r hyming ababbcbcc. 3)Spenser’s The Faerie Queene was written in this kind of stanza. *Sonnet(十四行诗)1)It is the one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in English.2)A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.3)Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known. *Soliloquy(独白)1)Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud. 2)In the line “To be, or not to be, that is the question”, which begins the famous soliloquy from Act3, Scene1 of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. In this soliloquy Hamlet questions whether or not life is worth living and speaks of the reasons why he does not end his life. *Metaphysical Poets（玄学派诗人）：They refer to a group of religious poets in the first half of the 17th century whose works were characterized by their wit, imaginative picturing, compressions, often cryptic expression, play of paradoxes and juxtapositions of metaphor. *Enlightenment Movement(启蒙运动)1)It was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through Western Europe in the 18th century.2)The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3)Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4)It celebrated reason or nationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education. Literature at the time became a very popular means of public education.5)Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Pope, Johnson, Swift, Defoe, Fielding, Sheridan, etc. Neoclassicism(新古典主义)1)In the field of literature, the 18th century Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.2)The neoclassicists hold that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3)They believed that the artistic ideas should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity *Sentimentalism(感伤主义文学)1)It is a pejorative term to describe false or superficial emotion, assumed feeling, self-regarding postures of grief and pain.2)In literature it denotes overmuch use of pathetic effects and attempts to arouse feeling by pathetic indulgence.3)The Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith is a case in point. *The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)1)It refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present, with death and graveyard as theams.2)Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is its most representative work. *Epistolary novel(书信体小说)1)It consists of the letters the characters write to each other. The usual form is the letter, but diary entries, newspaper clippings and other documents are sometimes used.2)The epistolary novel’s reliance on subjective poi nts of view makes it the forerunner of the modern psychological novel.3)Samuel Richardson’s Pamela is typical of this kind. *Gothic Romance(哥特传奇)1)A type of novel that flourished in the late 18th and early 19th century in England.2)Gothic romances are mysteries, often involving the supernatural and heavily tinged with horror, and they are usually against dark backgrounds of medieval ruins and haunted castles. *Picaresque novel(流浪汉小说)1)It is a popular sub-genre of prose fiction which is usually satirical and depicts in realistic and often humorous detail the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class who lives by his or her wits in a corrupt society. 2)As indicated by its name, this style of novel originated in Spain, flourished in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and continues to influence modern literature. *English Romanticism(英国浪漫主义文学)1)The English Romantic period is an age of poetry. Poets started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. They saw poetry as a healing energy; they believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.2)The Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 acts as a manifesto for the English Romanticism.3)The Romantics not only eulogize the faculty of imagination, but also stress the concept of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.4)The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter. *Ode(颂歌)1)Ode is a dignified and elaborately lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.2)John Keats wrote great odes. His Ode on a Grecian Urn is a case in point. *Lake Poets(湖畔派诗人)They refer to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District. They came to be known as the Lake School or “Lakers”. *Byronic hero（拜伦式英雄）: It refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with